CONTENTS :

1. Building selection 4. Implement passive design modifications

The project is a one-story residential unit
4.1. Orientation and shading adjustment
with a built-up area of 160 square meters
4.2. Construction and materials improvements
2. Model creation: 4.3. Insulation improvements
4.4. Glazing modifications:
using DesignBuilder, model the building,
4.5. Ventilation strategies
including: • Layout, orientation, and floor
plans. • Wall, roof, and floor constructions. •
Glazing 5. Active design integration
3. Climate and weather data analysis
3.1. Hourly and annual weather data analysis Renewable energy integration Photovoltaic
3.2. Shading analysis (PV) system: integrate solar panels and
3.3. Daylighting simulation simulate the energy generated. Perform
3.4. Internal gains analysis advanced PV
3.5. Fabric and ventilation analysis
6.Energy analysis post-modification
3.6. Energy balance calculation:
3.7. Fuel breakdown Simulation of the building after adding the
3.8. CO2 emissions passive and active design improvements
3.9. Thermal comfort analysis
3.10. LEED certification
BUILDING SELECTION
LOCATION
Tabarbour - Amman

• Tabarbour, a neighborhood in
Amman, Jordan, features a hilly
topography typical of the city, with an
elevation that influences its
microclimate.

• The area experiences a

Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry
summers and mild, rainy winters.
BUILDING SELECTION
1.1 Building Name
• Mohammad Azab Apartment

1.2 Building Type

• Residential

1.3 Location and Climate Zone

• Location: Tariq, Amman Jordan
• Climate Zone: Zone 4 (ASHRAE map)
Our Apartment
1.4 Total Floor Area and Number of Floor
• Total Floor Area: 210 m²
• Number of Floors: 1Floor

1.5 Year of Construction

• 2010
1.6 Major Renovation
• No renovations have been made.
 BUILDING SELECTION
The project is a one-story residential unit with a built-up area of 160 square
meters, constructed according to the Jordanian specifications for building
materials. It includes several closely-sized windows.
The layout is designed to maximize
comfort and functionality, ensuring
efficient use of space and ease of
movement throughout the apartment. The
positioning of rooms reflects a balance
between privacy and openness, with
bedrooms tucked away for seclusion and
common areas designed for interaction.

Our Department
BUILDING SELECTION
The orientation of an apartment significantly impacts the amount and
quality of natural light it receives throughout the day. In Amman, Jordan,
where the sun's path and climate play an essential role in design
considerations, an apartment with openings toward the west and north
experiences unique lighting conditions.

•Summers: West-facing openings

require careful shading to prevent
overheating, while north-facing
openings can help maintain a cooler
indoor environment.
•Winters: The lower angle of the
winter sun may provide some warmth
through west-facing openings in the
late afternoon, while north-facing
windows remain relatively cool.
 BUILDING SELECTION
The project is a one-story residential unit with a built-up area of 160
square meters, constructed according to the Jordanian specifications
for building materials. It includes several closely-sized windows. Second Apartment

Stair Location
Floor plan

This floor plan is part of a residential

complex consisting of 15 apartments. It
illustrates the layout of a ground-floor
apartment, showcasing its functional
spaces, including living areas, bedrooms,
bathrooms, kitchen, and access points.
The design emphasizes efficient space
utilization and a practical arrangement of
rooms to ensure comfort and convenience
for its occupants.
BUILDING SELECTION
Section

In architecture, the building section

refers to a vertical slice through the Third Floor
building that illustrates its internal
structure, spaces, and systems. This
critical aspect of design plays a
significant role in energy efficiency, Second Floor
influencing factors such as lighting,
ventilation, thermal comfort, and the
overall energy performance of the First Floor
building

Basement Floor
BUILDING SELECTION
Elevations
The elevation of an apartment in Amman, Jordan, with openings oriented toward
the west and north has unique design considerations influenced by the city’s
climate, sun path, and urban context. These orientations affect the building's
aesthetics, energy performance, and functionality.
Afternoon Sun Exposure:
Openings facing west receive direct sunlight
in the afternoon and evening, especially in
the summer months when the sun sets later
and at a steeper angle. This can lead to
increased heat gain and glare during the
warmer parts of the day.

Soft, Diffused Light:

Openings toward the north receive indirect
sunlight throughout the day, providing
consistent and soft lighting. This is ideal for
spaces where even, glare-free illumination
is preferred, such as bedrooms or study
areas.
BUILDING SELECTION
Collect information on building systems
Energy consumption in residential projects is a key consideration that impacts both operational costs and environmental sustainability.
Several factors influence energy usage in such projects, including building design, insulation, materials, systems, and occupant
behavior.
 A. Wall Construction
4.2 CONSTRUCTION & MATERIALS
IMPROVEMENTS Thermal conductivity and The wall consists of stone, concrete, an air gap, cement
bricks, and plaster, with an overall thermal conductivity of
U –U-value calculations
푈=1.70 W/m2KU=1.70W/m 2 K.

B. Ceiling Construction
The Ceiling consists of stone, concrete, an air
gap, cement bricks, and plaster, with an overall
thermal conductivity of
푈=1.70 W/m2KU=1.70W/m 2 K.
 4.2 CONSTRUCTION & MATERIALS Wall
IMPROVEMENTS Heat loss in winter= Total U-value =1.01
Heat Loss Calculations Q = U* A* ΔT W/m²K
. Q = 1*141.73*(22-2)=
Roof AW1=A wall – A
=2834.6
Q = U* A* ΔT opening
ΔT =I T2-T1 I Heat loss in winter= AW1=(120.43)-2(2)-
Q = U* A* ΔT 4(1.60*1.75 )-2(1.60*2.7)
Total U-value =1 W/m²K Q = 1*141.73*(33-25)= AW1=96.59 m²
A =141.73 m ² =1133.84

AW2=A wall – A
opening
AW2=(119.96)-
3(0.75*0.7)-2(1.75*1.60)
AW2=112.79 m²
4.2 CONSTRUCTION & MATERIALS
IMPROVEMENTS
Floor Slab
Total U-value =1.08 W/m²K
A =118.07 m²

Heat loss in winter=

Q = U* A* ΔT
Q = 1.08* 118.07* (22-
2)
Q=2550.3

Heat loss in summer=

Q = U* A* ΔT
Q = 1.08*118.07*(33-
25)
=1020.12
DESIGN
BUILDER
CALCULATIONS
3.1 Site weather data

3.2 Sun path diagram

3.3 Hourly and annual weather data analysis

3.4 Shading analysis

3.5 Daylighting simulation

3.6 Internal gains analysis

3.7 Fabric and Ventilation Analysis

3.8 Fuel breakdown

3.9 CO2 emissions

3.10 Thermal comfort analysis

3.11 LEED certification analysis

BUILDING ORIENTATION

The overlay of seasonal solar arcs

emphasizes optimal daylighting, thermal
comfort, and energy efficiency
considerations, ensuring that the building's
design aligns with the local climate
conditions for sustainability and occupant
well-being.

The diagram illustrates a detailed building

orientation analysis, focusing on the solar
path and its interaction with the structure. By
mapping the sun's trajectory across different
times of the day and year, the study aims to
optimize the building's natural lighting and
thermal performance. This approach ensures
that the design is responsive to the local
climate,
BUILDING SELECTION
Construction Details
Construction details refer to the comprehensive set of drawings and specifications that show
how various elements of a building are to be constructed. These drawings provide a clear
and precise guide to the construction team
A. Wall Construction B. Ceiling Construction
The Ceiling consists of stone, concrete, an air
The wall consists of stone, concrete, an air gap, cement
gap, cement bricks, and plaster, with an overall
bricks, and plaster, with an overall thermal conductivity of
thermal conductivity of
푈=1.70 W/m2KU=1.70W/m 2 K.
푈=1.70 W/m2KU=1.70W/m 2 K.

Construction details refer to the comprehensive set of drawings and specifications that show
how various elements of a building are to be constructed. These drawings provide a clear
and precise guide to the construction team
BUILDING MATERIALS
MATERIALS TYPES :
SHADING
SHADING TYPE :
• Blinds with high-reflectivity
slats are a practical solution
for enhancing energy
efficiency and managing
daylight in buildings.
Climate and weather data
analysis
3.1 Site weather data :
 Climate and weather data
analysis
3.1 Site weather data :

This graph illustrates the monthly

variation in outdoor temperatures,
showing both the Dry-Bulb Temperature
and the Dew-Point Temperature. The
data highlights seasonal fluctuations, with
higher temperatures during summer
months and lower temperatures during
winter months, providing insights for
heating and cooling requirements in the
building design.
Climate and weather data
analysis
3.1 Site weather data :

The graph shows monthly wind speed

variations throughout the year. Wind
speed increases gradually mid-year,
likely due to seasonal changes, and
decreases toward the end of the year.
This helps optimize ventilation
strategies during windy months and
insulation during calmer periods.
 Climate and weather data
analysis
3.1 Site weather data :
The graph shows three parameters
over time:
1.Wind Direction (°): The purple line
indicates consistent wind direction
with minor variations throughout the
period.
2.Solar Altitude (°): The dark blue
line reflects the sun’s elevation
angle, peaking mid-period and
decreasing at the ends, typical of
seasonal changes.
3.Solar Azimuth (°): The pink line
remains low, showing the sun's
horizontal position relative to true
north, varying slightly over time.
These results help in optimizing
building orientation, shading, and
ventilation strategies based on wind
and solar patterns.
 Climate and weather data
analysis
3.1 Site weather data :

The graph represents the monthly atmospheric

pressure (Pa) over the year. It shows a stable
trend at the beginning, followed by a gradual
decrease mid-year, reaching the lowest point,
and then increasing toward the end of the year.
This reflects seasonal changes that can affect
weather patterns and ventilation strategies in
building design.
 Climate and weather data
analysis
3.1 Site weather data :

The graph shows the monthly solar

radiation throughout the year:
1.Direct Normal Solar (Yellow Line):
Peaks during summer months (May-
July) due to higher sun intensity and
longer days, then decreases toward
winter.
2.Diffuse Horizontal Solar (Green Line):
Remains relatively stable but slightly
increases in summer, indicating
scattered sunlight.
This data helps optimize solar energy
utilization and shading strategies for
energy-efficient building design.
3.1 Site weather data :
Weather data was used
to analyze the climatic
conditions of the site,
helping to determine
thermal loads, select
appropriate HVAC
systems, and evaluate
natural ventilation and
the impact of solar
radiation on energy
efficiency and thermal
comfort within the
building. This data is
essential to ensure a
sustainable design that
considers local climatic
conditions.
3.2 Sun path diagram:
Spring Equinox 8AM 12PM 4PM

8AM
Altitude 20
Azimuth 106

12PM
Altitude 60
Azimuth 176

4PM

Altitude 30
Azimuth 250
3.2 Sun path diagram:
Summer Solstice 8AM 12PM 4PM

8AM
Altitude 37
Azimuth 83

12PM
Altitude 81
Azimuth 178

4PM

Altitude 37
Azimuth 277
3.2 Sun path diagram:
Autumn Equinox 8AM 12PM 4PM

8AM
Altitude 27
Azimuth 108

12PM
Altitude 59
Azimuth 184

4PM

Altitude 24
Azimuth 255
3.2 Sun path diagram:
Winter Solstice 8AM 12PM 4PM

8AM
Altitude 10
Azimuth 126

12PM
Altitude 35
Azimuth 180

4PM

Altitude 10
Azimuth 234
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the variations
in outside dry bulb temperature
and outside dew point
temperature on December 21.

•Outside dry bulb temperature

was highest between 11 AM and
2 PM, reaching 15°C.
•Dew point temperature remained
lower than the dry bulb
temperature, indicating relatively
dry conditions.
•This data is essential for
adjusting heating and ventilation
systems to maintain indoor
comfort and energy efficiency
during the winter.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:

This graph shows the changes in

wind speed on December 21.

