OBJECTIVE :

.·;,

verify that an angle In a semi-circle Is .

a rig ht angle, using vector method.
I MATERIALS REQUIRED
• Card board
• White sheet of paper
• Pens or pencils
• Eraser
• Nails
• Protractor
• Adhesive

I PROCEDURE
• Take a card board and fix a white sheet of paper on it with the help of board pins or adhesive.
• Draw a circle with centre O and radius 10 cm.
• Join diameter AOB and radius OC as shown in Fig. 22.2.
• Take point D on circumfere nce of circle as shown in Fig. 22.2.
• Join AC, AD, OD, CB and BD etc.

- -- - - - - - -
• Put arrows as shown in Fig. 22.2, i.e., OA, OB, AC, OC, AD, OD and BD, BC using arrow to
the direction of vectors.

C
 +-X+=
STRATION
--
--+ _,..

-' .
.,
.·gprotractor angle between AC and BC is go •
LACB = 90°
0

i.e.,
--+ ----+
Similarly, angle between AD and BD is also 90° when measured using a protractor.
i.e., LADB = 90°

If we repeat this process taking some more points E; F, G, H, .... on the semi-circle forming "XE and BE;
----+ --+ --+
and BF ; AG and BG •••••••• etc., we always found that the angle formed by two vectors in semi-circle will
900 (right angle).
Hence angle is semi-circle is goo.

BSERVATIONS
actual measurements,
---+ ---+
1oc1 - IODI ---+
= IOAI = fOBI
-

. =r
,.e., p =a= 10 cm [Radii of circle = 10 cm]
--+ -----+
IACI - 14.1 cm, IBC I = 14.l
---+ ---+
IABI - 2fOBI = 20 cm [Diameter of the circle}
--+ --+
fADI = 18 cm, IBDI = 8.7 cm
Now IAB12 = c20>2 = 400 ...(i)

1AC12 + IBC 12 = (14.1)2 + (14.1)2

= 198.8 + 198.8
= 397.6 ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii),

1AC12 + 1BC12 = 1AB12 (Approx.)

Since, 397.6 ~ 400
:. Using converse of Pythagoras theorem, we get LACB = 90°
➔ ➔ ➔ ...
:. AC.BC - 1AC11sc1-cosLACB [o • b = Ia I Ib I cos 8)
____. _..,.
= fACflBCI cos90°
= 0
• Anin 1-:--t --+
ADI = 18 cm, fBDI = 8.7 cm - •
...
1A.D12 +1BD12 = c1s>2 + cs.1>2
= 324 + 75.69
= 399.69
 -
. -
'T -

and 1AB12 = 400

Hence 1AD12 + 1BD12 = 1AB12
So, LAD B = 90°
... --+ ---+ --
---+
AD -BD - IADI IBDI cos LAD B
-- -
- !ADI IBDlcos90°
= 0
Similarly, it can be proved for the points E, F, G, .... , i.e., L AEB =
90°; L AFG = 90°; L AGB = 90°, ....
Thus the angle in semi-circle is 90°.

lnEsu
Angle in a semi-circle is 90°.

I'Ai>PUCAT:f
This activity can be used to explain the concept of dot product of two
vectors whic h are incli ned at an angle 9(t
 -
OBJECTIVE
explain the condltlonal pr ob ab lllt y
of an ev en t A, wh en B ha s alr ea
ty performed by th ro wi ng a pa dy oc cu rre d, th ro ug h an
ir of dic e.
• Divide this square into 36 squares of 1 cm x 1 cm as shown in Fig. 27 .1.
• Write pair of number s which are possible, when a pair of dice are thrown once. Write (1,
l) (
( l, 6) in first row, (2r 1), (2, 2), ..., (2, 6) in second row. (3, 1), (3, 2), ..., (3, 6) in third row
it upto sixth row, write (6, 1) (6, 2), ... , {6, 6) in sixth row as shown in Fig. 27.1.
l, and
con
• Thus these are total 36 sample points for the experim ent.

(1. 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)

(2, 1) (2, 2) (2. 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)

. - '

(3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) l (3. 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)

I I

(4, 1) (4, 2) ~. (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4. 6)

I

II ·' I
I
1
- - -

(5, 1) (5, 2) i
(5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)
'

(6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)

I,

FIGURE 27 1

• Colour the favourab le box with different colours.

I DEMONSTRATION
• The figure. represen ts all possible outcome s when a pair of dice are rolled once. So it represen
ts the sIP
space of the experim ent.
• Suppose we have to find the condition al probabil ity when a die is thrown twice (or two
dice are~
once) and eum of the number e appeare d is to be observe d as 6. Find the conditio nal pro
that the number 4 haa appeare d at least once.
• Let E be the event that •number 4 appears at least once" and F be the event that ..SUlll 0 f nUJJ
appearin g is 6H.
• Thus E = {(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6), (1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4), (5, 4), (6, 4)}
Colour the boxes having these numbers in yellow colour except (4, 2) and (2, 4).
 +- +=
• F == {(1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 3), (4, 2), (5, 1)} i.e., the sum of numb ers is 6. Colou r the boxes havin
g these numb ers
in pink colour excep t (2, 4) and (4, 2).
• Here two boxes havin g numb ers ((2, 4), (4, 2)) are comm on in E and F so
colour them in green colour .

ousERVATIONS
• Total numbe r of outcom es are 36.
• Number of outcom es favour able to E = 11. (as obtain ed above)
• Number of outcom es Favou rable to F = 5. (as obtain ed above)
also favourable of E r-. F = 2 (as obtain ed above)
11 6 2
• Thus, p (E) - - , p (F)
36
= -36
' p <E r-. F) =
36
P(En F) 2/36 2
P(E/F ) - P(F) - 5/36
= -
5
2
• P(E/F ) - 5

result of the experi ment is -2 .

5

PtlCA ON
.
veruy~ctivity -~ay be used to find the condit ional probab ility for differe nt situati
ons. Simila rly, activi ty is usefu l
additio nal theore m of probab ility.