Year 8

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Exploring
International International
Science Book iLowerSecondary
Year 8 page Biology page iLowerSecondary Objective
International Section Reference
references references
Lesson
BIOLOGY
Biology Unit 1 – Structure and function of living organisms

Life processes 8Ca 38, 39 102, 103 B8.1.1A Know the difference between breathing and respiration.
8Cb 40, 41 104, 105
8Ad 14 78 B8.1.1B Know the difference between excretion and defaecation.
Cells and 8Cb 40 104 B8.1.2A Explain how cells may have adaptations for particular
organisation 8Ae 19 83 functions, using cilia and microvilli as examples.
8Dc 60, 61 124, 125 B8.1.2B Identify the slime capsule, cell wall, cell membrane,
flagella, nucleoid and plasmids in a generalised
bacterial cell.
8Dc 60, 61 124, 125 B8.1.2C Explain the functions of the slime capsule, cell wall, cell
membrane, flagella, nucleoid and plasmids in a
generalised bacterial cell.
8Dc 60, 61 124, 125 B8.1.2D Know the similarities and differences between
8Da 55 119 generalised plant, animal and bacterial cells.
Movement of 8Cb 41 105 B8.1.3A Know the process of diffusion and relate this to the
molecules 8Da 54 118 movement of substances in and out of cells.
8Cb 41 105 B8.1.3B Understand the concept of a diffusion gradient.
8Da 54 118

Biology Unit 2 – Plants

Transport of 9Bb (Y9 book) 24 152 B8.2.1A Know how water and minerals are absorbed and
water and transported in flowering plants.
minerals 8Be 35 99 B8.2.1B Explain why plants need minerals, using nitrate and
magnesium ions as examples.

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 Fertilisers 9Bd (Y9 book) 28 156 B8.2.2A Explain how fertilisers can increase crop yield.
9Be (Y9 book) 32, 160, 164 B8.2.2B Know the advantages and disadvantages of natural and
36 artificial fertilisers.
Biology Unit 3 – Humans and animals

The digestive 8Ad 14 78 B8.3.1A Know the main components of the digestive system and
system 8Ae 19 83 their functions.
8Aa 6, 7 70, 71 B8.3.1B Know the components of a balanced diet.
8Ac 10, 11 74, 75
8Ac 10, 11 74, 75 B8.3.1C Know the difference between starvation and malnutrition
and the effects of nutritional deficiencies.
8Ab 8, 9 72, 73 B8.3.1D Know how energy requirements vary with age and
activity levels.
8Ab 8, 9 72, 73 B8.3.1E Know that different foods have different energy values.
8Ac 10, 11 74, 75
Breathing and 8Cb 40, 41 104, 105 B8.3.2A Recognise the main components of the respiratory
respiration system and their functions.
8Cb 40, 41 104, 105 B8.3.2B Explain the role of cartilage in keeping airways open.
8Cb 40, 41 104, 105 B8.3.2C Know and describe the mechanism of breathing to
move air in and out of the lungs.
8Cb 41 105 B8.3.2D Understand the term ‘gas exchange’.
8Cc 45-47 109-111 B8.3.2E Describe the effects of smoking.
8Ca 38, 39 102, 103 B8.3.2F Understand the term ‘aerobic respiration’ and correctly
use the terms ‘breathing’ and ‘respiration’.
Biology Unit 4 – Organisms and their environment

Interactions 8Dd 65 129 B8.4.1A Know how to draw and interpret pyramids of number.
between living 8Dd 65 129 B8.4.1B Know how to interpret food chains and food webs in
organisms terms of energy flow.
8Dd 65 129 B8.4.1C Explain ways in which energy is lost between trophic
levels.
Interactions with 8Dd 65 129 B8.4.2A Explain how toxic materials can accumulate along food
the environment chains.