•Wind speed was highest at 8 PM,

reaching 4 m/s, and lowest at 11
AM, at 0 m/s.
•Wind speed fluctuations indicate
changing outdoor conditions that
affect natural ventilation and
building energy efficiency.
•Analyzing wind speed helps in
optimizing ventilation strategies
and HVAC adjustments for
energy efficiency.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the variations in
wind direction, solar azimuth, and
solar altitude on December 21.

•Wind direction remained fairly

constant throughout the day, indicating
steady winter wind patterns.
•Solar azimuth was higher in the
morning and decreased in the
afternoon, indicating the sun's
movement.
•Solar altitude was low throughout the
day, as the sun remained close to the
horizon.
•These variations are important for
optimizing natural ventilation, adjusting
building design for solar energy
capture, and preparing for minimal
solar gain during the winter months.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:
This graph represents the
variations in atmospheric pressure
on December 21.

•Atmospheric pressure remained

fairly steady throughout the day,
with slight fluctuations.
•Pressure was higher in the
morning and gradually decreased
during the afternoon hours.
•Monitoring atmospheric pressure
helps understand weather
patterns and aids in adjusting the
building's HVAC system based on
atmospheric conditions.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the variations in
direct normal solar radiation and diffuse
horizontal solar radiation on December
21.

•Direct normal solar radiation increased

from 8 AM until 11 AM, peaking at
0.75, and then remained constant until
2 PM.
•After 5 PM, direct normal solar
radiation dropped to 0, indicating no
direct sunlight.
•Diffuse horizontal solar radiation
remained low throughout the day,
varying between 0 and 0.25.
•This data helps optimize solar energy
systems and passive heating
strategies, especially with low diffuse
solar radiation during the winter
months.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:

This graph shows the variations

in outside dry bulb temperature
and outside dew point
temperature on March 21.

•Dry bulb temperature gradually

increased, reaching higher values
in the afternoon.
•Dew point temperature remained
stable and was lower than the dry
bulb temperature.
•This data is essential for
designing HVAC systems and
ensuring the building performs
efficiently under varying outdoor
conditions.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the
changes in wind speed on
March 21.

•Wind speed increased

gradually during the day, with
fluctuations observed in the
afternoon.
•The highest wind speeds
occurred in the late afternoon.
•Analyzing wind speed is
important for evaluating
natural ventilation and
determining adjustments
needed for HVAC systems.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:

This graph shows the variations

in wind direction, solar azimuth,
and solar altitude on March 21.

•Wind direction shifted throughout

the day, reflecting seasonal
changes.
•Solar azimuth was higher in the
morning, decreasing in the
afternoon as the sun moved
across the sky.
•Solar altitude increased
throughout the day, peaking at
noon, then gradually decreased.
•These variations are important
for optimizing natural ventilation,
solar energy capture, and
building performance.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:

This graph represents the

variations in atmospheric pressure
on March 21.

•Atmospheric pressure remained

relatively stable throughout the
day.
•Slight decreases in pressure were
observed between 2 PM and 5
PM.
•Monitoring pressure fluctuations
is important for understanding
weather patterns and their impact
on the building’s systems.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the variations in
direct normal solar radiation and
diffuse horizontal solar radiation on
March 21.

•Direct normal solar radiation

increased gradually from 8 AM,
peaking around 12 PM and
remained high through the
afternoon.
•After 5 PM, direct normal solar
radiation dropped to 0, indicating
no direct sunlight.
•Diffuse horizontal solar radiation
remained low throughout the day,
varying between 0 and 0.25.
•This data is crucial for optimizing
solar energy systems and
considering passive heating
strategies.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the variations in
outside dry bulb temperature and
outside dew point temperature on
June 21.
•Dry bulb temperature gradually
increased throughout the day,
reaching its highest values in the
afternoon, indicating the hot summer
conditions.
•Dew point temperature remained
higher than in the winter months,
reflecting increased humidity levels,
and stayed relatively steady through
the day.
•This data is essential for adjusting
HVAC systems to maintain indoor
comfort during hot and humid
summer conditions, as well as
managing moisture levels to prevent
condensation.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:

This graph shows the changes in

wind speed on June 21.

•Wind speed was relatively higher

in the afternoon compared to the
morning, peaking during the late
afternoon hours.
•Fluctuations in wind speed help
evaluate the effectiveness of
natural ventilation strategies and
cooling systems.
•Understanding wind speed is
crucial for optimizing building
ventilation and ensuring energy-
efficient airflow during warm
summer periods.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the variations in
wind direction, solar azimuth, and
solar altitude on June 21.
•Wind direction fluctuated throughout
the day, indicating changes in
outdoor conditions and seasonal
shifts.
•Solar azimuth was at its highest
value around noon, showing the
sun's peak position relative to the
earth.
•Solar altitude was also at its highest
around midday, providing the most
direct sunlight of the day.
•These variations are important for
optimizing natural ventilation,
ensuring maximum solar energy
capture during the peak of the day,
and adjusting shading strategies for
heat gain management in summer.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:
This graph represents the
variations in atmospheric pressure
on June 21.

•Atmospheric pressure remained

relatively stable during the day,
with minor fluctuations.
•Slight decreases in pressure
were observed in the afternoon,
indicating typical summer
conditions.
•Monitoring atmospheric pressure
is important for predicting
weather patterns and adjusting
HVAC systems for summer
comfort, especially during
fluctuations in the afternoon.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
Data shows HOURLY
Analysis:
This graph the variations in
direct normal solar radiation and
diffuse horizontal solar radiation on
June 21.
•Direct normal solar radiation
increased gradually from 8 AM,
peaking at its highest value around 12
PM, and remained high through the
afternoon.
•After 5 PM, direct normal solar
radiation dropped but stayed above 0
during the late afternoon.
•Diffuse horizontal solar radiation was
relatively higher throughout the day
compared to winter months, varying
between 0.25 and 0.5.
•This data helps optimize solar
energy systems, adjust building
design for peak solar radiation
capture, and plan for passive cooling
strategies due to higher diffuse
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the variations
in outside dry bulb temperature
and outside dew point
temperature on September 23.
•Dry bulb temperature gradually
increased throughout the day,
reaching moderate values in the
afternoon.
•Dew point temperature was
relatively stable, slightly higher
than the dry bulb temperature,
indicating comfortable but slightly
humid conditions typical of
autumn.
•This data is essential for
adjusting HVAC systems to
maintain optimal indoor comfort
and preventing excessive
humidity buildup during the mild
fall conditions.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the changes in
wind speed on September 23.

•Wind speed was moderate, with

slight increases observed in the
afternoon.
•Wind speed fluctuations are
essential for evaluating natural
ventilation strategies, especially
in the transition from summer to
fall.
•Understanding these changes
helps optimize airflow and energy
-efficient cooling and heating
systems.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the variations in
wind direction, solar azimuth, and
solar altitude on September 23.
•Wind direction fluctuated throughout
the day, suggesting typical autumnal
wind patterns as the season
transitions.
•Solar azimuth was higher during the
morning and gradually decreased in
the afternoon, showing the sun's
movement as the day progresses.
•Solar altitude peaked around
midday, indicating the sun was at its
highest point and gradually
decreased afterward.
•These variations are crucial for
optimizing natural ventilation,
adjusting shading, and maximizing
solar energy capture during the day
as temperatures begin to cool.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:
This graph represents the
variations in atmospheric pressure
on September 23.

•Atmospheric pressure remained

relatively stable with slight
fluctuations during the day.
•Minor decreases were observed
in the afternoon, which are typical
of the transition between summer
and autumn.
•Monitoring atmospheric pressure
is vital for predicting weather
patterns and making adjustments
to building systems to maintain
comfortable indoor conditions.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the variations in
direct normal solar radiation and
diffuse horizontal solar radiation on
September 23.
•Direct normal solar radiation
gradually increased from 8 AM,
peaking around 12 PM, then
remained high in the afternoon.
•After 5 PM, direct normal solar
radiation started decreasing,
indicating less direct sunlight.
•Diffuse horizontal solar radiation
was moderate throughout the day,
varying between 0.25 and 0.5.
•This data helps in optimizing solar
energy systems, adjusting building
design to capture solar radiation
during the fall equinox, and planning
for passive cooling strategies due to
the mild radiation levels.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:

This graph shows the variations

in outside dry bulb temperature
and dew point temperature
during December.

•Outside dry bulb temperature

was at its lowest for the year,
with significant drops during the
month.
•Dew point temperature
remained low, indicating dry air
with minimal humidity.
•This data is crucial for adjusting
heating systems and ensuring
indoor comfort during the coldest
month of the year.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the changes in wind
direction and wind speed during
December.
•Wind direction was more consistent in
December, with fewer fluctuations
compared to the transitional months.
•Wind speed was lower in December,
with calmer conditions typical of winter.
•These trends are essential for
evaluating natural ventilation strategies,
particularly in winter when outdoor air
may be cold and dry.
•Optimizing HVAC systems for energy
efficiency is important due to lower wind
speeds and stable air conditions.
•Understanding wind direction helps in
placing openings for ventilation and
controlling indoor temperatures during
colder months.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the changes in solar
azimuth and solar altitude during
December.
•Solar azimuth was at its lowest in
December, reflecting the sun's lower
position in the sky.
•Solar altitude was also the lowest in
December, with shorter daylight hours
and less intense sunlight.
•These trends are crucial for adjusting
shading devices and maximizing heat
gain during the few hours when the
sun is at a higher angle.
•The low altitude and azimuth during
December require more attention to
passive heating strategies and solar
energy capture.
•This data is vital for designing
buildings that optimize solar exposure
and reduce energy consumption in
winter.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:
This graph represents the
variations in atmospheric
pressure during December.
•Atmospheric pressure was
relatively high in December,
reflecting stable, cold winter
weather.
•The pressure remained stable
with minimal fluctuations.
•Tracking pressure helps predict
weather patterns and adjust
HVAC systems.
•Understanding pressure aids in
preparing for weather changes
and ensuring indoor comfort.
•High pressure influences
heating system efficiency,
requiring adjustments to maintain
consistent temperatures.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the variations in
direct normal solar radiation and
diffuse horizontal solar radiation
during December.
•Direct normal solar radiation was at
its lowest in December, reflecting
the weaker sunlight during winter.
•Diffuse horizontal solar radiation
showed lower values in December
due to the seasonal increase in
cloud cover and lower sun angles.
•This data is important for
optimizing solar energy systems
and passive heating strategies
during the winter months.
•Understanding these trends helps
in managing energy efficiency, as
solar radiation is limited in
December.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the variations in
outside dry bulb temperature and
dew point temperature during
March.
•Outside dry bulb temperature
began to rise from the colder
winter period, reflecting the onset
of spring.
•Dew point temperature also
increased slightly, indicating
higher humidity levels as
temperatures warmed.
•These changes call for
adjustments to both heating and
cooling systems as the weather
fluctuates.
•Moderate dew point values in
March suggest the need for more
attention to humidity control as the
season progresses.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the changes in
wind direction and wind speed
during March.

