Journal of Engineering and Technology for Industrial Applications

ITEGAM-JETIA
Manaus, v.XXn.XX, p. XX-XX. Mon./Mon., 20XX.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5935/jetia.XXXXX.XXX
ISSN ONLINE: 2447-0228

RESEARCH ARTICLEOPEN ACCESS

DESIGNING AND PROTOTYPING OF A SMART HOME SYSTEM WITH IOT

INTEGRATION
Author One1, Author Two2 and Author Three3
1
ABC Institute – ABCI. Manaus-Amazonas, Brazil.
2, 3
ExampleInstitute - EI. Toronto, Canada.

1
http://orcid.org/xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx , 2http://orcid.org/xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx , 3http://orcid.org/xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx

Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article History This project involves the Designing and Prototyping of a Smart Home System with IoT
Received: Month01th, 20XX integration. The uniqueness of this project is that the control of home appliance can be
Accepted: Month 15th, 20XX initiated from any part of the world with a smart phone and a user-friendly IoT remote
Published: Month 30th, 20XX application.
Home automation is the automatic control and monitoring of household appliances like
Keywords: security light, fan, and other domestic electrical appliances in the home.
ESP32 DEV KIT V1, This project is a demonstration of how to design and build a remotely controlled system
GPIO pins , that can switch OFF and ON any electrical household appliances by executing the control
Arduino IoT cloud, command on the control application already interfaced via Wi-Fi connectivity to a
Landmark Positions, microcontroller that controls the relays using the amplifying tendencies of a transistor, and
Arduino Web Editor, the processing of the system is done over the cloud.
Sensors, IoT home-based systems aim to solve several major problems in our daily lives, ranging
Artificial Intelligence, from convenience and comfort like automating task and enhanced accessibility at any
Google map. location in the world to security and resource management involving real-time monitoring
and energy efficiency.
The results of this project show that a microcontroller is a very powerful device for
building smart electronic device that can automatically control appliances, with little
circuitry complexities and components

Copyright ©2024 by authors and Galileo Institute of Technology and Education of the Amazon (ITEGAM). This work is licensed
under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

I. INTRODUCTION savings, energy efficiency, security, and safety. Users' quality of

life is increased with a home automation system. The internet of
New ideas and technology are desperately needed in things (IoT), a technology that allows connections between
today's modern environment to make daily tasks simpler. A devices over the Internet, is more important in this work than the
special system called home automation can manage and Wi-Fi enabled gadgets that can be utilized to provide home
communicate with almost every component of the house. The automation.
coordination of all domestic amenities and appliances is referred Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity) is a wireless technology that
to as "home automation." The majority of used microcontrollers transmits data across the air using radio frequency. Wi-Fi's initial
have the ability to manage household electrical appliances, speed ranges from 1 to 2 Mbps. In the 2.4 GHz frequency
however it is crucial that the various electrical appliances are spectrum, Wi-Fi sends data. It uses frequency division
connected to one another in order to establish communication multiplexing technology in its implementation. Wi-Fi technology
with has a range of 40 to 300 feet.
Home automation systems are becoming increasingly IoT (Internet of Things) is a concept in which every device
necessary in daily life because to their many benefits, including is given an IP address, and anyone may identify that device on the
comfort, convenience, centralized control of appliances, cost internet by using its IP address. The ability for different devices to

Journal homepage: www.itegam-jetia.org

 One, Two and Three, ITEGAM-JETIA,Manaus, v.XXn.XX, p.XX-XX,Mon./Mon., 20XX.

connect with one another has been made possible by recent was incorporated into the system in order to supply a regulated
technological advancements that allow the usage of wireless voltage to the micro-controller.
controlling environments like Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. The power supply section can also be coupled together as
The development of wireless technology has led to the seen in figure 2 using components which include a transformer,
emergence of a variety of connections, each with its own distinct bridge rectifier, a capacitor, a LED and LM7805 IC voltage
characteristics and uses. The Wi-Fi connection is one of the most regulator to give a regulated 5v dc output.
popular ones that is frequently used in HASs (Home Automation Since the input voltage range of the chosen regulator
System) projects. For use in this project, Wi-Fi has more than LM7805 is 7V- 35V, the minimum input voltage required to
adequate capabilities. Additionally, the cost of the system will be construct a 5V DC power supply circuit that can deliver a
reduced because the majority of electrical gadgets and equipment maximum load output current of 500mA is 7V. Thus, in order to
already have a built-in Wi-Fi adapter. scale down the main AC to at least this voltage, a transformer is
An ESP32 DEV KIT V1 micro controller is used in this required.
project to control the automation. In this project, we also made
advantage of the Arduino IoT cloud infrastructure, from which a
variety of linked devices may communicate real-time data with
one another and be seen anywhere using a straightforward user
interface.
To control lights, fans, and other electrical appliances, we
will connect an 8-channel relay module to an ESP32 Wi-Fi
module and send ON/OFF commands from the dashboard of a
computer or a mobile device using the Arduino IoT cloud
platform.

