EARTH AND LIFE

SCIENCE
▪ The study of Earth`s structure, properties,
processes, and four and half billion years of
biotic evolution.
 ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

COSMOLOGY- Is the study of the universe,

including its properties, structure and evolution.
The UNIVERSE BEGAN 10-15 billion years ago, when
primordial extension called the Big Bang
occurred.
 THEORIES OF THE UNIVERSE

1.BIG BANG THEORY-

▪ all matter were compressed

into a hot dense state and grow
larger
▪ Collision and Explosion happen
▪ continue to expand, cool and
evolveand its state
About 3 million years later, huge clouds,
stretching 500 million light years across,
began to condense.
After about 200 million years, these
condensations formed the first galaxies- the
birthplace of the stars and of elements
heavier than hydrogen and helium.
• ACCORDING TO BIG BANG THEORY- All the energy and matter of
the universe were compressed into a hot and dense state.
• About 13. 7 billion years our universe began as explosion, which
continued to expand, cool and evolve to its current state.
• Temperature decreases sufficiently to allow clumps of matter to
collect.
• These materials formed the first nebulae, which evolved into
the first stars and galaxies.
• Our sun and planetary system were
formed 5 billion years later.
2. CREATIONIST THEORY –

This theory states that GOD , the Supreme Being

created the whole universe out of nothing. The
proof can be read in the Holy Bible stipulating
that GOD created the heavens and the earth
including man.
3.OSCILLATING THEORY- Russian-born US
cosmologist George Gamow proposed this theory
▪ helped explain the Big Bang Theory .
▪ It said the expansion of the universe will eventually
come to a halt to its original form and another Big Bang
will occur.
4. STEADY-STATE THEORY-
▪ This theory states that the Universe has always been
the same since the beginning and will remain in its
present state until eternity.
▪ It further claims that new galaxies appear as a result
of the drifting apart of other galaxies.
 Hypothesis Explaining The Origin
Of The Solar System

1. Nebular Hypothesis

▪ by Pierre Simon de Laplace in 1796.

▪ Starts as a large rotating cloud of gas contracts
under self-gravity.
▪ Nebula- cloud of gas
2. Planetesimal Theory:
▪ A star collide to the sun
▪ Dust particles from collision
and gas stick together cool
down and become harder
and created a planet
▪ Composed of accretion of ice
and dust particles
4.Tidal Theory

▪ proposed by Sir James Jeans and Harold

Jeffrey, a mathematician and a physicist.
 4.Tidal Theory
▪ planets was formed from materials pulled out in
the sun.
▪ star passed very near the sun. The movement
created big tides that tore away many gas in the
sun`s outer layer.
▪ gas massed together with other bodies became
planets.
What makes the Earth a unique planet of the
Solar System?

• Water is the basic need for living

organisms to survive.
• a correct amount of water
• The average 'temperature' 14 degree Celsius,
which makes it an ideal planet to live as it is
neither hot nor cool.
• It protects us from 'cosmic radiation' through
the magnetic field.
 Four Layers Called The Subsystem

1.Atmosphere is the Blanket of gases that protects the

earth’s environment from dangerous UV rays.
2. Lithosphere is the layer of earth that contains the land
30% of the earth.
3. Hydrosphere is the layer of earth which contains 70%
of water.
4. Biosphere is the layer of earth which contains the
human beings and organisms includes living and non-
living things.
Layer of the Atmosphere
 PLANETS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
CLASISFEID INTO 2 GROUPS

1. Terrestrial- 4 planets closest to the sun:

mercury, venus, earth, mars.
▪ each has a solid mineral and earth-like
composition like rocks or metals with a
hard surface.
 PLANETS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
CLASISFEID INTO 2 GROUPS
2. JOVIAN- jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune.
▪the term jovian came from Jupiter and other
gas giants in the solar system
▪Primarily composed of hydrogen and
helium
▪Having a large system of the moon and has
their own ring system
 INNER AND OUTER PLANETS OF THE SOLAR
SYSTEM

• Inner planets are rocky and terrestrial

• composed mostly of silicates and

metals,
• have few to no moons or rings circling them.
 INNER AND OUTER PLANETS OF THE
SOLAR SYSTEM
• Outer planets are gas giants.
• often have dozens of satellites and rings composed of
particles of ice and rock.
• “frost line,”( inner planets)
• warm enough that hydrogen compounds such as
water, ammonia, and methane are able to take liquid
form.
Inner planets
1. Mercury:

▪ is the closest to our Sun and the smallest of the terrestrial

planets.
▪ looks very much like the Earth’s Moon and is even a similar
grayish color, and it even has many deep craters and is covered
by a thin layer of tiny particle silicates.
▪ Its magnetic field is only about 1 percent that of Earth’s,
▪ very thin atmosphere means that it is hot during the day (up to
430°C) and freezing at night (as low as -187 °C)
▪ It has no moons of its own and is comprised mostly of iron and
nickel.
▪ Mercury is one of the densest planets
The inner planets to scale. From
left to right: Earth, Mars, Venus,
and Mercury. Credit: Wikimedia
Commons/Lsmpascal
2.Venus:

▪ same size as Earth, has a thick toxic atmosphere that traps

heat, making it the hottest planet
▪ 96% carbon dioxide, with nitrogen and few other gases.
▪ Dense clouds, composed of sulphuric acid and other
corrosive compounds, with very little water.