•Wind direction showed more

variability in March compared to
December, reflecting the
transitional weather.
•Wind speed was higher in March
due to stronger winds typically
associated with the start of spring.
•These variations are key for
optimizing natural ventilation and
preparing for seasonal HVAC
adjustments.
•Higher wind speeds in March
suggest the need to review
outdoor air handling and
heating/cooling settings.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the changes in
solar azimuth and solar altitude during
March.
•Solar azimuth began to increase in
March, reflecting the sun's higher
position in the sky.
•Solar altitude also began to rise,
indicating longer days and more
intense sunlight compared to
December.
•These trends highlight the need to
adjust shading and passive heating
strategies to capture more sunlight.
•The higher altitude and azimuth in
March suggest increased
opportunities for solar energy
generation.
•This data is essential for optimizing
solar heat gain and preparing
buildings for the warmer months
ahead.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:
This graph represents the
variations in atmospheric pressure
during March.
•Atmospheric pressure showed
fluctuations, reflecting the change
in weather patterns as winter
transitions to spring.
•The pressure was relatively stable
but varied more compared to
December, indicating changing
weather systems.
•Monitoring atmospheric pressure
helps in predicting weather shifts
and optimizing HVAC systems.
•Pressure variations during March
indicate the approach of spring
storms or weather changes.
•Adjustments in HVAC settings are
necessary as atmospheric
pressure impacts heating and
cooling efficiency.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the variations in
direct normal solar radiation and
diffuse horizontal solar radiation
during March.
•Direct normal solar radiation
increased slightly from December,
reflecting the stronger spring sun
compared to winter.
•Diffuse horizontal solar radiation
showed moderate values in March,
indicating increased sunlight
exposure as cloud cover decreases.
•These variations are important for
adjusting passive heating and cooling
systems, as solar exposure starts to
improve.
•Solar radiation data is vital for
anticipating energy capture and
planning for more efficient energy use
as the weather warms.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the variations in
outside dry bulb temperature and
dew point temperature during June.
•Outside dry bulb temperature was
at its highest in June, reflecting the
peak of summer heat.
•Dew point temperature remained
high, indicating elevated humidity
typical of summer.
•These conditions highlight the
importance of cooling and
dehumidification systems to
maintain indoor comfort.
•High dew point requires effective
humidity control to prevent excess
moisture indoors.
•The data emphasizes the need for
optimized cooling systems to
handle both temperature and
humidity during summer.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:

This graph shows the variations in

wind speed during June.

•Wind speed was generally low in

June, reflecting calm summer
weather conditions.
•Minimal wind suggests reduced
opportunities for natural ventilation.
•Lower wind speeds necessitate
efficient cooling systems for
maintaining indoor comfort.
•Calm conditions highlight the
importance of mechanical
ventilation.
•Understanding wind speed trends
aids in planning energy-efficient
cooling strategies.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the changes in
solar azimuth, solar altitude, and
wind direction during June.

•Solar azimuth was highest,

reflecting the sun’s maximum
position during summer.
•Solar altitude peaked, indicating
long daylight hours and intense
sunlight.
•Wind direction showed variability,
typical of calm summer weather
conditions.
•These trends emphasize
optimizing solar energy systems,
shading strategies, and ventilation
design.
•Understanding these factors is
crucial for managing energy use
and ensuring indoor comfort during
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:
This graph represents the
variations in atmospheric pressure
during June.

•Atmospheric pressure remained

relatively stable in June, with
minimal fluctuations.
•The stable pressure during the
summer months reflects typical
high-pressure systems associated
with warmer weather.
•Monitoring pressure in June is
essential for predicting weather
patterns and optimizing HVAC
systems for summer.
•The stable pressure conditions
suggest a need for air conditioning
and humidity control to ensure
indoor comfort.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the variations in
direct normal solar radiation and
diffuse horizontal solar radiation
during June.
•Direct normal solar radiation
peaked in June, reflecting the
intensity of summer sunlight.
•Diffuse horizontal solar radiation
was also higher in June, as longer
days and clear skies lead to
greater solar exposure.
•These trends are crucial for
optimizing solar energy systems
and ensuring passive heating and
cooling systems are utilized
efficiently.
•Solar radiation levels in June are
the highest of the year, indicating
the need for effective solar energy
capture and shading strategies.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the variations in
outside dry bulb temperature and
dew point temperature during
September.
•Outside dry bulb temperature began
to cool down in September,
reflecting the transition to fall.
•Dew point temperature was
moderate, showing typical autumn
humidity levels.
•These changes indicate the need
for HVAC adjustments as
temperatures cool and humidity
levels stabilize.
•Moderate dew point suggests
humidity control is still important,
though less critical than in summer.
•This data helps prepare HVAC
systems for fall and optimize indoor
air quality as conditions shift.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the changes in
wind speed during September.

•Wind speed was higher in

September, reflecting transitional
weather patterns.
•Elevated wind speeds suggest
opportunities for enhanced natural
ventilation.
•These conditions highlight the need
for HVAC adjustments to optimize
air exchange.
•Understanding wind speed trends
ensures efficient ventilation during
cooler months.
•High wind speeds can also impact
energy efficiency and indoor comfort
strategies.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the changes in
solar azimuth, solar altitude, and
wind direction during September.

•Solar azimuth decreased, reflecting

the sun's lower position as summer
ends.
•Solar altitude dropped, indicating
shorter daylight hours and reduced
solar intensity.
•Wind direction showed variability,
typical of transitional weather
patterns in September.
•These trends highlight the need to
adjust shading, passive heating
strategies, and ventilation systems.
•Understanding these factors
ensures energy efficiency and
comfort as temperatures decline.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:
This graph represents the variations
in atmospheric pressure during
September.
•Atmospheric pressure was relatively
stable in September, similar to
March, with minor fluctuations.
•Stable pressure conditions in
September suggest transitioning
weather patterns from summer to
fall.
•Tracking pressure helps predict
seasonal changes and optimize
HVAC systems for the fall season.
•Atmospheric pressure variations
during September indicate the end
of summer storms and the arrival of
cooler weather.
•This data is useful for fine-tuning
indoor comfort systems as
temperatures begin to drop.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
Data shows MOUNTHLY
Analysis:
This graph the variations in
direct normal solar radiation and
diffuse horizontal solar radiation
during September.

•Direct normal solar radiation began

to decrease in September, reflecting
the weakening sun as summer
ends.
•Diffuse horizontal solar radiation
showed moderate values, higher
than in winter but lower than in
June.
•These trends are important for
adjusting solar energy systems and
optimizing passive heating and
cooling strategies as temperatures
decrease.
•Solar radiation in September is
more balanced, providing
opportunities for energy efficiency
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
ANNUALY
Data Analysis:

Graph Explanation for

Annual Weather Analysis:
1.System Performance:
Shows temperature variations
to assess heating and cooling
demands across seasons.
2.Energy Patterns: Identifies
peak energy consumption
during extreme weather
periods.
3.Sustainability: Highlights
annual trends for long-term
climate planning and
efficiency.
Summery
Tables:
Summery
Tables:
Summery
Tables:
Summery
•Solar azimuth decreased, reflecting the sun's lower position as summer ends.
Tables:
•Solar altitude dropped, indicating shorter daylight hours and reduced solar intensity.
•Wind direction showed variability, typical of transitional weather patterns in September.
•These trends highlight the need to adjust shading, passive heating strategies, and ventilation systems.
•Understanding these factors ensures energy efficiency and comfort as temperatures decline.
Summery
Tables:
Summery
Tables:

•Solar azimuth decreased, reflecting the sun's lower position as summer ends.
•Solar altitude dropped, indicating shorter daylight hours and reduced solar intensity.
•Wind direction showed variability, typical of transitional weather patterns in September.
•These trends highlight the need to adjust shading, passive heating strategies, and
ventilation systems.
•Understanding these factors ensures energy efficiency and comfort as temperatures
decline.
3.4 Shading Analysis: 8 AM
Shading Impact Analysis on West-Facing
Windows During Spring Equinox

The shading analysis of west-facing windows

revealed that direct solar radiation is
concentrated in the afternoon during the Spring
Equinox, leading to increased internal heat Moderate shadow
gain. This effect results in higher cooling
energy demands during hot seasons. The 12 PM 4 PM
findings recommended enhancing shading
through horizontal overhangs or planting
deciduous trees to reduce direct sunlight, along
with improving glass efficiency to minimize heat
gain. These solutions can reduce energy
consumption by up to 20% while maintaining
adequate natural lighting.
3.4 Shading Analysis:
Spring Equinox 8AM 12PM 4PM

8AM
Altitude 24
Azimuth 106

12PM
Altitude 60
Azimuth 176

4PM

Altitude 30
Azimuth 252
3.4 Shading Analysis: 8 AM

Shading Impact Analysis on West-Facing

Windows During Summer Solstice

The shading analysis of west-facing windows

showed that direct solar radiation reaches its
peak in the afternoon during the Summer
Short shadow
Solstice, leading to a significant increase in
internal heat gain. This effect greatly raises the
12 PM 4 PM
cooling energy demands during the summer
season. The findings recommended enhancing
shading with extended horizontal overhangs or
planting deciduous trees to reduce direct
sunlight, along with using low-emissivity glass
to minimize heat gain. These solutions can
reduce energy consumption by up to 25% while
maintaining adequate natural lighting.
3.4 Shading Analysis:
Summer Solstice 8AM 12PM 4PM

8AM
Altitude 37
Azimuth 83

12PM
Altitude 81
Azimuth 178

4PM

Altitude 37
Azimuth 277
3.4 Shading Analysis: 8 AM
Shading Impact Analysis on West-Facing
Windows During Autumn Equinox

The shading analysis of west-facing windows

showed that direct solar radiation is moderate
in the afternoon during the Autumn Equinox,
with the sun positioned lower than in summer Moderate shadow
but still affecting the interior. This effect results
in a slight increase in internal heat gain 12 PM 4 PM
compared to other seasons. The findings
recommended enhancing shading with
overhangs or improving thermal insulation of
windows to reduce the thermal impact while
maintaining adequate natural lighting. These
solutions can help reduce energy consumption
by up to 15%.
3.4 Shading Analysis:
Autumn Equinox 8AM 12PM 4PM

8AM
Altitude 27
Azimuth 108

12PM
Altitude 59
Azimuth 184

4PM

Altitude 24
Azimuth 255
3.4 Shading Analysis: 8 AM

Shading Impact Analysis on West-Facing

Windows During Winter Solstice

The shading analysis of west-facing windows

showed that direct solar radiation is at its
lowest in the afternoon during the Winter
Long shadow
Solstice, with the sun positioned at its lowest
point in the sky. This leads to reduced internal
12 PM 4 PM
heat gain and significantly lowers the need for
cooling. However, this may result in a lack of
natural daylight indoors. The findings
recommended using less shading or improving
window insulation to retain indoor heat, as well
as avoiding any obstructions that may block
natural light. These solutions can help reduce
energy consumption by up to 5-10%.
3.4 Shading Analysis:
Winter Solstice 8AM 12PM 4PM

8AM
Altitude 10
Azimuth 126

12PM
Altitude 35
Azimuth 180

4PM

Altitude 10
Azimuth 234
3.5 Daylighting simulation:
This model demonstrates the
results of daylighting
simulation for the project
building. The heat maps
illustrate the distribution of the
Daylight Factor across
different spaces, including
bedrooms, the kitchen, the
living room, and guest room .
The results highlight the
utilization of natural light and
the impact of window design
and architectural elements on
light distribution.
Initial Energy Simulations
3.6 Internal Gains Solar analysis:
23 September: Autumn
Equinox
Objects struck by
sunlight absorb its visible
and short-wave infrared
components, increase in
temperature, and then re
-radiate that heat at
longer infrared
wavelengths. Though
transparent building
materials such as glass
allow visible light to pass
through almost
unimpeded, once that
light is converted to long-
wave infrared radiation
by materials indoors
Initial Energy Simulations
3.6 Internal Gains Solar analysis:
23 September: Autumn
Equinox
•General Lighting (Cyan line): Relatively
constant throughout the year, reflecting
constant usage, which is likely to be
influenced by the behaviour of building
occupants rather than seasonal
variations.

•Zone Sensible Heating(Red Line):Heating

(red) is more prominent during the cooler
months (January, February, November
and December), indicating increased
energy demand for heating in the winter.

•Computer + Equip(Purple Line):Relatively

constant throughout the year, reflecting
constant usage, which is likely to be
influenced by the behaviour of building
occupants rather than seasonal
variations.
Initial Energy Simulations
3.6 Internal Gains Solar analysis:
23 September: Autumn
Equinox
•Zone Sensible Cooling(Blue Line):It is the
main consumer of cooling, especially in
the warmer months (June to September),
indicating a large cooling load during the
summer.

•Occupancy(Orange Line):Relatively
constant throughout the year, reflecting
constant usage, which is likely to be
influenced by the behaviour of building
occupants rather than seasonal
variations.

