LEAD NITRATE

I . PRELIMINARY TESTS
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 a) COLOUR Colourless Absence of copper and
Colour of the salt is noted iron salts
b) APPEARANCE Crystalline May be sulphate, nitrate or
Appearance of the salt is noted chloride
2 SOLUBILITY Soluble May be Sulphate, Nitrate,
A little of the salt is shaken with Chloride or Ammonium
water. Carbonate.
3 ACTION OF HEAT Decripitation occurs
May be Nitrate.
A small amount of the salt is heated with evolution of
gently in a dry test tube reddish brown gas.
4 FLAME TEST: No characteristic Absence of Copper,
Salt + conc. HCl is made into a paste coloured flame. Calcium and Barium.
and introduced into the Bunsen flame.
II. IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS
6 ACTION OF DIL HCl No characteristic Absence of Sulphide and
Salt + dilute HCl change Carbonate.
7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST: Reddish brown gas is . Presence of Nitrate.
Salt + Copper Turnings + conc.H2SO4 evolved
+ heated.
8 ACTION OF NaOH: No pungent smelling Absence of Ammonium.
Salt + NaOH + heated. gas evolved.
9 CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST: No Red orange Absence of chloride.
Salt + a pinch of Potassium vapours evolved.
Dichromate + conc. H2SO4+ heated.
III. TESTS WITH SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT
PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT:
A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of Na2CO3 and 20 ml of distilled water is
added and boiled for 10 minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate is called “Na2CO3 extract”.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
10 SILVER NITRATE TEST: No characteristic Absence of chloride and
Extract + dilute Nitric Acid added precipitate is sulphide.
until the effervescence ceases + 2 ml appeared.
of Silver Nitrate
11 LEAD ACETATE TEST: No characteristic Absence of sulphate and
Extract + dilute acetic Acid added precipitate is sulphide.
until the effervescence ceases + 2 ml appeared.
of lead acetate
12 BARIUM CHLORIDE TEST: No white precipitate. Absence of Sulphate
Extract + dilute Hydrochloric Acid
 added until the effervescence ceases +
Barium chloride solution
13 BROWN RING TEST: Brown ring is formed Nitrate is confirmed.
Extract + dilute H2SO4 is added until at the junction of the
the effervescence ceases + freshly two layers
prepared FeSO4 + conc H2SO4 is
added drop by drop.
IV. IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS
PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION:
The original solution is prepared by dissolving the salt in 10 to 15 ml of water .
GROUP IDENTIFICATION
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
13 0 – GROUP : No Reddish brown Absence of
Original solution + Nessler’s reagent precipitate is Ammonium.
+ excess of NaOH appeared
14 I – GROUP: White precipitate soluble Presence of lead.
Original solution + 2 ml of dil HCl. when boiled with water is
obtained.
V. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS
15 I – GROUP: Yellow precipitate soluble in hot Lead is confirmed.
Original solution + 2 ml of KI water which reappears as golden
yellow spangles on cooling.
VI. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR ACID RADICALS
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
16 BROWN RING TEST: Brown ring is formed at Nitrate is confirmed.
Extract + dilute H2SO4 is added until the junction of the two
the effervescence ceases + freshly layers.
prepared FeSO4 + conc H2SO4 is
added drop by drop.

