~ Periodic Table of Elements ~

→ Science Trivia
Dmitri Mendeleev – made the Periodic Table, Russian Chemical Society
Francium – The rarest and world’s most expensive ($1 Billion per gram) element on earth
J – The only letter not in the periodic table is
118 – Total number of elements in the Periodic Table (updated)
● 113 – Nihonium (Nh) The common Japanese name for Japan (日本 nihon)
● 115 – Moscovium (Mc) The region of Russia around Moscow
● 117 – Tennessine (Ts) The state of Tennessee in the United States
● 118 – Oganesson (Og) The Russian nuclear physicist Yuri Oganessian

→ Periodic Table of Elements

What are super heavy elements?
● atomic numbers larger than 112; super heavy elements are also
● more radioactive and unstable than other elements
● do not occur in nature
● created in laboratories
● Scientists use machines called particle accelerators to make ions (a charged element) of one
element crash into the ions of another element. Ions are charged atoms. When the nuclei crash
together, they may join together. If the nuclei join, a new element is created. But these artificially
created elements only exist for a fraction of a second before they decay into other elements.
What is the Periodic Table?
● Shows all known elements in the universe.
● Organizes the elements by chemical properties.

Key to the Periodic Table

● Elements are organized on the table according to their atomic number.
Atomic Number
● This refers to how many protons an atom of that element has.
● No two elements have the same number of protons.
Atomic Mass
● Atomic Mass refers to the “weight” of the atom.
● It is derived at by adding the number of protons with the number of neutrons.
Valence Electrons
● Valence electrons are the electrons in the outer energy level of an atom.
● These are the electrons that are transferred or shared when atoms bond together.

→ Groups VS. Period

Rows are called “Periods”
● Periods = rows
● From left to right
● What do elements in a row have in
common?
o the same number of electron shells
● Every element in Period 1 (1st row) has 1
shell for its electrons (H & He)
● All of the elements in period 2 have two
shells for their electrons.
● It continues like this all the way down the
table
Columns are called “Groups” or Families
● Column = group = families
● From up to down
● What do elements in a group have in
common?
o same number of valence electrons
(electrons in the outer shell)
● They share similar characteristics with the
other elements in their family.
o Group 1: 1 valence electron
o Group 2: 2 valence electrons
o Group 13: 3 valence electrons
o Group 14: 4 valence electrons
o Group 15: 5 valence electrons
o Group 16: 6 valence electrons
o Group 17: 7 valence electrons
o Group 18: 8 valence electrons,
except He who has 2
→ Metals, Non-metals, Metalloids
The elements of the periodic table can be divided
into three main categories: Metals, Non-metals,
and Metalloids.

Properties of Metals
● Good conductors of heat and electricity
● Shiny
● Ductile (can be stretched into thin wires)
● Malleable (can be pounded into thin sheets)
● A chemical property of metal is its reaction
with water which results in corrosion.

Properties of Non-Metals
● Poor conductors of heat and electricity
● Not ductile or malleable
● Brittle and break easily
Sulfur
● Dull
● Many non-metals are gases.

Properties of Metalloids
● Have properties of both metals and non-metals
● Solids that can be shiny or dull.
● Conduct heat and electricity better than non-metals but not
Silicon
as
well as metals.
● They are ductile and malleable.

Region: Metal
Group 1: Alkalai Metals
● 1 valence electron
● Very reactive

Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals

● 2 valence electrons
● Very reactive, but less than alkali metals

Groups 3 – 12: Transition Metals

● 1-2 valence electrons
● Less reactive than alkaline earth metals because they don’t
give away their electrons as easily
● Bottom 2 row are the Lanthanide & Actinide series

Lanthanide Series
● shiny reactive metals
● Most found in nature
Actinide Series
● radioactive and unstable
● Most are man-made & not stable in nature

Region: Metalloids Region: Non-metals

Group 17: Halogens

● 7 valence electrons

● Very reactive

● Non-metals

Group 18: Noble Gases

● 8 valence electrons (except He which only has 2)
● “Happy” because their outer electron shell is filled!
● NON-REACTIVE (inert gases)
● Non-metals

~ Electron Configuration ~
→ What is Electron Configuration?
Electron Configuration
● The arrangement of electrons in the orbital of an atom.
● Described by:
o A number that designates the number of principal shell (1s2)
▪ row #
▪ shell #
▪ possibilities are 1-7
▪ 7 rows
o A letter that designates the subshell (orbital) (1s2)
▪ possibilities are s, p, d, or f
▪ 4 subshells
o A superscript that designates the number of electrons in that particular subshell (orbital)
(1s2)
▪ group #
▪ # valence e
▪ possibilities are:
● s:1or 2

● p:1-6

● d:1-10
 ● f:1-14
▪ Total electrons should equal
▪ Atomic #
Energy Levels – Used to indicate the principal quantum in the valence electrons.

Energy Sublevels
● S – sharp = 2 electron capacity = 1 orbital
● P – principal = 6 electron capacity = 3 orbitals
● D – diffuse = 10 electron capacity = 5 orbitals
● F – fundamental = 14 electron capacity = 7 orbitals
Order of Electron Subshell Filling: It does not go
“in order.”