•Solar Gains Exterior Windows( Yellow

Line):Relatively constant throughout the
year, reflecting constant usage, which is
likely to be influenced by the behaviour of
building occupants rather than seasonal
variations.
Initial Energy Simulations
3.6 Internal Gains Solar analysis:
23 September: Autumn
Equinox
•Total Latent Load (Cyan line): Less
prominent during the months with the
highest total latent loads (January,
February, June, September, November,
and December), and increases in the
remaining months, depending on the
existing loads.
Initial Energy Simulations
3.7 Fabric & Ventilation analysis:
23 September: Autumn
Equinox

heat gains to the space

from the surface element
(walls, floors, ceilings
etc.) and ventilation.
Negative values indicate
heat loss from the space.
Assess the building's physical characteristics
A. Thermal Insulation Effectiveness of Multi-Layer Wall
Components
 3.8 Fuel breakdown
report on energy consumption for heating, cooling, and
electric lighting on a monthly, daily, and yearly basis.

Heat Gains
•Description: Displays contributions from
external infiltration, general lighting, solar
gains, and internal loads such as
occupancy.
•Analysis:
• Solar Gains (yellow line): Peak
during summer months due to
increased solar exposure,
influencing cooling demand.
• Internal Gains (occupancy and
lighting): Relatively constant
throughout the year, indicating
stable usage patterns.
• Infiltration Gains: Lower during
warmer months, possibly due to
reduced wind-driven air leakage
or intentional ventilation control.
3.8 Fuel breakdown
report on energy consumption for heating, cooling, and
electric lighting on a monthly, daily, and yearly basis.
Fuel Breakdown (Top Graph)
•Electricity Usage: Cooling (blue) is
the dominant electricity consumer,
especially in warmer months (June
to September), indicating a
significant cooling load during
summer.
•Heating (Gas): Gas heating (red) is
more prominent during the colder
months (January, February,
November, and December),
suggesting increased energy
demand for heating in winter.
•Lighting (Yellow): The lighting load
remains relatively constant
throughout the year, reflecting
steady usage, likely influenced by
occupant behavior rather than
seasonal variation.
3.8 Fuel breakdown
report on energy consumption for heating, cooling, and
electric lighting on a monthly, daily, and yearly basis.

Temperature Analysis (Second Graph)

•Air Temperature (Dark Blue): Shows
the internal air temperature
maintained throughout the year,
indicating that the HVAC system
keeps it relatively stable.
•Radiant Temperature (Red): Similar
to air temperature, indicating
effective thermal comfort indoors.
•Outside Dry-Bulb Temperature
(Green): Displays significant
variation, with higher temperatures
in summer and lower in winter,
influencing the cooling and heating
loads.
 3.8 Fuel breakdown
report on energy consumption for heating, cooling, and
electric lighting on a monthly, daily, and yearly basis.

Heat Balance (Graph 3)

•External Infiltration (Cyan):
• Minimal in summer,
meaning infiltration-related
heat loss/gain is lower.
• More noticeable in winter,
contributing to heating
energy needs.
•General Lighting (Light Yellow):
Constant throughout the year,
reflecting occupant usage rather
than external conditions.
•Miscellaneous (Gray): Stable
year-round, likely representing
appliances or other constant loads.
 3.8 Fuel breakdown
report on energy consumption for heating, cooling, and
electric lighting on a monthly, daily, and yearly basis.

System Loads (Graph 4)

•Sensible Cooling (Blue):
• Peaks in summer months
(June to September),
reflecting the need for
significant cooling due to
high outdoor temperatures
and solar gains.
• Drops sharply in winter.
•Total Cooling (Dark Blue): Mirrors
sensible cooling, as latent loads may
be minimal in this climate.
•Zone Heating (Red): Prominent
during colder months (January,
February, November, December),
showing high heating demand.
 3.8 Fuel breakdown
report on energy consumption for heating, cooling, and
electric lighting on a monthly, daily, and yearly basis.

Total Infiltration and Ventilation

(Graph 5)
•Mechanical Ventilation + Natural
Ventilation + Infiltration (Purple):
• The rate is relatively stable
throughout the year,
indicating consistent
ventilation.
• Seasonal spikes may reflect
differences in infiltration due
to external weather
conditions.
Conclusion: Proper ventilation
strategies are crucial. Energy
recovery ventilation could minimize
energy losses associated with
infiltration and air exchange
3.8 Fuel breakdown
report on energy consumption for heating, cooling, and
electric lighting on a monthly, daily, and yearly basis.
Fuel Breakdown - Heating and Cooling
•Room Electricity (blue):
• High consumption during the
summer months (June to
September), reflecting reliance
on cooling systems.
• Significant reduction during the
winter months when cooling
demand is minimal.
•Lighting (yellow):
• Steady and relatively low energy
consumption throughout the
year, suggesting constant use of
lighting regardless of season.
•Heating (red):
• Noticeable spikes during the
winter months (December to
February), reflecting increased
heating needs.
• Minimal to no heating
consumption during the warmer
months..
3.8 Fuel breakdown
report on energy consumption for heating, cooling, and
electric lighting on a monthly, daily, and yearly basis.

Temperature (°C)
•Air Temperature, Radiant Temperature,
Operative Temperature, and Outside Dry-
Bulb Temperature:
• Air temperature fluctuates
seasonally, with higher
temperatures in summer and
lower in winter.
• Operative and radiant
temperatures closely follow air
temperature trends, indicating
proper system response to
maintain thermal comfort.
• Outside dry-bulb temperature
varies significantly, affecting
both heating and cooling
demands.
3.8 Fuel breakdown
report on energy consumption for heating, cooling, and
electric(W)
Heat Balance lighting on a monthly, daily, and yearly basis.
•External Infiltration (light blue):
• Relatively steady infiltration,
slightly higher in colder months
due to increased temperature
differences between indoor and
outdoor environments.
•Solar Gains Exterior Windows (yellow-
green):
• Higher during summer due to
increased solar radiation,
contributing to cooling loads.
• Lower in winter, reducing natural
heat gains.
•Zone Sensible Heating (red):
• Noticeable during winter
months, indicating increased
heating requirements.
• Absent in warmer months.
•Zone Sensible Cooling (blue):
• Significant cooling required in
summer months.
• Minimal or no cooling in winter.
3.8 Fuel breakdown
report on energy consumption for heating, cooling, and
electric lighting on a monthly, daily, and yearly basis.

System Loads (W)

•Sensible Cooling and Total Cooling (blue):
• Cooling demand peaks during
summer and decreases toward
winter.
• System is effective in meeting
cooling needs during hot
months.
•Zone Heating (red):
• Peaks in winter, reflecting
heating demand.
• Negligible during summer.
3.8 Fuel breakdown
report on energy consumption for heating, cooling, and
electric lighting on a monthly, daily, and yearly basis.

Total Infiltration (Air Changes per Hour -

ACH)
•Mech Vent + Nat Vent + Infiltration
(purple):
• Shows minor variations
throughout the year.
• Slightly higher values in
transitional seasons (spring and
autumn), likely due to increased
ventilation and infiltration.

Insights:
•The building experiences high cooling
loads in summer and high heating loads
in winter.
•Proper insulation and glazing could
reduce both heating and cooling
demands.
•Steady lighting consumption indicates
consistent energy use that could benefit
from energy-efficient lighting solutions.
 3.8 Fuel breakdown
report on energy consumption for heating, cooling, and
electric lighting on a monthly, daily, and yearly basis.

Energy Use Breakdown (Top Graph)

•Description: This graph compares
electricity used for cooling, heating
energy (gas), room electricity, and lighting
over a 12-month period.
•Analysis:
• Cooling (blue line): Peaks in
summer (June-August) due to
high external temperatures
requiring air conditioning.
• Heating (yellow line): Peaks in
winter months (December-
February) as temperatures drop.
• Lighting and Room Electricity
(steady lines): Relatively stable
throughout the year, indicating
constant demand, likely driven
by user behavior rather than
external conditions.
 3.8 Fuel breakdown
report on energy consumption for heating, cooling, and
electric lighting on a monthly, daily, and yearly basis.

Temperature Trends
•Description: Shows air temperature,
radiant temperature, operative
temperature, and outside dry-bulb
temperature.
•Analysis:
• Outside Dry-Bulb Temperature
(dark blue): Follows a typical
annual temperature profile in
Amman, with hot summers and
cool winters.
• Indoor Operative and Radiant
Temperatures: Stay within a
narrow range, suggesting
effective thermal management
and insulation.
• Difference Between Internal and
External Temperatures: Indicates
the efficiency of the building's
HVAC and envelope systems in
maintaining indoor comfort.
 3.8 Fuel breakdown
report on energy consumption for heating, cooling, and
electric lighting on a monthly, daily, and yearly basis.

Cooling and Heating Demand

•Description: Shows sensible
cooling, total cooling, and heating
demands over the year.
•Analysis:
• Cooling Demand: Peaks in
summer, reflecting high
energy usage for cooling
systems.
• Heating Demand: Significant
in winter, aligning with cold
external temperatures.
• Zone Heating and Cooling:
Demonstrates balance in
the system, with sharp
transitions between
seasons.
3.8 Fuel breakdown
report on energy consumption for heating, cooling, and
electric lighting on a monthly, daily, and yearly basis.

Ventilation and Infiltration

•Description: Tracks mechanical
ventilation, natural ventilation,
and infiltration rates.
•Analysis:
• Natural Ventilation
(purple line): Higher in
warmer months,
indicating reliance on
passive cooling
strategies.
• Infiltration: Remains
consistent but slightly
reduced in summer due
to lower pressure
differences.
3.8 Fuel breakdown
report on energy consumption for heating, cooling, and
electric lighting on a monthly, daily, and yearly basis.

The analysis highlights the thermal and

energy performance of the house under
Amman's climate. Key insights include:

•High cooling demand in summer due to

solar gains and external heat.

•Significant heating demand in winter,

influenced by external cold temperatures.

•Stable internal conditions, suggesting

efficient HVAC systems and good
insulation.

•Opportunities may exist to reduce

cooling and heating energy through
shading devices, better window
insulation, or increased natural
ventilation.
3.9 CO2 emissions
3.9 CO2 emissions
3.9 CONSTRUCTION COST
3.9 CONSTRUCTION COST
Initial Energy Simulations
3.10 Thermal comfort analysis
23 September: Autumn
Equinox
The heat transfer is
proportional to
temperature difference.
In cold environments, the
body loses more heat to
the environment and in
hot environments the
body does not release
enough heat. Thermal
neutrality is maintained
when the heat generated
by human metabolism is
allowed to dissipate, thus
maintaining thermal
equilibrium with the
surroundings.
 3.11 LEED certification
Achieving LEED certification for the house in Amman would not only
enhance its environmental performance but also demonstrate a
commitment to sustainable living, aligning with global best practices for
energy-efficient and environmentally friendly buildings.
Comparison to LEED Requirements
1.Energy Performance: LEED mandates an energy model demonstrating at
least a 5% improvement over ASHRAE 90.1 standards for new
constructions. This report provides detailed data but needs a comparative
analysis with the ASHRAE baseline.
2.Thermal Comfort: The minimal unmet cooling hours indicate good
performance, but ensuring all loads are met could enhance LEED
compliance under IEQ Credit: Thermal Comfort.
3.Energy Source: The reliance on district heating must be evaluated for its
environmental impact. Transitioning to or supplementing with renewable
energy sources could earn more points.
4.Continuous Occupancy: The building supports continuous usage, which
aligns with LEED's focus on providing comfort for all occupied hours.

