Symmetrical

Fault Analysis
Using ZBUS
Matrix
Dr. Javed Ahmed Laghari
Associate Professor
PhD, University of Malaya, Malaysia
[email protected]

Department of Electrical QUEST, Nawabshah, Sindh,

Engineering Pakistan
Symmetrical Fault Analysis Using
Bus Impedance Matrix:
Def:- A fault on the power system which gives rise to symmetrical fault
currents (i.e. equal fault currents in the lines with 120o displacement) is
called a symmetrical fault.
The balanced short circuit calculations are performed to determine these
large currents to be used to determine the rating of the circuit breakers.
The network reduction technique for the solution of symmetrical fault
analysis is not efficient and is not applicable to large networks. Hence, a
more general fault circuit analysis using nodal method is obtained.
By utilizing the elements of
the bus impedance matrix, the
fault current as well as the bus
voltages during fault are
readily and easily calculated.
Consider a typical bus of n-
bus power system network as
shown in Figure.
2
 Fault Analysis Using ZBus Matrix
The system is assumed to be operating under balanced condition and a
per phase circuit model is used.
A balanced three phase fault is to be applied at bus k through a fault
impedance Zf.
The prefault bus voltages are obtained from the power flow solution and
are represented by the column vector.
V1 (0) 
M 
 
Vbus (0)  Vk (0) ( A)
 
 M 
Vn (0) 

As already mentioned, short circuit currents are so much larger than the
steady state values that we may neglect the latter.
However, a good approximation is to represent the bus load by a constant
impedance evaluated at the pre-fault bus voltage i.e.
2
Vi (0)
Z iL  *
( B)
S L 3
 Symmetrical Fault Analysis Using Bus
Impedance Matrix:
The change on the network voltage caused by the fault with impedance Zf
is equivalent to those caused by the added voltage Vk(0) with all other
sources short circuited.
Zeroing all voltage sources & representing all components, loads by their
appropriate impedances. We obtain the thevenin’s circuit shown in Figure.
The bus voltage changes caused by the fault in this circuit are represented
by the column vector:
V1 
 
 
Vbus  Vk  (C )
 
  
Vn 

From thevenin’s theorem bus voltages during the fault are obtained by
superposition of the prefault bus voltages and the changes in the bus
voltages given by: V ( F )  V (0)  V ( D)
bus bus bus
4
 Fault Analysis Using ZBus Matrix
We have already obtained the node voltage equation for an n-bus network
in admittance matrix derivation. The injected bus currents are expressed in
terms of the bus voltages (with bus 0 as reference) i.e
I bus  Ybus  Vbus (E )
Where Ibus is the bus current vector entering the bus and Ybus is the bus
admittance matrix. The diagonal element of each bus is the sum of the
admittances connected to it. i.e m
Yii   Yij ji (F )
j 0

The off-diagonal element is equal to the negative of the admittance

between the buses. i.e Y  Y   y (G)
ij ji ij

Where yij (lower case) is the actual admittance of the line i-j.
Writing the above  0  Y11  Y1k  Y1n  V1 
matrix equation in terms            
  
of its elements, we have  I k ( F )  Yk1  Ykk  Ykn  Vk  (H )
    
          
 0  Yn1  Ynk  Ynn  Vn  5
 Fault Analysis Using ZBus Matrix
Or I bus ( F )  Ybus  Vbus (I )
1
Solving for ∆Vbus, we have Vbus  Ybus  I bus ( F )  Zbus  I bus ( F ) (J )
Where Zbus = Y -1bus is known as the bus impedance matrix. Substituting this
in equation (D), the bus voltage vector during the fault becomes:
Vbus ( F )  Vbus (0)  Z bus  I bus ( F ) (K )
In the thevenin’s circuit of Figure, current entering every bus is zero except
at the faulted bus. Since the current at faulted bus is leaving the bus, it is
taken as a negative current entering bus k.
Thus, nodal equation applied to the thevenin’s circuit in Figure becomes:

V1 ( F )  V1 (0)   Z11  Z1k  Z1n   0 

              
     
Vk ( F )  Vk (0)   Z k1  Z kk  Z kn   I k ( F ) ( L)
      
             
Vn ( F )  Vn (0)   Z n1  Z nk  Z nn   0 
6
 Fault Analysis Using ZBus Matrix
Since, we have only one single nonzero element in the current vector, the
kth equation in equation (L) becomes:
Vk ( F )  Vk (0)  Z kk  I k ( F ) (M )
Also from the thevenin’s circuit shown in Figure, we have
Vk ( F )  Z f  I k ( F ) (N )
For bolted fault, Zf = 0 and Vk(F) =0. Substituting for Vk(F) from equation (N)
into equation (M) and solving for the fault current, we get
0  Vk (0)  Z kk  I k ( F )
Vk (0)
I k (F )  (0)
Z kk  Z f
Thus, for a fault at bus k we need only the Zkk element of the bus
impedance matrix. This element is indeed the thevenin’s impedance as
viewed from the faulted bus. Also, writing the ith equation in equation (L) in
terms of its element, we have
Vi ( F )  Vi (0)  Z ik  I k ( F ) ( P) 7
 Fault Analysis Using ZBus Matrix
Substituting for Ik(F), bus voltage during the fault at bus i becomes:
Vi ( F )  Vi (0)  Z ik  I k ( F )
Vk (0)
Vi ( F )  Vi (0)  Z ik 
Z kk  Z f
Z ik
Vi ( F )  Vi (0)   Vk (0) (Q)
Z kk  Z f
With the knowledge of bus voltages during the fault, we can calculate the
fault current in all the lines.
For the line connecting buses i and j with impedances Zij, the short circuit
current in this line (defined positive in the direction i→j) is
Vi ( F )  V j ( F )
I ij ( F )  ( R)
zij
We note that with the knowledge of the bus impedance matrix, the fault
current and bus voltages during the fault are readily obtained for any faulted
bus in the network. This method is very simple and practical. 8
 This example is taken from Book Power System
 Example Analysis by Hadi Sadat, Chapter 9, Example 9.2.

A three phase fault with a fault impedance Zf = j0.16 per unit occurs at bus
3 in the network given below. Using the bus impedance matrix method,
compute the fault current, the bus voltages and the line currents during the
fault.

Solution:

9
Solution:
In this example the bus impedance
matrix is obtained by finding the
inverse of the bus admittance matrix.

Y11 Y12 Y13 

YBus  Y21 Y22 Y23 
Y31 Y32 Y33 
To form admittance bus matrix, first
impedances are converted into their
admittances.
1 1
y12  
z12 0  j 0.8
1 0  j 0.8
y12     j1.25
0  j 0.8 0  j 0.8

10
Solution:
1 1 1 0  j 0 .4
y13    
z13 0  j 0.4 0  j 0.4 0  j 0.4   j 2.5
1 1 1 0  j 0 .4
y23  
z23 0  j 0.4
    j 2.5
0  j 0.4 0  j 0.4
The generator & transformers impedances are need to be converted in
admittances. 1 1 1 0  j 0 .2
y( G T )1    
0  j 0.2 0  j 0.2
  j5
Z (G T )1 j 0.1  j 0.1
1 1 1 0  j 0 .4
y ( G T ) 2 
Z ( G T ) 2

j 0.2  j 0.2
 
0  j 0.4 0  j 0.4
  j 2.5
Y11  y12  y13  y(G T )1   j1.25  j 2.5  j 5   j8.5
Y22  y12  y23  y(G T ) 2   j1.25  j 2.5  j 2.5   j 6.25