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 International
Exploring Science International
Book Chemistry iLowerSecondary
International Year 8 page iLowerSecondary Objective
Section page Reference
Lesson references
references

CHEMISTRY
Chemistry Unit 1 – Matter

Identification of 8Ge 113 113 C8.1.1A Understand that a pure substance has a fixed melting and
pure substances boiling point.
8Ge 113 113 C8.1.1B Know a physical test to show whether a sample of water
is pure.
8Ge 113 113 C8.1.1C Understand that a mixture may melt or boil over a range
of temperatures.
8Ge 112-115 112-115 C8.1.1D Know what is meant by an ‘alloy’ and know some
examples.
8Ge 112-115 112-115 C8.1.1E Relate properties of alloys to uses.
Elements, atoms 8Fa 86, 87 86, 87 C8.1.2A Know Dalton’s atomic model.
and compounds 8Fb 88, 89 88, 89 C8.1.2B Know common chemical symbols and common chemical
formulae.
8Fb 88, 89 88, 89 C8.1.2C Understand that chemical formulae show the ratio of
8Gb 105 105 elements in a compound and be able to use these
formulae.
Chemistry Unit 2 – Chemical reactions

Reactions 8Ea 70, 71 70, 71 C8.2.1A Describe the combustion of elements in oxygen, including
involving oxygen 8Fa 85 85 magnesium, hydrogen and sulphur.
8Eb 72, 73 72, 73 C8.2.1B Understand the term ‘oxidation’ as gain of oxygen.
8Fe 98, 99 98, 99 C8.2.1C Know the chemical properties of metal and non-metal
oxides with respect to acidity/alkalinity.
More on 8Ea 71 71 C8.2.2A Know about an experiment to show the products of
combustion combustion of a hydrocarbon.
8Ea 71 71 C8.2.2B Know about a test for the presence of water using
anhydrous copper(II) sulfate.

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 8Ea 71 71 C8.2.2C Know about a test for the presence of carbon dioxide
using limewater.
8Ec 74 74 C8.2.2D Understand the fire triangle.
8Ed 78, 79 78, 79 C8.2.2E Know how air pollution may be caused by the combustion
of sulphur and the complete/ incomplete combustion of
carbon in fossil fuels.
8Ed 78, 79 78, 79 C8.2.2F Know the environmental problems caused by air pollution
8Ee 80-84 80-84 and ways of reducing them.
Reactions of 8Gb 104, 105 104, 105 C8.2.3A Know the reactions of some metals with oxygen and know
metals what is meant by ‘corrosion’.
8Gb 105 105 C8.2.3B Know experiments to find the conditions needed for
rusting of iron.
8Gb 104, 105 104, 105 C8.2.3C Know simple methods of preventing rusting by barrier
8Ge 116 116 methods and galvanising.
8Gc 106, 107 106, 107 C8.2.3D Describe the reactions of some metals with water.
8Fe 98, 99 98, 99 C8.2.3E Describe the reaction of dilute acid with some metals
8Ga 103 103 such as magnesium to produce a salt plus hydrogen.
8Gd 110, 111 110, 111
8Ea 71 71 C8.2.3F Know how to test for hydrogen gas.
8Gc 106 106
Chemistry Unit 3 – Periodic Table

Brief history of 8Fc 90, 91 90, 91 C8.3.1A Know the principles behind Mendeleev’s Periodic Table.
Periodic Table 8Fc 91 91 C8.3.1B Know how the modern Periodic Table is organised.
Trends in 8Fd 94, 95 94, 95 C8.3.2A Identify and describe trends in physical properties of
Periodic Table elements in the Periodic Table.
8Fe 98, 99 98, 99 C8.3.2B Identify and describe trends in chemical properties of
elements in the Periodic Table.

Chemistry Unit 4 – Earth and atmosphere

Earth’s structure 8Hb 120 120 C8.4.1A Know and describe the main parts of the structure of the
Earth.

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 Types of rocks 8Hb 120, 121 120, 121 C8.4.2A Describe the formation of igneous, sedimentary and
8Hd 126-129 126-129 metamorphic rocks and the links between them in the
rock cycle.
8Hc 124, 125 124, 125 C8.4.2B Know what is meant by ‘weathering’ and ‘erosion’ of
rocks.
8He 130 130 C8.4.2C Know what is meant by a ‘mineral’ and an ‘ore’.
8He 130, 131 130, 131 C8.4.2D Understand that ores are sources of metals and that there
is a limited supply on Earth.
8He 130, 131 130, 131 C8.4.2E Know environmental problems associated with obtaining
ores.
8He 130, 131 130, 131 C8.4.2F Know reasons for recycling.
Oxygen in air 9Fe (Y9 book) 80 156 C8.4.3A Know experiments to find the approximate percentage of
oxygen in air using iron and copper.