This project shows good potential for meeting LEED

certification requirements, particularly in energy
efficiency and thermal comfort, with minor adjustments.
3.11 LEED certification
Energy Use Summary (EAp2-6):
•Electricity Usage: 48,689.39 kWh (process
subtotal: 27,036.14 kWh).
•Natural Gas Usage: 0 kWh.
•Additional Usage: 13,008.79 kWh.
•Total Energy Use: 61,737.18 kWh.
•LEED evaluates energy performance
compared to ASHRAE standards. These
values should be compared to baseline
energy mo

•LEED Requirement: Demonstrate a 5% energy cost savings for new buildings

(or 3% for major renovations) compared to the baseline energy model following
ASHRAE 90.1-2010 (or ASHRAE 90.1-2016 for LEED v4.1).
•Comparison:
•The document provides energy use intensity (EUI) values and energy end-use
breakdowns but lacks:
•Baseline energy model data for comparison.
•Energy cost savings calculation (currently shown as $0.00 in the energy
cost summary).
•These are mandatory for compliance with this prerequisite.
 3.11 LEED certification
•Energy Cost Summary (EAp2-7):
•No cost is recorded for electricity, natural gas, or additional sources. LEED requires energy cost calculations, usually derived
from utility rates or modeled data.

•Renewable Energy Source Summary (L-1):

•Photovoltaic and wind energy contributions are zero. LEED provides points for incorporating renewable energy systems.

•Energy Use Intensity (EUI) (EAp2-17a, b, c):

•Electricity (205.60 kWh/m²): Includes interior lighting (91.45), receptacle equipment (114.14), and miscellaneous loads.
•Natural Gas (0.00 kWh/m²): No gas use recorded.
•Additional sources (0.00 kWh/m²): Also zero.
•LEED requires projects to reduce EUI compared to the baseline model.

•End Use Percentage (EAp2-18):

•Interior Lighting: 35.09%.
•Receptacle Equipment: 43.79%.
•Space Cooling: 21.12%.
•These percentages help identify major energy drivers, which LEED prioritizes for optimization.

•Schedules-Equivalent Full Load Hours:

•Full load hours range from 6,072 to 6,073, with variations for hours >1%. These data contribute to operational schedules, critical
for LEED energy simulations.
3.11 LEED certification
•LEED Requirement: Points are awarded based on the percentage improvement in energy performance above the
baseline:
•1-18 points for LEED v4 (depending on % improvement).
•Example thresholds: 6% improvement = 1 point; 50% improvement = 18 points.
•Comparison:
•No improvement over baseline is provided.
•Energy use (61,737.18 kWh total) and electricity EUI (205.60 kWh/m²) are relatively high. LEED projects typically
aim for reductions by optimizing lighting, equipment, HVAC, and introducing renewable energy.
3.11 LEED certification
Renewable Energy Source Summary (L-1)
•LEED Opportunity: Adding renewable energy systems (e.g., solar panels)
can significantly improve performance under both EAc1 and EAc2.
•Current Status: Rated capacity is 0 kW; no renewable energy is generated.
3.11 LEED certification
Recommendations for LEED Certification
•Address the unmet cooling hours by refining HVAC settings or improving passive cooling

•Document and verify the district heating source to ensure it supports LEED requirements for energy
efficiency and sustainability.

•Explore renewable energy integration to improve performance under LEED EA credits.

•Perform a full LEED energy model to quantify improvements against the baseline ASHRAE standard.
IMPLEMENT
PASSIVE
DESIGN
MODIFICATION
S
4.1 Orientation and shading adjustments
4.2 Construction and Materials Improvements
4.3 Insulation improvements
4.4 Glazing modifications
4.5 Ventilation strategies
4.1 ORIENTATION AND SHADING
ADJUSTMENTS

- Insulation improvements:
increase or enhance
insulation for better thermal
resistance.

- Glazing modifications:
experiment with different
glazing types to achieve
better thermal performance.
4.2 Construction and materials
improvements
4.3 Ventilation strategies
implement natural ventilation and airtightness solutions for enhanced airflow
and reduced mechanical cooling loads.

• Changing the size of openings

• Changing the horizontal axis
• Changing the height
• Add new openings

Effective ventilation strategies enhance indoor

air quality and occupant comfort while reducing
energy consumption. Natural ventilation
leverages building orientation, openings, and
wind patterns to encourage airflow
 A. Wall Construction
4.2 CONSTRUCTION & MATERIALS
IMPROVEMENTS Thermal conductivity and The wall consists of stone, concrete, an air gap, cement
bricks, and plaster, with an overall thermal conductivity of
U –U-value calculations
푈=1.70 W/m2KU=1.70W/m 2 K.

B. Ceiling Construction
The Ceiling consists of stone, concrete, an air
gap, cement bricks, and plaster, with an overall
thermal conductivity of
푈=1.70 W/m2KU=1.70W/m 2 K.
 4.2 CONSTRUCTION & MATERIALS
Thermodynamic processes in HVAC design
Psychrometric chart
Note there is detailed chart for summer and winter where the point in the

IMPROVEMENTS middle of each zone is the optimum (satisfying 80% of people). We can save
energy by not committing to the optimum for example for winter (optimum is
Heat loss in winter= 22 °C but we can target 20 °C to save energy in summer optimum is 25 °C, we
Heat Loss Calculations can target 28 °C)
Q = U* A* ΔT
. Roof Q = 1*141.73*(22-2)=
=2834.6
Q = U* A* ΔT
ΔT =I T2-T1 I Heat loss in winter=
Q = U* A* ΔT
Total U-value =1 W/m²K Q = 1*141.73*(33-25)=
A =141.73 m ² =1133.84
 4.2 CONSTRUCTION & MATERIALS
IMPROVEMENTS
Floor Slab
Total U-value =1.01
W/m²K A =398.9 Total U-value =1.08 W/m²K
m² A =118.07 m²

Heat loss in winter= Heat loss in winter=

Q = U* A * ΔT Q = U* A* ΔT
Q = 1.01* 398.9* Q = 1.08* 118.07* (22-
(22-2)= 2)
=8057.8 Q=2550.3
Heat loss in
summer= Heat loss in summer=

Q = U* A* ΔT Q = U* A* ΔT
Q= Q = 1.08*118.07*(33-
1.01*398.9*(33-25)= 25)
=3223.1 =1020.12
4.2 CONSTRUCTION & MATERIALS
IMPROVEMENTS
Wall

Total U-value =1.01

W/m²K

AW1=A wall – A
opening
AW1=(120.43)-2(2)-
4(1.60*1.75 )-2(1.60*2.7)
AW1=96.59 m²

AW2=A wall – A
opening
AW2=(119.96)-
3(0.75*0.7)-2(1.75*1.60)
4.2 CONSTRUCTION & MATERIALS
IMPROVEMENTS
Window U-value

Uw = (Ug x Ag + Ufx Af+ ψ x Lspacer ) / Aw

Total Area of window = 1.75 * 1.60 = 2.8 m²

Area of glass =(1.75 – (0.15*4)) x (1.6 – (0.15*4)) = 1.15 m²

Hence Area of frame = 2.8 – 1.15 = 1.65 m²

Length of glass/frame (spacer) joint = 4 x vertical + 4 X horiz.

= 4 x (1.75 - 0.15 x 3) + 4 x (1.6 - 0.15 x 3) = 9.8 m

Uw = (Ug x Ag + Ufx Af+ ψ x Lspacer) / Aw Uw =

= (3.22+ 1.98+ 0.05 x 9.8) / 2.8 = 2.03 W/m²K.
 4.6 Adding photovoltaic (PV) solar panels to the
residential building
Adding photovoltaic (PV) solar
panels to a residential building is
an increasingly popular and
environmentally friendly way to
reduce energy costs and carbon
footprints. The process involves
several key steps, considerations,
and benefits.
4.6 Adding photovoltaic (PV) solar panels to the
residential building
Benefits of Adding PV Panels
1.Reduced Energy Bills
Solar panels generate electricity from sunlight, offsetting the energy needed from the grid
and lowering monthly utility bills.

2.Environmental Impact
Solar energy is renewable and clean, reducing dependence on fossil fuels and lowering
greenhouse gas emissions.

3.Increased Property Value

Homes with solar installations often sell at a premium, as buyers recognize the long-term
savings and sustainability benefits.

4.Energy Independence
With solar panels and optional battery storage, homeowners can reduce their reliance on
the grid, especially during power outages or peak demand times.
ENERGY ANALYSIS
POST-MODIFICATION
5.1 Site weather data

5.2 Sun path diagram

5.3 Hourly and annual weather data analysis

5.4 Shading analysis

5.5 Daylighting simulation

5.6 Internal gains analysis

5.7 Fabric and Ventilation Analysis

5.8 Fuel breakdown

5.9 CO2 emissions

5.10 Thermal comfort analysis

5.11 LEED certification analysis

3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the variations
in outside dry bulb temperature
and outside dew point
temperature on December 21.

•Outside dry bulb temperature

was highest between 11 AM and
2 PM, reaching 15°C.
•Dew point temperature remained
lower than the dry bulb
temperature, indicating relatively
dry conditions.
•This data is essential for
adjusting heating and ventilation
systems to maintain indoor
comfort and energy efficiency
during the winter.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:

This graph shows the changes in

wind speed on December 21.

•Wind speed was highest at 8 PM,

reaching 4 m/s, and lowest at 11
AM, at 0 m/s.
•Wind speed fluctuations indicate
changing outdoor conditions that
affect natural ventilation and
building energy efficiency.
•Analyzing wind speed helps in
optimizing ventilation strategies
and HVAC adjustments for
energy efficiency.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the variations in
wind direction, solar azimuth, and
solar altitude on December 21.

•Wind direction remained fairly

constant throughout the day, indicating
steady winter wind patterns.
•Solar azimuth was higher in the
morning and decreased in the
afternoon, indicating the sun's
movement.
•Solar altitude was low throughout the
day, as the sun remained close to the
horizon.
•These variations are important for
optimizing natural ventilation, adjusting
building design for solar energy
capture, and preparing for minimal
solar gain during the winter months.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:
This graph represents the
variations in atmospheric pressure
on December 21.

•Atmospheric pressure remained

fairly steady throughout the day,
with slight fluctuations.
•Pressure was higher in the
morning and gradually decreased
during the afternoon hours.
•Monitoring atmospheric pressure
helps understand weather
patterns and aids in adjusting the
building's HVAC system based on
atmospheric conditions.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the variations in
direct normal solar radiation and diffuse
horizontal solar radiation on December
21.

•Direct normal solar radiation increased

from 8 AM until 11 AM, peaking at
0.75, and then remained constant until
2 PM.
•After 5 PM, direct normal solar
radiation dropped to 0, indicating no
direct sunlight.
•Diffuse horizontal solar radiation
remained low throughout the day,
varying between 0 and 0.25.
•This data helps optimize solar energy
systems and passive heating
strategies, especially with low diffuse
solar radiation during the winter
months.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:

This graph shows the variations

in outside dry bulb temperature
and outside dew point
temperature on March 21.

•Dry bulb temperature gradually

increased, reaching higher values
in the afternoon.
•Dew point temperature remained
stable and was lower than the dry
bulb temperature.
•This data is essential for
designing HVAC systems and
ensuring the building performs
efficiently under varying outdoor
conditions.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:

This graph shows the changes in

wind speed on March 21.

•Wind speed was highest at 8 PM,

reaching 4 m/s, and lowest at 11
AM, at 0 m/s.
•Wind speed fluctuations indicate
changing outdoor conditions that
affect natural ventilation and
building energy efficiency.
•Analyzing wind speed helps in
optimizing ventilation strategies
and HVAC adjustments for
energy efficiency.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:

This graph shows the variations

in outside dry bulb temperature
and outside dew point
temperature on March 21.

•Dry bulb temperature gradually

increased, reaching higher values
in the afternoon.
•Dew point temperature remained
stable and was lower than the dry
bulb temperature.
•This data is essential for
designing HVAC systems and
ensuring the building performs
efficiently under varying outdoor
conditions.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:

This graph shows the variations

in outside dry bulb temperature
and outside dew point
temperature on March 21.

•Dry bulb temperature gradually

increased, reaching higher values
in the afternoon.
•Dew point temperature remained
stable and was lower than the dry
bulb temperature.
•This data is essential for
designing HVAC systems and
ensuring the building performs
efficiently under varying outdoor
conditions.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:

This graph shows the variations

in outside dry bulb temperature
and outside dew point
temperature on March 21.