Y33  y13  y23   j 2.5  j 2.5   j5.0 11

Solution: Y12  Y21   y12  ( j1.25)  j1.25
Y13  Y31   y13  ( j 2.5)  j 2.5
Y23  Y32   y23  ( j 2.5)  j 2.5
Now, the bus  j8.5 j1.25 j 2.5 
admittance  j1.25  j 6.25 j 2.5
matrix can be YBus   
formed as below:  j 2.5 j 2.5  j 5 

Using MATLAB inverse function inv, the bus impedance matrix is obtained:
 j 0.16 j 0.08 j 0.12
Z Bus   j 0.08 j 0.24 j 0.16
 j 0.12 j 0.16 j 0.34
For a fault at bus 3 with fault impedance Zf =j0.16 per unit, the fault current
is given by:
V3 (0) 1 .0
Ik (F ) 
Vk (0)
; I3 (F )     j 2.0 p.u
Z kk  Z f Z 33  Z f j 0.34  j 0.16
12
Solution:
The bus voltages during the fault are calculated as below:
Vi ( F )  Vi (0)  Z ik  I k ( F )
V1 ( F )  V1 (0)  Z13  I 3 ( F )  1.0  ( j 0.12)  ( j 2.0)  1  0.24  0.76 p.u
V2 ( F )  V2 (0)  Z 23  I 3 ( F )  1.0  ( j 0.16)  ( j 2.0)  1.0  0.32  0.68 p.u
V3 ( F )  V3 (0)  Z 33  I 3 ( F )  1.0  ( j 0.34)  ( j 2.0)  1.0  0.68  0.32 p.u
Note by J.A.Laghari: It may be noted that according to theory, the voltage at
faulted bus must be zero. However, in the above, voltage at faulted bus V3 is not
zero, but 0.32 p.u. Why?
Answer:- In the example, ground impedance is provided, therefore, there exists
some voltage due to ground impedance. If ground impedance is zero, then voltage
at bus 3 will be zero as proved below.

Proof By J.A.Laghari:
Vk (0) 1.0
Ik (F )  ; I 3 ( F )  V3 (0)    j 2.941 p.u
Z kk  Z f Z 33  Z f j 0.34  0
V3 ( F )  V3 (0)  Z 33  I 3 ( F )  1.0  ( j 0.34)  ( j 2.941)  1.0  1.0  0 p.u
13
Solution: For current, actual impedance
The short circuit currents in the lines are: is used denoted by small z as
written in the formula.
Vi ( F )  V j ( F )
I ij ( F )  ;
zij
V1 ( F )  V2 ( F ) 0.76  0.68 0.08
I12 ( F )      j 0.1 p.u
z12 j 0.8 j 0.8
V1 ( F )  V3 ( F ) 0.76  0.32 0.44
I13 ( F )      j1.1 p.u
z13 j 0.4 j 0.4
V2 ( F )  V3 ( F )  0.68  0.32  0.36   j 0.9 p.u
I 23 ( F ) 
z23 j 0.4 j 0.4 Answer
 If Fault Occurred at Bus 2:
For a fault at bus 2 with fault impedance Zf =j0.16 per unit, the fault current
is given by:
Vk (0) V2 (0) 1.0 1.0
Ik (F )  ; I2 (F )      j 2.5 p.u
Z kk  Z f Z 22  Z f j 0.24  j 0.16 j 0.4
14
Solution:
The bus voltages during the fault are calculated as below:
Vi ( F )  Vi (0)  Z ik  I k ( F )
V1 ( F )  V1 (0)  Z12  I 2 ( F )  1.0  ( j 0.08)  ( j 2.5)  1  0.2  0.8 p.u
V2 ( F )  V2 (0)  Z 22  I 2 ( F )  1.0  ( j 0.24)  ( j 2.5)  1.0  0.6  0.4 p.u
V3 ( F )  V3 (0)  Z 32  I 2 ( F )  1.0  ( j 0.16)  ( j 2.5)  1.0  0.4  0.6 p.u
The short circuit currents in the lines are:
Vi ( F )  V j ( F )
I ij ( F )  ;
zij
V1 ( F )  V2 ( F ) 0.8  0.4 0.4
I12 ( F )      j 0.5 p.u
z12 j 0.8 j 0.8
V1 ( F )  V3 ( F ) 0.8  0.6 0.2
I13 ( F )      j 0.5 p.u
z13 j 0.4 j 0.4

