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Uploaded by

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Mastering

Time & Space


Complexity
a Developer's

Guide"

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Understanding
Complexity
Time Complexity

Measures the time an algorithm takes to run.

Space Complexity

Measures the memory an


algorithm uses.

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Introduction to

Big O Notation
A mathematical representation to describe the
efficiency of algorithms.

Purpose: Helps compare the performance


regardless of hardware.

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Common

Time Complexities
O(1): Constant Time

O(log n): Logarithmic Time

O(n): Linear Time

O(n log n): Linearithmic Time

O(n²): Quadratic Time

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Basic

Space Complexities
O(1): Constant Space

O(n): Linear Space

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Example
O(1) Time Complexity
Accessing an element in an
‘array’ by index.

Contiguous Memory Allocation

Array Elements Array Index

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Example
O(log n) Time Complexity
Binary Search in a sorted array.

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Example
O(n) Time Complexity
Iterating through a list to find an element.

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Example
O(n log n) Time Complexity
Merge Sort algorithm.

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Example
O(n²) Time Complexity
Nested loops, such as in Bubble
Sort.

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Example

O(2^n) Time Complexity


Solving the Fibonacci sequence
using recursion.
Example
O(n!) Time Complexity
Generating all permutations of a
string.

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Balancing

Time and Space


Trade-offs: Sometimes increasing space can
reduce time and vice versa.

Example: Using a hash table for faster lookups


(increased space for O(1) time).

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Top 5

Sorting Algorithms
Comparing time complexities (Best, Average,
Worst) and space complexities

Average Worst Space


Algorithm Best Time Time Time Complexity
Quick Sort O(n log n) O(n log n) O(n²) O(n log n)
Merge Sort O(n log n) O(n log n) O(n log n) O(n)
Heap Sort O(n log n) O(n log n) O(n log n) O(1)
Bubble Sort O(n) O(n²) O(n²) O(1)
Insertion Sort O(n) O(n²) O(n²) O(1)

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Tips for

Optimizing Complexity

Choose the Right Data Structures


Use hash tables, trees, etc., appropriately.

Avoid Unnecessary Computations


Cache results when possible.

Optimize Loops and Recursions


Reduce nested iterations.

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Practice

Makes Perfect

Resources: Link to coding platforms like

Challenges:
Encourage solving problems with varying
complexities

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Common

Mistakes to Avoid
Ignoring Best and Worst Cases
Always consider different scenarios.

Overlooking Space Complexity


Balance memory usage with speed.

Premature Optimization
Focus on readability first, optimize when
necessary.

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Real-World

Applications
Web Development:
Optimizing backend queries.

Mobile Apps:
Efficient memory usage for better performance.

Data Science:
Handling large datasets effectively.

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Conclusion

& Next Steps

Recap:
Importance of understanding time and space
complexity

Action
Start analyzing your algorithms today!

Engage:
"Share your favorite optimization tip in the
comments!"

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Build the future today with
robust and scalable

System designs!


Data Structure Algorithms &
System Design
with Gen-AI for Software Developers

Program electives:
GenAI Product management

DevOps Data engineering

Get Certification from :

IIT

Guwahati

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