•Dry bulb temperature gradually

increased, reaching higher values
in the afternoon.
•Dew point temperature remained
stable and was lower than the dry
bulb temperature.
•This data is essential for
designing HVAC systems and
ensuring the building performs
efficiently under varying outdoor
conditions.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the variations in
outside dry bulb temperature and
outside dew point temperature on
June 21.
•Dry bulb temperature gradually
increased throughout the day,
reaching its highest values in the
afternoon, indicating the hot summer
conditions.
•Dew point temperature remained
higher than in the winter months,
reflecting increased humidity levels,
and stayed relatively steady through
the day.
•This data is essential for adjusting
HVAC systems to maintain indoor
comfort during hot and humid
summer conditions, as well as
managing moisture levels to prevent
condensation.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:

This graph shows the changes in

wind speed on June 21.

•Wind speed was relatively higher

in the afternoon compared to the
morning, peaking during the late
afternoon hours.
•Fluctuations in wind speed help
evaluate the effectiveness of
natural ventilation strategies and
cooling systems.
•Understanding wind speed is
crucial for optimizing building
ventilation and ensuring energy-
efficient airflow during warm
summer periods.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the variations in
wind direction, solar azimuth, and
solar altitude on June 21.
•Wind direction fluctuated throughout
the day, indicating changes in
outdoor conditions and seasonal
shifts.
•Solar azimuth was at its highest
value around noon, showing the
sun's peak position relative to the
earth.
•Solar altitude was also at its highest
around midday, providing the most
direct sunlight of the day.
•These variations are important for
optimizing natural ventilation,
ensuring maximum solar energy
capture during the peak of the day,
and adjusting shading strategies for
heat gain management in summer.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:
This graph represents the
variations in atmospheric pressure
on June 21.

•Atmospheric pressure remained

relatively stable during the day,
with minor fluctuations.
•Slight decreases in pressure
were observed in the afternoon,
indicating typical summer
conditions.
•Monitoring atmospheric pressure
is important for predicting
weather patterns and adjusting
HVAC systems for summer
comfort, especially during
fluctuations in the afternoon.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
Data shows HOURLY
Analysis:
This graph the variations in
direct normal solar radiation and
diffuse horizontal solar radiation on
June 21.
•Direct normal solar radiation
increased gradually from 8 AM,
peaking at its highest value around 12
PM, and remained high through the
afternoon.
•After 5 PM, direct normal solar
radiation dropped but stayed above 0
during the late afternoon.
•Diffuse horizontal solar radiation was
relatively higher throughout the day
compared to winter months, varying
between 0.25 and 0.5.
•This data helps optimize solar
energy systems, adjust building
design for peak solar radiation
capture, and plan for passive cooling
strategies due to higher diffuse
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the variations
in outside dry bulb temperature
and outside dew point
temperature on September 23.
•Dry bulb temperature gradually
increased throughout the day,
reaching moderate values in the
afternoon.
•Dew point temperature was
relatively stable, slightly higher
than the dry bulb temperature,
indicating comfortable but slightly
humid conditions typical of
autumn.
•This data is essential for
adjusting HVAC systems to
maintain optimal indoor comfort
and preventing excessive
humidity buildup during the mild
fall conditions.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the changes in
wind speed on September 23.

•Wind speed was moderate, with

slight increases observed in the
afternoon.
•Wind speed fluctuations are
essential for evaluating natural
ventilation strategies, especially
in the transition from summer to
fall.
•Understanding these changes
helps optimize airflow and energy
-efficient cooling and heating
systems.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the variations in
wind direction, solar azimuth, and
solar altitude on September 23.
•Wind direction fluctuated throughout
the day, suggesting typical autumnal
wind patterns as the season
transitions.
•Solar azimuth was higher during the
morning and gradually decreased in
the afternoon, showing the sun's
movement as the day progresses.
•Solar altitude peaked around
midday, indicating the sun was at its
highest point and gradually
decreased afterward.
•These variations are crucial for
optimizing natural ventilation,
adjusting shading, and maximizing
solar energy capture during the day
as temperatures begin to cool.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:
This graph represents the
variations in atmospheric pressure
on September 23.

•Atmospheric pressure remained

relatively stable with slight
fluctuations during the day.
•Minor decreases were observed
in the afternoon, which are typical
of the transition between summer
and autumn.
•Monitoring atmospheric pressure
is vital for predicting weather
patterns and making adjustments
to building systems to maintain
comfortable indoor conditions.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
HOURLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the variations in
direct normal solar radiation and
diffuse horizontal solar radiation on
September 23.
•Direct normal solar radiation
gradually increased from 8 AM,
peaking around 12 PM, then
remained high in the afternoon.
•After 5 PM, direct normal solar
radiation started decreasing,
indicating less direct sunlight.
•Diffuse horizontal solar radiation
was moderate throughout the day,
varying between 0.25 and 0.5.
•This data helps in optimizing solar
energy systems, adjusting building
design to capture solar radiation
during the fall equinox, and planning
for passive cooling strategies due to
the mild radiation levels.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:

This graph shows the variations

in outside dry bulb temperature
and dew point temperature
during December.

•Outside dry bulb temperature

was at its lowest for the year,
with significant drops during the
month.
•Dew point temperature
remained low, indicating dry air
with minimal humidity.
•This data is crucial for adjusting
heating systems and ensuring
indoor comfort during the coldest
month of the year.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the changes in wind
direction and wind speed during
December.
•Wind direction was more consistent in
December, with fewer fluctuations
compared to the transitional months.
•Wind speed was lower in December,
with calmer conditions typical of winter.
•These trends are essential for
evaluating natural ventilation strategies,
particularly in winter when outdoor air
may be cold and dry.
•Optimizing HVAC systems for energy
efficiency is important due to lower wind
speeds and stable air conditions.
•Understanding wind direction helps in
placing openings for ventilation and
controlling indoor temperatures during
colder months.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the changes in solar
azimuth and solar altitude during
December.
•Solar azimuth was at its lowest in
December, reflecting the sun's lower
position in the sky.
•Solar altitude was also the lowest in
December, with shorter daylight hours
and less intense sunlight.
•These trends are crucial for adjusting
shading devices and maximizing heat
gain during the few hours when the
sun is at a higher angle.
•The low altitude and azimuth during
December require more attention to
passive heating strategies and solar
energy capture.
•This data is vital for designing
buildings that optimize solar exposure
and reduce energy consumption in
winter.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:
This graph represents the
variations in atmospheric
pressure during December.
•Atmospheric pressure was
relatively high in December,
reflecting stable, cold winter
weather.
•The pressure remained stable
with minimal fluctuations.
•Tracking pressure helps predict
weather patterns and adjust
HVAC systems.
•Understanding pressure aids in
preparing for weather changes
and ensuring indoor comfort.
•High pressure influences
heating system efficiency,
requiring adjustments to maintain
consistent temperatures.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the variations in
direct normal solar radiation and
diffuse horizontal solar radiation
during December.
•Direct normal solar radiation was at
its lowest in December, reflecting
the weaker sunlight during winter.
•Diffuse horizontal solar radiation
showed lower values in December
due to the seasonal increase in
cloud cover and lower sun angles.
•This data is important for
optimizing solar energy systems
and passive heating strategies
during the winter months.
•Understanding these trends helps
in managing energy efficiency, as
solar radiation is limited in
December.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the variations in
outside dry bulb temperature and
dew point temperature during
March.
•Outside dry bulb temperature
began to rise from the colder
winter period, reflecting the onset
of spring.
•Dew point temperature also
increased slightly, indicating
higher humidity levels as
temperatures warmed.
•These changes call for
adjustments to both heating and
cooling systems as the weather
fluctuates.
•Moderate dew point values in
March suggest the need for more
attention to humidity control as the
season progresses.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the changes in
wind direction and wind speed
during March.

•Wind direction showed more

variability in March compared to
December, reflecting the
transitional weather.
•Wind speed was higher in March
due to stronger winds typically
associated with the start of spring.
•These variations are key for
optimizing natural ventilation and
preparing for seasonal HVAC
adjustments.
•Higher wind speeds in March
suggest the need to review
outdoor air handling and
heating/cooling settings.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the changes in
solar azimuth and solar altitude during
March.
•Solar azimuth began to increase in
March, reflecting the sun's higher
position in the sky.
•Solar altitude also began to rise,
indicating longer days and more
intense sunlight compared to
December.
•These trends highlight the need to
adjust shading and passive heating
strategies to capture more sunlight.
•The higher altitude and azimuth in
March suggest increased
opportunities for solar energy
generation.
•This data is essential for optimizing
solar heat gain and preparing
buildings for the warmer months
ahead.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:
This graph represents the
variations in atmospheric pressure
during March.
•Atmospheric pressure showed
fluctuations, reflecting the change
in weather patterns as winter
transitions to spring.
•The pressure was relatively stable
but varied more compared to
December, indicating changing
weather systems.
•Monitoring atmospheric pressure
helps in predicting weather shifts
and optimizing HVAC systems.
•Pressure variations during March
indicate the approach of spring
storms or weather changes.
•Adjustments in HVAC settings are
necessary as atmospheric
pressure impacts heating and
cooling efficiency.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the variations in
direct normal solar radiation and
diffuse horizontal solar radiation
during March.
•Direct normal solar radiation
increased slightly from December,
reflecting the stronger spring sun
compared to winter.
•Diffuse horizontal solar radiation
showed moderate values in March,
indicating increased sunlight
exposure as cloud cover decreases.
•These variations are important for
adjusting passive heating and cooling
systems, as solar exposure starts to
improve.
•Solar radiation data is vital for
anticipating energy capture and
planning for more efficient energy use
as the weather warms.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the variations in
outside dry bulb temperature and
dew point temperature during June.
•Outside dry bulb temperature was
at its highest in June, reflecting the
peak of summer heat.
•Dew point temperature remained
high, indicating elevated humidity
typical of summer.
•These conditions highlight the
importance of cooling and
dehumidification systems to
maintain indoor comfort.
•High dew point requires effective
humidity control to prevent excess
moisture indoors.
•The data emphasizes the need for
optimized cooling systems to
handle both temperature and
humidity during summer.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:

This graph shows the variations in

wind speed during June.

•Wind speed was generally low in

June, reflecting calm summer
weather conditions.
•Minimal wind suggests reduced
opportunities for natural ventilation.
•Lower wind speeds necessitate
efficient cooling systems for
maintaining indoor comfort.
•Calm conditions highlight the
importance of mechanical
ventilation.
•Understanding wind speed trends
aids in planning energy-efficient
cooling strategies.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the changes in
solar azimuth, solar altitude, and
wind direction during June.

•Solar azimuth was highest,

reflecting the sun’s maximum
position during summer.
•Solar altitude peaked, indicating
long daylight hours and intense
sunlight.
•Wind direction showed variability,
typical of calm summer weather
conditions.
•These trends emphasize
optimizing solar energy systems,
shading strategies, and ventilation
design.
•Understanding these factors is
crucial for managing energy use
and ensuring indoor comfort during
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:
This graph represents the
variations in atmospheric pressure
during June.

•Atmospheric pressure remained

relatively stable in June, with
minimal fluctuations.
•The stable pressure during the
summer months reflects typical
high-pressure systems associated
with warmer weather.
•Monitoring pressure in June is
essential for predicting weather
patterns and optimizing HVAC
systems for summer.
•The stable pressure conditions
suggest a need for air conditioning
and humidity control to ensure
indoor comfort.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the variations in
direct normal solar radiation and
diffuse horizontal solar radiation
during June.
•Direct normal solar radiation
peaked in June, reflecting the
intensity of summer sunlight.
•Diffuse horizontal solar radiation
was also higher in June, as longer
days and clear skies lead to
greater solar exposure.
•These trends are crucial for
optimizing solar energy systems
and ensuring passive heating and
cooling systems are utilized
efficiently.
•Solar radiation levels in June are
the highest of the year, indicating
the need for effective solar energy
capture and shading strategies.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the variations in
outside dry bulb temperature and
dew point temperature during
September.
•Outside dry bulb temperature began
to cool down in September,
reflecting the transition to fall.
•Dew point temperature was
moderate, showing typical autumn
humidity levels.
•These changes indicate the need
for HVAC adjustments as
temperatures cool and humidity
levels stabilize.
•Moderate dew point suggests
humidity control is still important,
though less critical than in summer.
•This data helps prepare HVAC
systems for fall and optimize indoor
air quality as conditions shift.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the changes in
wind speed during September.