15
Solution:
V3 ( F )  V2 ( F ) 0.6  0.4 0.2
I 32 ( F )      j 0.5 p.u
z32 j 0.4 j 0.4
 If Fault Occurred at Bus 1:
For a fault at bus 1 with fault impedance Zf = j0.16 per unit, the fault current
is given by: Vk (0)
Ik (F )  ;
Z kk  Z f
V1 (0) 1.0 1.0
I1 ( F )      j 3.125 p.u
Z11  Z f j 0.16  j 0.16 j 0.32
The bus voltages during the fault are calculated as below:

Vi ( F )  Vi (0)  Z ik  I k ( F )
V1 ( F )  V1 (0)  Z11  I1 ( F )  1.0  ( j 0.16)  ( j 3.125)  1  0.5  0.5 p.u
V2 ( F )  V2 (0)  Z 21  I1 ( F )  1.0  ( j 0.08)  ( j 3.125)  1.0  0.25  0.75 p.u
V3 ( F )  V3 (0)  Z 31  I1 ( F )  1.0  ( j 0.12)  ( j 3.125)  1.0  0.375  0.625 p.u
16
Solution:
The short circuit currents in the lines are:
Vi ( F )  V j ( F )
I ij ( F )  ;
zij
V2 ( F )  V1 ( F )
I 21 ( F ) 
z 21
0.75  0.5 0.25
I 21 ( F )     j 0.3125 p.u
j 0.8 j 0.8
V3 ( F )  V1 ( F )
I 31 ( F ) 
z31
0.625  0.5 0.125
I 31 ( F )     j 0.3125 p.u
j 0.4 j 0.4
V2 ( F )  V3 ( F ) 0.75  0.625 0.125
I 23 ( F )      j 0.3125 p.u
z23 j 0.4 j 0.4
Answer 17
 This example is taken from Book Modern Power
 Example System Analysis by D.P.Kothari, Chapter 9, Example 9.6.

A sample power system is shown in Figure. Obtain the short circuit

calculation using impedance matrix for a solid three phase fault at bus 4.

Solution:
In this example the bus
impedance matrix is obtained
by finding the inverse of the
bus admittance matrix.

Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14 

Y 
Y22 Y23 Y24 
YBus   21

Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34 

 
Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44 
18
Solution:
To form admittance bus matrix, first impedances are converted into their
admittances. 1 1 1 1
y12     j5.0; y13     j 6.667
z12 j 0.2 z13 j 0.15
1 1 1 1
y14     j10.0; y23     j10.0
z14 j 0.1 z23 j 0.1
1 1
y24     j 6.667
z24 j 0.15
The impedances of generator and transformers are also need to be
converted in admittances.
1 1 1
y( G T )1      j 6.667
Z (G T )1 j 0.1  j 0.05 j 0.15
1 1 1
y ( G T ) 2      j 6.667
Z ( G T ) 2 j 0.1  j 0.05 j 0.15 19
Solution:
To form admittance bus matrix, first impedances are converted into their
admittances.
Y11  y12  y13  y14  y(GT )1   j 5.0  j 6.66  j10.0  j 6.66   j 28.333
Y22  y12  y23  y24  y(GT ) 2   j 5.0  j10.0  j 6.666  j 6.666   j 28.333
Y33  y13  y23   j 6.666  j10.0   j16.667
Y44  y14  y24   j10.0  j 6.666   j16.667
Why is a car’s
Y12  Y21   y12  ( j5.0)  j5.0 windshield so large
Y13  Y31   y13  ( j 6.667)  j 6.667 and the rear view
mirror so small?
Y14  Y41   y14  ( j10.0)  j10.0 It is because our
Y23  Y32   y23  ( j10.0)  j10.0 PAST is not as
important as our
Y24  Y42   y24  ( j 6.667)  j 6.667 FUTURE. So look
Y34  Y43  0.0 ahead & move on. 20
Solution:
Now, the bus admittance matrix can be formed as below:

 j 28.333 j 5.0 j 6.667 j10.0 

 j 5.0  j 28.333 j10 .0 j 6.667 
YBus  
 j 6.667 j10.0  j16.667 0.0 
 
 j10.0 j 6.667 0.0  j16.667
Using MATLAB inverse function inv, the bus impedance matrix is obtained:

 j 0.0903 j 0.0597 j 0.0719 j 0.0780

 j 0.0597 j 0.0903 j 0.0780 j 0.0719
Z Bus  
 j 0.0719 j 0.0780 j 0.1356 j 0.0743
 
 j 0.0780 j 0.0719 j 0.0743 j 0.1356 
21
Solution:
For a fault at bus 4 with fault impedance Zf =0 per unit, the fault current is
given by:

Ik (F ) 
Vk (0) V (0) 1.0
; I4 (F )  4    j 7.37463 p.u
Z kk  Z f Z 44  Z f j 0.1356  0
The bus voltages during the fault are calculated as below:
Vi ( F )  Vi (0)  Z ik  I k ( F )
V1 ( F )  V1 (0)  Z14  I 4 ( F )  1.0  ( j 0.0780)  ( j 7.37463)
V1 ( F )  1  0.57522  0.4248 p.u
V2 ( F )  V2 (0)  Z 24  I 4 ( F )  1.0  ( j 0.0719)  (  j 7.37463)

V2 ( F )  1.0  0.530235 0.4698 p.u

V3 ( F )  V3 (0)  Z 34  I 4 ( F )  1.0  ( j 0.0743)  ( j 7.37463)
V3 ( F )  1.0  0.5479  0.4521 p.u 22
Solution:
V4 ( F )  V4 (0)  Z 44  I 4 ( F )  1.0  ( j 0.1356)  ( j 7.37463)
V4 ( F )  1.0  0.99999  0.0 p.u For current, actual
impedance is used
The short circuit currents in the lines are: denoted by small z as
Vi ( F )  V j ( F ) written in the formula.
I ij ( F )  ;
zij
V2 ( F )  V1 ( F ) 0.4698  0.4248 0.045
I 21 ( F )  z12
    j 0.225 p.u
j 0.2 j 0.2
V3 ( F )  V1 ( F ) 0.4521 0.4248 0.0273
I 31 ( F )      j 0.182 p.u
z13 j 0.15 j 0.15
V1 ( F )  V4 ( F ) 0.4248  0.0 0.4248
I14 ( F )      j 4.248 p.u
z14 j 0.1 j 0.1
V2 ( F )  V3 ( F ) 0.4698 0.4521 0.0177
I 23 ( F )      j 0.177 p.u
z23 j 0.1 j 0.1 23
Solution:
V2 ( F )  V4 ( F ) 0.4698  0.0 0.4698
I 24 ( F )  z24

j 0.15

j 0.15
  j 3.132 p.u

 If Fault Occurred at Bus 3, or 2 or 1:

Similarly, by adopting the same procedure, fault current and voltages due
to fault at different buses can be calculated.
It should be noted that this method is a systematic method and can be
easily adopted on the digital computers for practical networks of large size.
Furthermore, another important feature of this method is that having
computed Zbus, we can at once obtain all the required short circuit data for a
fault on any bus. For example, in this particular system, the fault current for a
fault on bus 1 (or bus 2) will be:
Vk (0) V1 or 2 (0) 1.0
Ik (F )  ; I1 or 2 ( F )     j11.074197 p.u
Z kk  Z f Z11 or 22  Z f j 0.0903 0
Answer

Thank You
24