RESULT - The given simple salt contains

1. Basic Radical: Lead (Pb+2)
2. Acid Radical: Nitrate(NO3−1)
The given simple salt is: LEAD NITRATE (Pb(NO3)2)

ALUMINIUM SULPHATE
I . PRELIMINARY TESTS
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 a) COLOUR Colourless Absence of copper and
Colour of the salt iron salts
b) APPEARANCE Crystalline May be sulphate, nitrate or
Appearance of the salt chloride
2 SOLUBILITY Soluble May be Sulphate, Nitrate,
A little of the salt is shaken with Chloride or Ammonium
water. Carbonate.
3 ACTION OF HEAT No characteristic Absence of carbonate,
A small amount of the salt is heated change nitrate, ammonium, and
gently in a dry test tube zinc.
4 FLAME TEST: No characteristic Absence of Copper,
Salt + conc. HCl is made into a paste coloured flame. Calcium and Barium.
and introduced into the Bunsen flame.
5 ASH TEST Blue ash Presence of aluminium.
salt + conc. HCl / HNO3 + Cobalt
Nitrate solution +
filter paper is soaked and burnt.
II. IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS
6 ACTION OF DIL HCl No characteristic Absence of Sulphide and
Salt + dilute HCl change Carbonate.
7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST: No Reddish brown Absence of Nitrate.
Salt + Copper Turnings + conc.H2SO4 gas is evolved
+ heated.
8 ACTION OF NaOH: No pungent smelling Absence of Ammonium.
Salt + NaOH + heated. gas evolved.
9 CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST: No Red orange Absence of chloride.
Salt + a pinch of Potassium vapours evolved.
Dichromate + conc. H2SO4+ heated.
IV. IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS
PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION:
The original solution is prepared by dissolving the salt in 10 to 15 ml of water .
GROUP IDENTIFICATION
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
10 0 – GROUP : No Reddish brown Absence of
Original solution + Nessler’s reagent precipitate is Ammonium.
+ excess of NaOH appeared
11 I – GROUP: No white precipitate is Absence of lead.
Original solution + 2 ml of dil HCl. appeared.obtained.
12 II – GROUP: No black precipitate is Absence of Copper.
Original solution + 2 ml of dil HCl + appeared.
H2S gas.
13 III – GROUP: Gelatinous white Presence of
Original solution 1 ml + NH4Cl precipitate is appeared. Aluminium.
+ 2ml NH4OH
 V. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS
14 III– GROUP: A bright red flake appeared Aluminium is
Original solution + NH4OH confirmed.
+Aluminon reagent
VI. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR ACID RADICALS
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
15 BARIUM CHLORIDE TEST: A white precipitate, Sulphate is confirmed.
Extract + dilute Hydrochloric Acid insoluble in conc.
added until the effervescence ceases HCl.
+ Barium chloride solution

RESULT - The given simple salt contains

1. Basic Radical: Aluminium (Al+3)
2. Acid Radical: Sulphate (SO4−2)
The given simple salt is: Aluminium Sulphate Al2 (SO4−2)3
 AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
I . PRELIMINARY TESTS
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 a) COLOUR Colourless Absence of copper and
Colour of the salt is noted iron salts
b) APPEARANCE Crystalline May be sulphate, nitrate or
Appearance of the salt is noted chloride
2 SOLUBILITY Soluble May be Sulphate, Nitrate,
A little of the salt is shaken with Chloride or Ammonium
water. Carbonate.
3 ACTION OF HEAT Salt sublimes with May be Ammonium.
A small amount of the salt is heated evolution of pungent
gently in a dry test tube smelling gas giving
dense white fumes
with a glass rod
dipped in conc HCl.
4 FLAME TEST: No characteristic Absence of Copper,
Salt + conc. HCl is made into a paste coloured flame. Calcium and Barium.
and introduced into the Bunsen flame.
II. IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS
6 ACTION OF DIL HCl No characteristic Absence of Sulphide and
Salt + dilute HCl change Carbonate.
7 COPPER TURNINGS TEST: No Reddish brown Absence of Nitrate.
Salt + Copper Turnings + conc.H2SO4 gas is evolved
+ heated.
8 ACTION OF NaOH: Pungent smelling gas Presence of Ammonium.
Salt + NaOH + heated. forming a dense
white fumes with a
glass rod dipped in
conc. HCl and also
turns red Litmus
paper blue.
9 CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST: Red orange vapours Chloride is confirmed.
Salt + a pinch of Potassium evolved are passed
Dichromate + conc. H2SO4+ heated. through water to get a
yellow solution,
which on adding
Lead acetate forms a
yellow precipitate.

III. TESTS WITH SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT

PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE EXTRACT:
A small amount of salt is mixed with twice the amount of Na2CO3 and 20 ml of distilled water is
added and boiled for 10 minutes, cooled and filtered. The filtrate is called “Na2CO3 extract”.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
13 BROWN RING TEST: No brown ring is Absence of Nitrate.
Extract + dilute H2SO4 is added until obtained.
the effervescence ceases + freshly
prepared FeSO4 + conc H2SO4 is
added drop by drop.
IV. IDENTIFICATION OF THE BASIC RADICALS
PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION:
The original solution is prepared by dissolving the salt in 10 to 15 ml of water .
GROUP IDENTIFICATION
CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
13 0 – GROUP : Reddish brown Ammonium is
Original solution + Nessler’s reagent precipitate is obtained. confirmed.
+ excess of NaOH
VI. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR ACID RADICALS
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
16 CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST: Red orange vapours Chloride is confirmed.
Salt + a pinch of K2Cr2O7 + conc. evolved are passed
H2SO4 + heated. through water to get a
yellow solution, which
on adding Lead acetate
forms a yellow
precipitate.

RESULT - The given simple salt contains

1. Basic Radical: Ammonium (NH4+)
2. Acid Radical: Chloride (Cl-)-
The given simple salt is: Ammonium Chloride NH4 Cl
Result: The given organic compound contains phenolic group
Result: The given organic compound contains aldehyde (–CHO) group.
Result: The given organic compound contains Ketonic (>C=O) group.