•Wind speed was higher in

September, reflecting transitional
weather patterns.
•Elevated wind speeds suggest
opportunities for enhanced natural
ventilation.
•These conditions highlight the need
for HVAC adjustments to optimize
air exchange.
•Understanding wind speed trends
ensures efficient ventilation during
cooler months.
•High wind speeds can also impact
energy efficiency and indoor comfort
strategies.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the changes in
solar azimuth, solar altitude, and
wind direction during September.

•Solar azimuth decreased, reflecting

the sun's lower position as summer
ends.
•Solar altitude dropped, indicating
shorter daylight hours and reduced
solar intensity.
•Wind direction showed variability,
typical of transitional weather
patterns in September.
•These trends highlight the need to
adjust shading, passive heating
strategies, and ventilation systems.
•Understanding these factors
ensures energy efficiency and
comfort as temperatures decline.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:
This graph represents the variations
in atmospheric pressure during
September.
•Atmospheric pressure was relatively
stable in September, similar to
March, with minor fluctuations.
•Stable pressure conditions in
September suggest transitioning
weather patterns from summer to
fall.
•Tracking pressure helps predict
seasonal changes and optimize
HVAC systems for the fall season.
•Atmospheric pressure variations
during September indicate the end
of summer storms and the arrival of
cooler weather.
•This data is useful for fine-tuning
indoor comfort systems as
temperatures begin to drop.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
MOUNTHLY
Data Analysis:
This graph shows the variations in
direct normal solar radiation and
diffuse horizontal solar radiation
during September.
•Direct normal solar radiation began
to decrease in September, reflecting
the weakening sun as summer
ends.
•Diffuse horizontal solar radiation
showed moderate values, higher
than in winter but lower than in
June.
•These trends are important for
adjusting solar energy systems and
optimizing passive heating and
cooling strategies as temperatures
decrease.
•Solar radiation in September is
more balanced, providing
opportunities for energy efficiency
adjustments.
3.3 Hourly and Annual Weather
ANNUALY
Data Analysis:

Graph Explanation for

Annual Weather Analysis:
1.System Performance:
Shows temperature variations
to assess heating and cooling
demands across seasons.
2.Energy Patterns: Identifies
peak energy consumption
during extreme weather
periods.
3.Sustainability: Highlights
annual trends for long-term
climate planning and
efficiency.
3.4 Shading Analysis:
Spring Equinox 8AM 12PM 4PM

8AM
Altitude 20
Azimuth 106

12PM
Altitude 60
Azimuth 176

4PM

Altitude 30
Azimuth 250
3.4 Shading Analysis:
Spring Equinox 8AM 12PM 4PM
HSA=∣Az−Wall Orientation∣

HSA=∣176−180∣=4° HSA=∣250−180∣=70°
HSA=∣106−180∣=74°

VSA=arctan(tan(60°) /cos(4°) ) VSA=arctan(tan(30°) /cos(70°) )

VSA=arctan(tan(20°) /cos(74°) )
VSA=arctan(1.732/0.997)= VSA=arctan(0.577/0.342)=
VSA=arctan(0.364 /0.276)=
arctan(1.737)≈ 60.67° arctan(1.687)≈ 59.59°
arctan(1.318) ≈ 52.49 °

Overhang Depth=2/1.77≈1.12m Overhang Depth=2/1.70≈1.17m

Overhang Depth=21.30/≈ 1.53m

Width= 1.12/0.06= 18.6m Width =1.17/2.74= 0.42

Width = 1.53/3.48= 0.43m
3.4 Shading Analysis:
Summer Solstice 8AM 12PM 4PM

8AM
Altitude 37
Azimuth 83

12PM
Altitude 81
Azimuth 178

4PM

Altitude 37
Azimuth 277
3.4 Shading Analysis:
Summer Solstice 8AM 12PM 4PM

HSA=∣Az−Wall Orientation∣

HSA=∣178−180∣=2° HSA=∣277−180∣=97°
HSA=∣83−180∣= 97°

VSA=arctan(tan(81°) /cos(2°) ) VSA=arctan(tan(37°) /cos(97°) )

VSA=arctan(tan(37°) /cos(97°) )
VSA=arctan(1.732/0.997)= VSA=arctan(0.577/0.342)=
VSA=arctan(0.75 /-0.12)=
arctan(1.737)≈ 60.67° arctan(1.687)≈ 59.59°
arctan(-6.25) ≈ 100 °

Overhang Depth=2/1.77≈1.12m Overhang Depth=2/1.73 ≈ 1.15m

Overhang Depth=2/ -5.6 ≈ 0.35m

Width= 1.12/0.03= 37.3m Width =1.15/8.14= 0.14m

Width = 0.35/8.14= 0.04m
3.4 Shading Analysis:
Autumnal Equinox 8AM 12PM 4PM

8AM
Altitude 27
Azimuth 108

12PM
Altitude 59
Azimuth 184

4PM

Altitude 24
Azimuth 255
3.4 Shading Analysis:
Autumnal Equinox 8AM 12PM 4PM

HSA=∣Az−Wall Orientation∣

HSA=∣184−180∣=4° HSA=∣255−180∣=75°
HSA=∣108−180∣=72°

VSA=arctan(tan(60°) /cos(4°) ) VSA=arctan(tan(24°) /cos(75°) )

VSA=arctan(tan(27°) /cos(72°) )
VSA=arctan(1.732/0.997)= VSA=arctan(0.44/0.25)=
VSA=arctan(0.5 /0.3)=
arctan(1.737)≈ 60.67° arctan(1.76)≈ 60.4°
arctan(1.66) ≈ 59°

Overhang Depth=2/1.73≈1.15m Overhang Depth=2/1.76≈1.13m

Overhang Depth=2/1.66≈ 1.2m

Width= 1.15/0.06= 19m Width =1.13/3.73= 0.3

Width = 1.2/3= 0.4m
3.4 Shading Analysis:
Winter Solstice 8AM 12PM 4PM

8AM
Altitude 10
Azimuth 126

12PM
Altitude 35
Azimuth 180

4PM

Altitude 10
Azimuth 234
3.4 Shading Analysis:
Winter Solstice 8AM 12PM 4PM

HSA=∣Az−Wall Orientation∣

HSA=∣180−180∣=0° HSA=∣234−180∣=54°
HSA=∣126−180∣=54°

VSA=arctan(tan(35°) /cos(0°) ) VSA=arctan(tan(10°) /cos(54°) )

VSA=arctan(tan(10°) /cos(54°) )
VSA=arctan(0.7/1)= VSA=arctan(0.17/0.58)=
VSA=arctan(0.17 /0.58)=
arctan(0.7)≈ 35° arctan(0.29)≈ 16.17°
arctan(0.29) ≈ 16.17 °

Overhang Depth=2/0.7≈2.85m Overhang Depth=2/0.29≈6.9m

Overhang Depth= 2 / 0.29 ≈ 7m
Width =6.9/1.4= 04.9m
Width = 7/1.37= 5.1m
3.4 Shading Analysis:
Conclusion

By reorienting the building so that

the façade containing the windows
faces south, horizontal shading
elements were designed above the
windows to enhance solar lighting
control. These elements allow
comfortable sunlight penetration
during cold seasons while reducing
it during hot seasons, ensuring
good natural lighting and a
comfortable indoor environment.
 3.5 Daylighting simulation:
Enlarging the master
bedroom window and living
room window has improved
daylight distribution in these
spaces. Additionally, adding
a window to the bedroom has
enhanced natural light levels,
creating brighter and more
evenly lit interiors. The
building orientation was also
changed, with windows now
facing south, maximizing
exposure to natural daylight.
The color gradient reflects
New window
daylight factor values, with
higher values near the
windows.
ENERGY ANALYSIS POST-MODIFICATION
5.6 Internal Gains Solar analysis:
23 September: Autumn
Equinox

The trapped heat thus

causes solar gain via a
phenomenon known as the
greenhouse effect. In
buildings, excessive solar
gain can lead to
overheating within a space,
but it can also be used as a
passive heating strategy
when heat is desired
ENERGY ANALYSIS POST-MODIFICATION
5.6 Internal Gains Solar analysis:
•General Lighting (Cyan line): Relatively
constant throughout the year, reflecting
constant usage, which is likely to be
influenced by the behaviour of building
occupants rather than seasonal
variations.

•Zone Sensible Heating(Red Line):Heating

(red) is more prominent during the cooler
months (January, February, November
and December), indicating increased
energy demand for heating in the winter.

•Computer + Equip(Purple Line):Relatively

constant throughout the year, reflecting
constant usage, which is likely to be
influenced by the behaviour of building
occupants rather than seasonal
variations.
ENERGY ANALYSIS POST-MODIFICATION
5.6 Internal Gains Solar analysis:

•Zone Sensible Cooling(Blue Line):It is the

main consumer of cooling, especially in
the warmer months (June to September),
indicating a large cooling load during the
summer.

•Occupancy(Orange Line):Relatively
constant throughout the year, reflecting
constant usage, which is likely to be
influenced by the behaviour of building
occupants rather than seasonal
variations.

•Solar Gains Exterior Windows( Yellow

Line):Relatively constant throughout the
year, reflecting constant usage, which is
likely to be influenced by the behaviour of
building occupants rather than seasonal
variations.
ENERGY ANALYSIS POST-MODIFICATION
5.6 Internal Gains Solar analysis:
23 September: Autumn
Equinox

•Total Latent Load (Cyan

line): Less prominent
during the months with
the highest total latent
loads (January,
February, June,
September, November,
and December), and
increases in the
remaining months,
depending on the
existing loads.
ENERGY ANALYSIS POST-MODIFICATION
5.7 Fabric & Ventilation analysis:
23 September: Autumn
Equinox
heat gains to the
space from the
surface element
(walls, floors, ceilings
etc.) and ventilation.
Negative values
indicate heat loss
from the space.
 5.8 Fuel breakdown
report on energy consumption for heating, cooling, and
electric lighting on a monthly, daily, and yearly basis.

Heat Gains
•Description: Displays contributions from
external infiltration, general lighting, solar
gains, and internal loads such as
occupancy.
•Analysis:
• Solar Gains (yellow line): Peak
during summer months due to
increased solar exposure,
influencing cooling demand.
• Internal Gains (occupancy and
lighting): Relatively constant
throughout the year, indicating
stable usage patterns.
• Infiltration Gains: Lower during
warmer months, possibly due to
reduced wind-driven air leakage
or intentional ventilation control.
5.8 Fuel breakdown
report on energy consumption for heating, cooling, and
electric lighting on a monthly, daily, and yearly basis.
Fuel Breakdown (Top Graph)
•Electricity Usage: Cooling (blue) is
the dominant electricity consumer,
especially in warmer months (June
to September), indicating a
significant cooling load during
summer.
•Heating (Gas): Gas heating (red) is
more prominent during the colder
months (January, February,
November, and December),
suggesting increased energy
demand for heating in winter.
•Lighting (Yellow): The lighting load
remains relatively constant
throughout the year, reflecting
steady usage, likely influenced by
occupant behavior rather than
seasonal variation.
5.8 Fuel breakdown
report on energy consumption for heating, cooling, and
electric lighting on a monthly, daily, and yearly basis.

Temperature Analysis (Second Graph)

•Air Temperature (Dark Blue): Shows
the internal air temperature
maintained throughout the year,
indicating that the HVAC system
keeps it relatively stable.
•Radiant Temperature (Red): Similar
to air temperature, indicating
effective thermal comfort indoors.
•Outside Dry-Bulb Temperature
(Green): Displays significant
variation, with higher temperatures
in summer and lower in winter,
influencing the cooling and heating
loads.
 5.8 Fuel breakdown
report on energy consumption for heating, cooling, and
electric lighting on a monthly, daily, and yearly basis.

