Prac cal session to

Basic ArcGIS
CS497

By Birbiraw Deresse
2024
By Birbiraw Deresse Basics of Coordinate system and transforma 1
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 Outlines: Coordinate systems

 Coordinate system

 Three dimensional Coordinate system

 Datum: Ellipsoid and Geoid Datum

 Geographic coordinate system

• Cartesian coordinate system

• Geode c coordinate system

 Projected coordinate system

  Coordinate system
 In geometry, a coordinate system is a system
that uses one or more numbers,
or coordinates, to uniquely determine
the posi on of the points or other geometric
elements on Euclidean space.

 Euclidean space is the fundamental space

of geometry, intended to represent physical
space.

 Space is a three-dimensional con nuum

containing posi ons and direc ons.

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  Three dimensional Coordinate System
 A geographic coordinate system
(GCS) uses a three-dimensional
spherical surface to define
loca ons on the earth.
 A GCS includes an angular unit of
measure, a prime meridian, and a
datum (based on a spheroid).

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  Three dimensional Coordinate System
 The line of la tude midway between the poles is called the
equator. It defines the line of zero la tude. The line of zero
longitude is called the prime meridian.
 The prime meridian is the longitude that passes through
Greenwich, England.
 The origin of the gra cule (0,0) is defined by where the equator
and prime meridian intersect.

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  Datum: Ellipsoid and Geoid Datum

 Ellipsoid is mathema cal reference surface of earth’s physical

fla ens at the pole due to gravity and rota on of earth ablated
with deferent lengths of major (a) and minor (b) axes.

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  Datum: Ellipsoid and Geoid Datum
 The geoid is a measurement of
mean sea level (MSL). When
you average out the mo on of
waves, the level at which water
se les is MSL.

 Mean sea level is o en

understood as the basis for our
ups and downs.

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  Cartesian coordinate systems
 In in three dimensional coordinate system , there are different approaches to describe
the posi on of points in space.
 The Cartesian coordinate reference is physically designed in such a way that,
 X-axis is line runs from origin (O) of earth to vernal equinox ( E ) intersec on of
prime meridian and equator
 Y-axis is line perpendicular to X-axis at the origin in equatorial plane, and
 Z-axis is line perpendicular to equatorial plane at the origin (i.e. spinning axis)

 Cartesian coordinate system, (X, Y, Z)

O 𝜆

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  Geographic coordinate systems
 The Ellipsoidal coordinate reference is mathema cally designed
in such a way that,
 Longitudinal references are line runs from origin (O) of earth
to vernal equinox ( E ), the intersec on of prime meridian and
equator
 The equatorial plane from
which la tudinal angle
measured and 𝜆
 Z-axis is line
perpendicular to
equatorial plane at the
origin (i.e. spinning axis)

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  Geographic coordinate systems
 Ellipsoidal coordinate reference
/Geode c coordinate system
(long, lat and h o,h),
where h is related to the reference
𝜆
ellipsoid.
 Spherical coordinate system)

The geoid is a measurement of mean

sea level (MSL) reperesen ng the
physical shape of the earth
Where

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  Projec on: Cylindrical Projec on
 A map projec on is a systema c transforma on from one coordinate system to
another. It can be seen as a representa on of the Earth’s spherical surface onto a flat
surface.
 The goal of a map projec on is to create a map that would preserve one or more of
the following proper es: shape, area, distance, direc on, pa ern.
 Map projec ons are used across all fields, from geographical maps, to globes,
satellite images, relief maps and world atlases.

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  Projec on: Cylindrical Projec on
Types of projec on
 To map tropical regions, use a cylindrical projec on
 To map middle la tudes, use a conic projec on
 To map a polar region, use an azimuthal projec on

Basics of Coordinate system and

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 Projec on Effects

Best for temperate regions

Not Projected but changed to flat with its

own deforma on

Best for Tropical/Equatorial regions

Best for Polar regions

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  Transforma on
 Transforming coordinates from a global datum (such as WGS84) to a local datum in a geographic coordinate
system involves a process known as datum transforma on.
 WGS84 (World Geode c System 1984) is a global datum widely used for geographic informa on systems (GIS),
GPS systems, and mapping applica ons worldwide.
 It provides a standard reference for Earth's shape and size.
 Local Datum is a coordinate system that is tailored to a specific region or country and o en have different
origins due to shi ing, orienta ons due to rota on, and parameters due to scaling as compared to global
datum like WGS84.
 Eg. Clarke 1880 and WGS 1980

Ellipsoid Name Somi Major Axis Somi minor axis Inverse fla ening
(a) (b)

Clarke 1880
(Locally called 378249.145 6356514.966 293.466307655
Adindan)

WGS84 1984 6378137.000 6356752.314 298.257223563

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  Datum Transforma on
 The datum transforma ons have their own transla on parameters due to
shi ing of posi ons, Rota onal parameter due to orienta ons change to fit
the local topography and fundamental parameters due to scaling.

Name of Local Difference of Parameters Used Transforma on Parameters

Reference Geographic (Major axis andfla ening) Satellite (Transla on and Rota on Published in 1991)
Ellipsoid Datum

Adindan a X Z Rota on
Clarke
1880

Mean
solu on 22 -166 -15 5 204 3 0
(Sudan and
Ethiopia)
-112.145 -0.54750714
Ethiopia 8 -165 3 -11 206 3 0

Sudan 14 -161 3 -14 205 3 0

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 Good Day!

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