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 Exploring Science International International
Book iLowerSecondary
International Year 8 page Physics page iLowerSecondary Objective
Section Reference
Lesson references references

PHYSICS
Physics Unit 1 – Energy

Energy transfer 8Ka 166 102 P8.1.1A Understand the difference between thermal (heat) energy
and temperature.
8Ka 166 102 P8.1.1B Understand that the amount of thermal energy stored in
an object depends on its mass, its temperature and what
it is made from.
8Ka 167 103 P8.1.1C Understand that a temperature difference between two
objects leads to thermal energy transfer from the hotter to
the cooler one.
8Kb 168, 169 104, 105 P8.1.1D Know how energy can be transferred through conduction,
radiation and convection.
Conservation of 8Kd 175 111 P8.1.2A Understand the law of conservation of energy.
energy 8Kd 175 111 P8.1.2B Understand the use of Sankey diagrams to show energy
transfers.
8Kd 174, 175 110, 111 P8.1.2C Understand and use the term ‘efficiency’.
8Ke 178, 179 114, 115 P8.1.2D Understand how our energy use is calculated and
charged for in energy bills.
8Kc 170, 171 106, 107 P8.1.2E Know ways of reducing energy use and costs.
States of matter 8Ia 134, 135 70, 71 P8.1.3A Explain the properties of the three states of matter in
terms of particles.
8Ia 134-137 70-73 P8.1.3B Explain expansion, contraction and changes in density in
terms of particles.

Changes in state 8Ib 138, 139 74, 75 P8.1.4A Know changes in state in terms of particles.
8Ib 138, 139 74, 75 P8.1.4B Know that the temperature stays constant during changes
in state.
8Ib 138, 139 74, 75 P8.1.4C Know the anomalous property of water around its freezing
point.

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 Physics Unit 2 – Earth and space

Models of the 8La 182, 183 118, 119 P8.2.1A Know Ptolemy’s geocentric model and Copernicus’
Solar System heliocentric model of the Solar System.
8La 182, 183 118, 119 P8.2.1B Understand how knowledge of the modern Solar System
8Le 196 132 has been developed through the use of telescopes on
Earth and in space, space probes, photography and the
detection of electromagnetic waves.
8Ld 190, 191 126, 127 P8.2.1C Know some evidence for the shape of the Earth.
8La 183 119 P8.2.1D Know the names of the eight planets in the Solar System
in order of increasing distance from the Sun.
Beyond our Solar 8Le 195 131 P8.2.2A Understand that our Sun is a star and that a galaxy is a
System large collection of billions of stars.
8Le 195 131 P8.2.2B Understand that our Solar System is in the Milky Way
galaxy and that the Universe is a large collection of
billions of galaxies.
8Le 195 131 P8.2.2C Understand that a light year is the distance travelled by
light in a year.
Physics Unit 3 – Forces

More on pressure 8Ic 140, 141 76, 77 P8.3.1A Explain pressure and its effects in terms of particles.
8Ic 140, 141 76, 77 P8.3.1B Know and describe how pressure in liquids and gases
changes with depth or height.
More on types of 8Id 142, 143 78, 79 P8.3.2A Explain why some objects float using forces of weight and
forces upthrust.
8Id 142, 143 78, 79 P8.3.2B Explain whether an object will sink or float in terms of
density.
8Ie 144, 145 80, 81 P8.3.2C Know that air resistance and water resistance are types of
drag.
8Ie 144, 145 80, 81 P8.3.2D Describe the causes of drag and how drag forces can be
increased and decreased.
More on gravity 8Ld 190 126 P8.3.3A Know that the greater the mass of an object, the stronger
the gravitational force it exerts.
8Ld 190 126 P8.3.3B Know how to use the formula weight = mass (m) ×
gravitational field strength (g), and know that the

