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Third Year Class: First Semester 2019-2020 (Lecture # 2) Dr.

Montadar Abas Taher

Department of Communications Engineering, College of


Engineering, University of Diyala

Digital Communication I
Lecture # 2
Pulse Modulation Techniques: PAM, PWM, PPM, Noise in Pulse modulations
Introduction:
 We know that in analog modulation systems, some parameters of a sinusoidal carrier is
varied according to the instantaneous value of the modulating signal.
 In pulse modulation methods, the carrier is no longer a continuous time signal.
 In pulse modulation, the carrier consists of a pulse train.
 Some parameters of the pulse are varied according to the instantaneous value of the
modulating signal.

𝑡 − 𝑡0
𝑥𝑐 𝑡 = rct
𝜏
A

t
τ

 There are three parameters can be changed in the pulse signal:


1. The amplitude of the pulse A, this gives Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM).
2. The width/duration of the pulse τ, this gives Pulse Width/Duration Modulation
(PWM or PDM).
3. The position of the pulse t0, this gives Pulse Position Modulation (PPM).
 In general, Pulse Modulation consists of two categories, analog modulation and digital
modulation

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Third Year Class: First Semester 2019-2020 (Lecture # 2) Dr. Montadar Abas Taher

 In this lecture, we will study the Analog Pulse Modulation types.

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Third Year Class: First Semester 2019-2020 (Lecture # 2) Dr. Montadar Abas Taher

1. Pulse Amplitude Modulation

Flat-Top PAM Natural-Sampled (Gating) PAM

 Flat-Top PAM is most popular and is widely used.


 The reason for using Flat-Top PAM is that during the transmission, the noise interferes with the
top of the transmitted pulses and this noise can be easily removed if the PAM pulse has Flat Top.
 In case of natural samples PAM signal, the pulse has varying top in accordance with the signal
variation. Then it becomes quite difficult to determine the shape of the top of the pulse and thus
amplitude detection of the pulse is not exact due to noise.
 Due to this, errors are introduced in the received signal. Therefore, flat top sampled PAM is
widely used.

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Third Year Class: First Semester 2019-2020 (Lecture # 2) Dr. Montadar Abas Taher

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Third Year Class: First Semester 2019-2020 (Lecture # 2) Dr. Montadar Abas Taher

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Third Year Class: First Semester 2019-2020 (Lecture # 2) Dr. Montadar Abas Taher

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Third Year Class: First Semester 2019-2020 (Lecture # 2) Dr. Montadar Abas Taher

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Third Year Class: First Semester 2019-2020 (Lecture # 2) Dr. Montadar Abas Taher

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Third Year Class: First Semester 2019-2020 (Lecture # 2) Dr. Montadar Abas Taher

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Third Year Class: First Semester 2019-2020 (Lecture # 2) Dr. Montadar Abas Taher

Example: Proof that the bandwidth of any type of PAM is where τ is the duty cycle of the
pulse.

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Third Year Class: First Semester 2019-2020 (Lecture # 2) Dr. Montadar Abas Taher

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Third Year Class: First Semester 2019-2020 (Lecture # 2) Dr. Montadar Abas Taher

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Third Year Class: First Semester 2019-2020 (Lecture # 2) Dr. Montadar Abas Taher

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Third Year Class: First Semester 2019-2020 (Lecture # 2) Dr. Montadar Abas Taher

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Third Year Class: First Semester 2019-2020 (Lecture # 2) Dr. Montadar Abas Taher

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Third Year Class: First Semester 2019-2020 (Lecture # 2) Dr. Montadar Abas Taher

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Third Year Class: First Semester 2019-2020 (Lecture # 2) Dr. Montadar Abas Taher

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Third Year Class: First Semester 2019-2020 (Lecture # 2) Dr. Montadar Abas Taher

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