1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f145d106p67s25f146d107p68s2
Valence Electrons
● Electrons found in the subshell of the highest principal
quantum (n).
● Orbital/shells – can hold a maximum of 2n2 electrons.
o 1 = 2(1)2 = 2
o 2 = 2(2)2 = 8
o 3 = 2(3)2 = 18
o 4 = 2(4)2 = 32

→ Rules for Electron Configuration

● In order to write an electron configuration, we need to know the RULES.
3 Rules Govern Electron Configurations
 ● Aufbau Principle
● Pauli Exclusion Principle
● Hund’s Rule

Aufbau’s (Building-up) Principle

● Formulated by the Danish physicist Niels Bohr in 1920.
● It is an application of the laws of quantum mechanics to
the properties of electrons subject to the electric field
created by the positive charge on the nucleus of an atom
and the negative charge on other electrons that are
bound to the nucleus.
● Electron in an atom occupy first the lowest possible
energy levels and/ or orbitals.
● Electrons occupy orbitals in the increasing order of
orbital energy level.

Increasing Energy

Pauli Exclusion Principle

● Discovered by Wolfgang Pauli, Austrian Nobel
Prize Winner.
● The next rule is the Pauli Exclusion Principle.
● “No two electrons in the same atom can have the
same set of four quantum numbers, i.e., the
maximum number of electron in an orbital is
limited to two.”
● The spins have to be paired.
● We usually represent this with an up arrow and a down arrow.
● Since there is only 1s orbital per energy level, only 2 electrons fill that orbital.

Hund’s Rule
● Discovered by Friedrich Hund (German
physicist) in 1925
● All the subshells in an orbital must be singly
occupied before any subshell is doubly occupied.
Furthermore, the spin of all the electrons in the
singly occupied subshells must be the same (in
order to maximize the overall spin).
→ Summary for Principles
Aufbau’s Principle
● “Building-up” principle
● Electrons must first occupy the orbitals with lower
energies than those with higher energies
Pauli’s Exclusion Principle
● Only a maximum of two electrons can occupy an
orbital, and they must have opposite spins to
minimize repulsion between them.
Hund’s Rule of Multiplicity
● When electrons enter a sublevel with more than one orbital, they will spread out to the available
orbitals with the same spin before pairing.

→ Summary
● The quantum mechanical model of the atom describes the atom as having a nucleus at the
center around which the electrons move.
● The distribution of electrons in the different atomic orbitals is called electron configuration.
● Three rules are applied in deriving the electron configuration. These are Aufbau’s Principle,
Pauli’s Exclusion Principle, and Hund’s Rule of Multiplicity.

~ Orbital Diagrams ~
Noble Gases
Helium – He2 Krypton – Kr36
Neon – Ne10 Xenon – Xe54
Argon – Ar18 Radon – Rn86

Electron Configuration and Orbital Diagrams

The other way to represent an electron configuration is through
an orbital diagram. In an orbital diagram, orbitals are given as
boxes, and electrons are represented by arrows (↑ or ↓), with
two electrons occupying each box. Orbitals are labeled based on their principle energy levels and
sublevels (1s, 2p, and so on).

Orbital Diagrams
● explain how electrons are arranged within the atom
● show the order in which electrons are placed in orbitals
● use boxes to represent orbitals
● use colors to represent sublevels s, p, d, f

→ Electrons in Orbital Diagrams

To place electrons in orbital diagrams, electrons
● are represented by arrows and the direction of the arrow is used to represent electron spin
● fill orbitals in order of increasing energy beginning with 1s, then 2s and 2p
Orbitals can hold a maximum of two electrons.
Within sublevels that contain multiple orbitals, one electron is placed in each orbital with parallel spins
before the electrons are paired.

Electron Configurations
● Chemists use a notation called the electron configuration to indicate placement of electrons in
an atom.
● The lowest energy sublevel is
written first, then sublevels with
increasing energies.
● The number of electrons in each
sublevel is written as a superscript.

~ Lewis Dot Structure and Octet Rule ~

Valence Electrons
 ● Valence electrons are the electrons in the highest occupied energy level of an atom.
● You can tell the number of valence electrons from the group number.

→ Octet Rule
● Octet Rule says that atoms like to have full outer shells of only eight electrons.
● Atoms will lose or gain valence electrons to make their outer shells full with eight electrons, and
they do this by bonding with other atoms.

● Rule #1. No side can have more than two dots because each orbital can only hold two electrons.
● Rule #2. When filling the sides of the element symbol each side gets one dot before doubling up.
Exceptions are hydrogen helium.

Formation of Cations
● A positively charged ion
Na ● → Na+ + e-
Lewis dot diagram: Na● Na+
Electron configuration: [Ne] 3s1[Ne]
Formation of Anions
● Negatively charged particles
Cl (with 7 dots around) + 1e- → Cl (now with 8 dots)
Lewis dot diagram: Cl (7 dots) Cl (8 dots)-
Electron configuration: [Ne] 3s23p5 [Ne] 3s23p6

What is the Lewis electron dot diagram for each ion? Ca2+

Solution:

● Having lost its two original valence electrons, the Lewis electron dot diagram is just Ca2+
● The O2- ion has gained two electrons in its valence shell, so its Lewis electron dot diagram is as
follows:

→ Summary
● Lewis electron dot diagrams use dots to represent valence electrons around an atomic symbol.
● Lewis electron dot diagrams for ions have less (for cations) or more (for anions) dots than the
corresponding atom.