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 approximate value of the gravitational field strength (g) on
the surface of the Earth is 10 N/kg.
8Ld 191 127 P8.3.3C Know that the gravitational force of Earth acting on an
object decreases as the object moves further away from
the centre of the Earth.
8Ld 191 127 P8.3.3D Know that the gravitational force between two objects
decreases as the objects move further apart.
8Ld 190 126 P8.3.3E Describe how gravity makes the Earth spherical.
8Ld 191 127 P8.3.3F Know that gravitational force causes moons to orbit
planets and causes the planets to orbit the Sun.
8Ld 191 127 P8.3.3G Know that gravitational force causes artificial satellites to
orbit the Earth and causes comets to orbit the Sun.
8Ld 191 127 P8.3.3H Understand the terms ‘natural satellite’ and ‘artificial
satellite’.
8Ld 191 127 P8.3.3I Know some uses of artificial satellites.
Magnetism 8Lc 188 124 P8.3.4A Know that a bar magnet has a north(-seeking) pole and a
south(-seeking) pole.
8Lc 188, 189 124, 125 P8.3.4B Know that a compass is a magnet that points north.
8Lc 188, 189 124, 125 P8.3.4C Know that like poles repel each other and opposite poles
attract each other.
8Lc 188, 189 124, 125 P8.3.4D Know that the magnetic field is the space around a
magnet in which the magnetic force has an effect.
8Lc 188, 189 124, 125 P8.3.4E Know how to find the shape of the magnetic field around
a magnet.
8Lc 188, 189 124, 125 P8.3.4F Know about the Earth’s magnetic field and how
compasses are affected by it.
Physics Unit 4 – Waves

Light 8Ja 150 86 P8.4.1A Know that light is a way of transferring energy from one
place to another.
8Ja 150 86 P8.4.1B Know that light waves are transverse waves.
8Ja 150 86 P8.4.1C Know some differences between light and sound waves.
8Ja 150 86 P8.4.1D Understand that when light rays meet an opaque object
some are reflected and some are absorbed.

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 8Ja 150 86 P8.4.1E Understand the difference between the terms
‘transparent’ and ‘translucent’.
Reflection of light 8Jb 152-154 88-90 P8.4.2A Understand the use of ray diagrams and the terms
‘incident ray’, ‘reflected ray’, ‘normal’, ‘angle of incidence’
and ‘angle of reflection’.
8Jb 152-154 88-90 P8.4.2B Know an experiment to show that, when light hits a mirror,
the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
8Jb 155 91 P8.4.2C Know how an image is formed in a plane mirror.
8Jb 155 91 P8.4.2D Know the properties of an image formed in a plane mirror.
8Jb 154 90 P8.4.2E Know what happens when light hits a rough, opaque
surface.
Refraction of light 8Jc 156, 157 92, 93 P8.4.3A Know that refraction is the change of direction of light that
happens when light passes from one transparent material
to another.
8Jc 156, 157 92, 93 P8.4.3B Know that light travels more slowly in materials such as
glass and water than it does in air.
8Jc 156, 157 92, 93 P8.4.3C Know that when light travels from air to (more dense)
materials such as glass and water, the light bends
towards the normal (and vice versa).

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Scientific Enquiry

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International
Exploring
Year 7, Year International Biology,
Science Book iLowerSecondary
8, Year 9 Chemistry, Physics iLowerSecondary Objective
International Section Reference
page page references
Lesson
references
Scientific enquiry
Scientific ideas 7Ba Y7 22, 23 Biology 22, 23 SE1.1 Understand the importance of asking scientific
7Cb Y7 42, 43 Biology 42, 43 questions.
7Ba Y7 22, 23 Biology 22, 23 SE1.2 Understand the term ‘prediction’.
7Gb Y7 104, 105 Chemistry 40, 41
8Hb Y8 122, 123 Chemistry 122, 123
7Ba Y7 22, 23 Biology 22, 23 SE1.3 Be able to make predictions using scientific
7Gb Y7 104, 105 Chemistry 40, 41 knowledge and understanding.
7Cb Y7 42, 43 Biology 42, 43 SE1.4 Be able to suggest ideas that could be tested.
7Cb Y7 42, 43 Biology 42, 43 SE1.5 Be able to distinguish between questions that can
be tested scientifically and those that cannot using
simple reasoning.
Investigating 7Ba Y7 22, 23 Biology 22, 23 SE2.1 Be able to plan ways in which evidence can be
7Gb Y7 104, 105 Chemistry 40, 41 obtained to answer scientific questions.
7Da Y7 56, 57 Biology 56, 57 SE2.2 Be able to distinguish between independent and
8Ec Y8 76, 77 Chemistry 76, 77 dependent variables in an investigation.
8Ec Y8 76, 77 Chemistry 76, 77 SE2.3 Be able to consider variables that should be
controlled in order to obtain valid evidence.
8Cb Y8 42, 43 Biology 106, 107 SE2.4 Be able to evaluate the quality of data obtained,
8Gd Y8 108, 109 Chemistry 108, 109 making judgements on whether further repeats are
required.
7Ec Y7 76, 77 Chemistry 12, 13 SE2.5 Be able to evaluate risks associated with an
7Fa Y7 86-89 Chemistry 22-25 investigation and suggest simple control measures.
7Ba Y7 21 Biology 21 SE3.1 Understand the importance of obtaining evidence in
order to answer scientific questions.