▪ “morning star”first celestial body to become visible in

the sky at evening and is the last one to disappear
from the sky at sunrise
▪ no moon of its own.
Venus
3. Earth:
▪ third inner planet
▪ largest and the only one that currently has liquid water, which is
necessary for life.
▪ Earth’s atmosphere protects the planet from dangerous
radiation and helps keep valuable sunlight and warmth, essential
for life to survive.
▪ terrestrial planets, rocky surface with mountains and canyons,
and a heavy metal core
▪ atmosphere contains water vapor, helps to moderate daily
temperatures
4. Mars:

▪ “Red Planet” due to the rust of iron-rich materials that form

the planet’s surface.
▪ has the most interesting terrain. These include the largest
mountain in the Solar System – Olympus Mons – which
rises some 21,229 m (69,649 ft) above the surface, and a
giant canyon called Valles Marineris. Valles Marineris is
4000 km (2500 mi) long and reaches depths of up to 7 km
(4 mi)!
MARS
 The Outer Planets of the Solar System?

• Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune

• gas giants.
• similar characteristics to one another.
OUTER PLANETS

▪ larger than the inner planets that they make up 99

percent of the mass of the celestial bodies
▪ mainly composed of gas
▪ center is what scientist refer to as a rocky core,
composed of liquid heavy metals.
separated by the asteroid belt.
ASTEROID
BELT-
LOCATED
BETWEEN
MARS
AND
JUPITER
1.Jupiter
▪ largest planet in our Solar System
with a mass more than three
hundred times Earth’s mass.
▪ has the most moons – 63
identified.
▪ one of the brightest objects in the Galilean
sky and has a very stormy moons
atmosphere.
▪ Great Red Spot, is as big as the
Earth.
2. Saturn
▪ with its distinctive, large
rings.
▪ the most visible ones.
▪ First planet discovered that
has a ring.
▪ With gas made mostly of
hydrogen and helium
3.Uranus
▪ smallest mass of the outer planets,
▪ size it’s a little bigger than Neptune.
▪ It is the only planet to rotate on its side.
4. Neptune

▪ Neptune’s winds are the fastest of any planets in

the Solar System and can reach more than 1,200
miles per hour.
▪ Ices- include water, ammonia, and methane.
▪ methane in Neptune and Uranus is what gives the
planets their blue color.
 Other Members Of The Solar System

1. Natural Satellite

Objects that move around a planet

• All planets have natural satellites
except Mercury and Venus
• The Earth has one natural satellite
(The
Moon
2. Asteroids

• Rocky objects that moves around the Sun

• Most asteroids lie in a belt between Mars
and Jupiter which is called the asteroids
belt
• Vary in size from as small as dust to a few
hundred kilometers in diameter
 3.Comets

Small pieces of ice and dust that orbit

around the Sun
• Revolve around the Sun in very large orbits
• Spend most of their time out of the Solar
System
• Becomes visible when they enter the Solar
System
• One of the famous comets called Halley’s
comet
 4.Meteroids

• Small pieces of rock or metal

floating in outer space
• There are millions of meteoroids
in the Solar System
5. Meteor

Meteor that look like bright

streaks of
light in the night sky
• Occur when meteoroids which
enter the earth’s atmosphere due
to gravity burn up.
 6.The Sun

▪ 4.5 billion-year-old yellow dwarf star

▪ a hot glowing ball of hydrogen and
helium – at the center of our solar
system.
▪ It’s about 93 million miles (150 million
kilometers)
▪ Earth and solar system’s only star
▪ Without the Sun’s energy, life could not
exist
The inner core, the outer core, mantle and crust are
the four layers of earth

1. The Inner Core

▪ center and the hottest layer of the Earth.

▪ The inner core is solid and made up of iron and nickel
with temperatures up to 5,500oC.
▪ Due to its immense heat energy, the inner core is
more like the engine room of the Earth.
2. The Outer Core

▪ similar to a very hot ball of metals, whose temperature is around

4000 oF to 90000F.
▪ so hot that the metals inside are all liquid. The outer core is
around 1800 miles under the crust and is approximately 1400
miles thick.
▪ composed of metals such as iron and nickel.
▪ pressures and temperatures so high that the metals are
squeezed together and not able to move like a liquid but are
forced to vibrate instead of solid.
3.Mantle

▪ the widest section of the Earth.

▪ thickness is approximately 2,900 km
▪ made up of semi-molten rock known as magma.
▪ consists of very hot and dense rock. This layer of rock flows
like asphalt under heavy weight.
▪ The reason behind the plates of the Earth moving is the
movement of the mantle. Its temperature varies between
1600 oF at the upper part to 4000 oF near the bottom.
▪ 4. Crust

▪ outer layer where we live.

▪ It’s a solid rock layer divided into two types:
1.Continental crust covers the land and,
2.Oceanic crust covers water
THANK YOU