Heat Balance (Graph 3)

•External Infiltration (Cyan):
• Minimal in summer,
meaning infiltration-related
heat loss/gain is lower.
• More noticeable in winter,
contributing to heating
energy needs.
•General Lighting (Light Yellow):
Constant throughout the year,
reflecting occupant usage rather
than external conditions.
•Miscellaneous (Gray): Stable
year-round, likely representing
appliances or other constant loads.
 5.8 Fuel breakdown
report on energy consumption for heating, cooling, and
electric lighting on a monthly, daily, and yearly basis.

System Loads (Graph 4)

•Sensible Cooling (Blue):
• Peaks in summer months
(June to September),
reflecting the need for
significant cooling due to
high outdoor temperatures
and solar gains.
• Drops sharply in winter.
•Total Cooling (Dark Blue): Mirrors
sensible cooling, as latent loads may
be minimal in this climate.
•Zone Heating (Red): Prominent
during colder months (January,
February, November, December),
showing high heating demand.
 5.8 Fuel breakdown
report on energy consumption for heating, cooling, and
electric lighting on a monthly, daily, and yearly basis.

Total Infiltration and Ventilation

(Graph 5)
•Mechanical Ventilation + Natural
Ventilation + Infiltration (Purple):
• The rate is relatively stable
throughout the year,
indicating consistent
ventilation.
• Seasonal spikes may reflect
differences in infiltration due
to external weather
conditions.
Conclusion: Proper ventilation
strategies are crucial. Energy
recovery ventilation could minimize
energy losses associated with
infiltration and air exchange
5.8 Fuel breakdown
report on energy consumption for heating, cooling, and
electric lighting on a monthly, daily, and yearly basis.
Fuel Breakdown - Heating and Cooling
•Room Electricity (blue):
• High consumption during the
summer months (June to
September), reflecting reliance
on cooling systems.
• Significant reduction during the
winter months when cooling
demand is minimal.
•Lighting (yellow):
• Steady and relatively low energy
consumption throughout the
year, suggesting constant use of
lighting regardless of season.
•Heating (red):
• Noticeable spikes during the
winter months (December to
February), reflecting increased
heating needs.
• Minimal to no heating
consumption during the warmer
months..
5.8 Fuel breakdown
report on energy consumption for heating, cooling, and
electric lighting on a monthly, daily, and yearly basis.

Temperature (°C)
•Air Temperature, Radiant Temperature,
Operative Temperature, and Outside Dry-
Bulb Temperature:
• Air temperature fluctuates
seasonally, with higher
temperatures in summer and
lower in winter.
• Operative and radiant
temperatures closely follow air
temperature trends, indicating
proper system response to
maintain thermal comfort.
• Outside dry-bulb temperature
varies significantly, affecting
both heating and cooling
demands.
5.8 Fuel breakdown
report on energy consumption for heating, cooling, and
electric lighting on a monthly, daily, and yearly basis.
Heat Balance (W)
•External Infiltration (light blue):
• Relatively steady infiltration,
slightly higher in colder months
due to increased temperature
differences between indoor and
outdoor environments.
•Solar Gains Exterior Windows (yellow-
green):
• Higher during summer due to
increased solar radiation,
contributing to cooling loads.
• Lower in winter, reducing natural
heat gains.
•Zone Sensible Heating (red):
• Noticeable during winter
months, indicating increased
heating requirements.
• Absent in warmer months.
•Zone Sensible Cooling (blue):
• Significant cooling required in
summer months.
• Minimal or no cooling in winter.
5.8 Fuel breakdown
report on energy consumption for heating, cooling, and
electric lighting on a monthly, daily, and yearly basis.

System Loads (W)

•Sensible Cooling and Total Cooling (blue):
• Cooling demand peaks during
summer and decreases toward
winter.
• System is effective in meeting
cooling needs during hot
months.
•Zone Heating (red):
• Peaks in winter, reflecting
heating demand.
• Negligible during summer.
5.8 Fuel breakdown
report on energy consumption for heating, cooling, and
electric lighting on a monthly, daily, and yearly basis.

Total Infiltration (Air Changes per Hour -

ACH)
•Mech Vent + Nat Vent + Infiltration
(purple):
• Shows minor variations
throughout the year.
• Slightly higher values in
transitional seasons (spring and
autumn), likely due to increased
ventilation and infiltration.

Insights:
•The building experiences high cooling
loads in summer and high heating loads
in winter.
•Proper insulation and glazing could
reduce both heating and cooling
demands.
•Steady lighting consumption indicates
consistent energy use that could benefit
from energy-efficient lighting solutions.
 5.8 Fuel breakdown
report on energy consumption for heating, cooling, and
electric lighting on a monthly, daily, and yearly basis.

Energy Use Breakdown (Top Graph)

•Description: This graph compares
electricity used for cooling, heating
energy (gas), room electricity, and lighting
over a 12-month period.
•Analysis:
• Cooling (blue line): Peaks in
summer (June-August) due to
high external temperatures
requiring air conditioning.
• Heating (yellow line): Peaks in
winter months (December-
February) as temperatures drop.
• Lighting and Room Electricity
(steady lines): Relatively stable
throughout the year, indicating
constant demand, likely driven
by user behavior rather than
external conditions.
 5.8 Fuel breakdown
report on energy consumption for heating, cooling, and
electric lighting on a monthly, daily, and yearly basis.

Temperature Trends
•Description: Shows air temperature,
radiant temperature, operative
temperature, and outside dry-bulb
temperature.
•Analysis:
• Outside Dry-Bulb Temperature
(dark blue): Follows a typical
annual temperature profile in
Amman, with hot summers and
cool winters.
• Indoor Operative and Radiant
Temperatures: Stay within a
narrow range, suggesting
effective thermal management
and insulation.
• Difference Between Internal and
External Temperatures: Indicates
the efficiency of the building's
HVAC and envelope systems in
maintaining indoor comfort.
5.8 Fuel breakdown
report on energy consumption for heating, cooling, and
electric lighting on a monthly, daily, and yearly basis.

Ventilation and Infiltration

•Description: Tracks mechanical
ventilation, natural ventilation,
and infiltration rates.
•Analysis:
• Natural Ventilation
(purple line): Higher in
warmer months,
indicating reliance on
passive cooling
strategies.
• Infiltration: Remains
consistent but slightly
reduced in summer due
to lower pressure
differences.
5.8 Fuel breakdown
report on energy consumption for heating, cooling, and
electric lighting on a monthly, daily, and yearly basis.

The analysis highlights the thermal and

energy performance of the house under
Amman's climate. Key insights include:

•High cooling demand in summer due to

solar gains and external heat.

•Significant heating demand in winter,

influenced by external cold temperatures.

•Stable internal conditions, suggesting

efficient HVAC systems and good
insulation.

•Opportunities may exist to reduce

cooling and heating energy through
shading devices, better window
insulation, or increased natural
ventilation.
5.9 CONSTRUCTION COST
5.9 CONSTRUCTION COST
ENERGY ANALYSIS POST-MODIFICATION
5.10 Thermal comfort analysis
23 September: Autumn
Equinox
The heat transfer is proportional
to temperature difference. In cold
environments, the body loses
more heat to the environment and
in hot environments the body
does not release enough heat.

Thermal neutrality is maintained

when the heat generated by
human metabolism is allowed to
dissipate, thus maintaining
thermal equilibrium with the
surroundings.
Initial Energy Simulations
3.6 Internal Gains Solar analysis:
23 September: Autumn
Equinox
•Total Latent Load (Cyan line): Less
prominent during the months with the
highest total latent loads (January,
February, June, September, November,
and December), and increases in the
remaining months, depending on the
existing loads.
 5.11 LEED certification
Achieving LEED certification for the house in Amman would not only
enhance its environmental performance but also demonstrate a
commitment to sustainable living, aligning with global best practices for
energy-efficient and environmentally friendly buildings.
•Interior Lighting: 26.24%
•Space Heating: 0.01%
•Space Cooling: 16.34%
•Fans (All): 0.00%
•Service Water Heating: 0.00%
•Receptacle Equipment: 45.32%
•Miscellaneous: 0.00%
The energy breakdown highlights that receptacle equipment and interior
lighting are the largest contributors to energy use.
•Interior Lighting: 26.24%
•Space Heating: 0.01%
•Space Cooling: 16.34%
•Fans (All): 0.00%
•Service Water Heating: 0.00%
•Receptacle Equipment: 45.32%
•Miscellaneous: 0.00%
The energy breakdown highlights that receptacle equipment and interior
lighting are the largest contributors to energy use.
5.11 LEED certification
Energy Use Summary (EAp2-6)
•Electricity:
• Process Subtotal: 27,220.13 kWh
• Total Energy Use: 49,029.81 kWh
•Natural Gas: 0.00 kWh
•Additional Energy Use: 11,033.12 kWh
•Total Energy Use: 60,062.93 kWh

•Interior Lighting: 91.45 kWh/m²

•Space Heating: 0.00 kWh/m²
•Space Cooling: 0.00 kWh/m²
•Fans (All): 0.00 kWh/m²
•Service Water Heating: 0.00 kWh/m²
•Receptacle Equipment: 114.14 kWh/m²
•Miscellaneous (All): 205.60 kWh/m²
•Subtotal: 205.60 kWh/m²
5.11 LEED certification
•Energy Use Intensity (EUI) for electricity is 205.60 kWh/m², comprising interior lighting (91.45
kWh/m²), receptacle equipment (114.14 kWh/m²), and miscellaneous loads (0.00 kWh/m²).

•Natural gas and additional sources have no recorded usage (0.00 kWh/m²); LEED emphasizes
reducing EUI compared to the baseline model.

•End use percentages are as follows: interior lighting (35.09%), receptacle equipment (43.79%),
and space cooling (21.12%), which are key energy drivers for optimization.

•Full load hours range between 6,072 and 6,073, with slight variations for hours exceeding 1%;
these schedules are critical for accurate LEED energy modeling.

•Photovoltaic and wind energy contributions are zero; integrating renewable energy systems can
earn LEED points.
5.11 LEED certification
•LEED Requirement: Points are awarded based on the percentage improvement in energy performance above the
baseline:
•1-18 points for LEED v4 (depending on % improvement).
•Example thresholds: 6% improvement = 1 point; 50% improvement = 18 points.
•Comparison:
•No improvement over baseline is provided.
•Energy use (61,737.18 kWh total) and electricity EUI (205.60 kWh/m²) are relatively high. LEED projects typically
aim for reductions by optimizing lighting, equipment, HVAC, and introducing renewable energy.
Conclusion
1.Energy Optimization as a Core Objective:
The analysis highlights that energy efficiency is a critical factor in achieving sustainable building performance. Implementing
smart energy management systems, renewable energy integration, and passive design principles will significantly reduce
energy consumption.

2.Balancing Sustainability and Comfort:

The project demonstrates the importance of designing spaces that balance sustainability with occupant comfort. By addressing
thermal comfort, lighting quality, and air circulation, the building can achieve a harmonious living environment while reducing
energy demand.

3.Dynamic Performance Based on Seasons:

Seasonal variations in heating and cooling demands emphasize the need for adaptable building systems that respond to
climate conditions. Strategies such as solar shading, insulation, and natural ventilation are key to maintaining performance
year-round.

4.Future-Proofing the Design:

Incorporating renewable energy and flexible design solutions ensures the building can adapt to future energy demands and
environmental challenges, making it a sustainable solution for the long term.

5.Comprehensive Approach Required:

The project underscores the importance of a holistic approach to building design, combining energy efficiency, environmental
sustainability, and occupant satisfaction. Collaborative planning and integration of advanced technologies will enhance both
performance and user experience.
 Sustainability and efficiency are not just goals—they are our responsibility.
This project is a step toward creating a better, smarter, and greener built environment