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 Obtaining and 7Da Y7 56, 57 Biology 56, 57 SE3.2 Understand simple scientific conventions used
presenting 7Ha Y7 118, 119 Chemistry 54, 55 when presenting data.
evidence 7Lb Y7 186, 187 Physics 58, 59
8Dc Y8 62, 63 Biology 126, 127
7Da Y7 56, 57 Biology 56, 57 SE3.3 Be able to record data using appropriate methods,
7Ha Y7 118, 119 Chemistry 54, 55 including labelled scientific diagrams, tables, bar
7Lb Y7 186, 187 Physics 58, 59 graphs, scatter graphs and line graphs.
8Dc Y8 62, 63 Biology 126, 127
7Da Y7 56, 57 Biology 56, 57 SE3.4 Be able to use lines of best fit where appropriate.
7Lb Y7 187 Physics 59
Conclusions 7Ia Y7 137 Physics 9 SE4.1 Be able to apply mathematical skills to calculate
8Ae Y8 16, 17 Biology 80, 81 results.
8Ba Y8 24, 25 Biology 88, 89
8Ld Y8 192, 193 Physics 128, 129
9Fc Y9 80, 81 Chemistry 156, 157
9Gd Y9 100, 101 Chemistry 176, 177
9Jd Y9 136, 137 Physics 160, 161
8Cb Y8 42, 43 Biology 106, 107 SE4.2 Be able to interpret observations and data,
8Fc Y8 92, 93 Chemistry 92, 93 including identifying patterns and trends.
7Ia Y7 137 Physics 9 SE4.3 Be able to use comparative statements to describe
patterns and trends shown in data.
7Ba Y7 21-23 Biology 21-23 SE4.4 Be able to relate evidence gathered to prediction(s)
8Hd Y8 128, 129 Chemistry 128, 129 made.
9Eb Y9 62, 63 Chemistry 138, 139 SE4.5 Understand the term ‘conclusion’.
7Ba Y7 21-23 Biology 21-23 SE4.6 Be able to use observations, measurements and
8Cc Y8 46, 47 Biology 110, 111 data to draw conclusions consistent with the
evidence.
7Da Y7 57 Biology 57 SE4.7 Explain patterns and trends in data using scientific
8Cc Y8 46, 47 Biology 110, 111 knowledge and terminology.
Evaluating 9Eb Y9 62, 63 Chemistry 138, 139 SE5.1 Understand the term ‘evaluate’.
8Gd Y8 108, 109 Chemistry 108, 109 SE5.2 Be able to consider the extent to which the
evidence obtained from an investigation answers
the question asked.

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 8Cb Y8 42, 43 Biology 106, 107 SE5.3 Be able to evaluate ways in which an investigation
8Gd Y8 108, 109 Chemistry 108, 109 could be improved, in order to improve reliability
and/or to answer further questions.
8Fc Y8 92, 93 Chemistry 92, 93 SE5.4 Be able to consider simple sources of random or
8Kc Y8 172, 173 Physics 108, 109 systematic error.
7Cb Y7 42, 43 Biology 42, 43 SE5.5 Be able to identify further questions that can be
tested scientifically.

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