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Figure 2: A 5V DC-power supply design
Design methodology of this system has two major parts, Source: Authors, (2023).
the software and hardware design. The hardware is designed by
arranging smart phone, micro-controller ESP32 DEV KIT V1, II.1.1 Esp32 Dev Kit V1
Power supply, 8- channel relays and transistors, whereas software
The ESP32 DEV KIT V1 is the main processing unit in
design includes the Arduino IoT cloud software app, and the
the development of this project as it creates interaction between
program or source code that is written and uploaded in the
the software (written program) and the hardware components of
microcontroller. The appliances are controlled using relays via the project. Data acquisition and Data processing are some of the
Wi-Fi. The activation of the home appliances is achieved by using
stages involved during processing, in home automation system.
the remote-control app. on the smart phone.
The project covers mainly the scope of actuation, as
The figure below shows the block diagram of android sensors are not used in the project development. Once the ESP32
application using Wi-Fi and ESP32 microcontroller for home is connected to the actuators, it can begin to control them based
automation via the Arduino IoT cloud platform.
on the results of the data processing stage. For example, if the
ESP32 has determined that the lights need to be turned on, it will
send a command to the relay that controls the lights.
The operating voltage is 3.3V, but a 5V output is taken
from the GPIO pins to the relays through the transistors in order
to work effectively.

Figure 1: Block diagram of the IoT infrastructure.

Source: Authors, (2023).

II.1 THE POWER SUPPLY SECTION

Since the input voltage (Vin) range of the ESP32 DEV
KIT V1 ranges between 7v-12v dc, a regulated voltage of 5v is
supplied to the micro-controller, leaving the ESP32 to draw
Figure 3: ESP32 micro-controller
whatever current it needs. An external regulated power supply
Source: Authors, (2023).
 One, Two and Three, ITEGAM-JETIA,Manaus, v.XXn.XX, p.XX-XX,Mon./Mon., 20XX.

To find the Base current of the transistor:

II.1.2 8-Channel Relay Module 𝑉𝑐𝑐 − 𝑉𝑏𝑒
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡(𝑖𝑏 ) =
𝑅𝑏
The output unit is an 8-Channel relay module that is
connected and controlled by the ESP32 DEV KIT V1, and allows Parameters given:
the load voltage to be controlled. These relays receive output
signals directly from the ESP32 and energizes the coil. The load 𝑉𝑐𝑐 = 5𝑣 ; 𝑉𝑏𝑒 = 0.6𝑣; 𝑅𝑏 = 1𝑘Ω
voltage connected to the relay contacts which consists of NO, NC
and Common Terminal are now being controlled. The home 5 − 0.6
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡(𝑖𝑏 ) = = 4.4𝑚𝐴
appliances like fan, socket and bulbs can now be controlled by the 1000
relay from the ESP32 DEV KIT V1.
Collector current;
The ESP32 DEV KIT needs a 3.3V basically to operate,
but the 8-channel relay module need a input voltage of 5V to
operate. So,with the aid of the bc547 transistor the weak signals 𝑖𝑐 = 𝛽 × 𝑖𝑏
generated by the microcontroller is being amplified.
𝛽 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑝𝑛 𝐵𝐶547 = 310 as depicted in the figure below using a
multimeter.

𝑖𝑐 = 310 × 4.4𝑚𝐴 = 1.364 𝐴

Once the relay is active then the current is ~70𝑚𝐴 which is still
less than the collector current. Quiescent current (the amount of
current it uses when not actively working) is 2mA.The maximum
current is 10A.

Now to calculate the current, power and voltage gain of the

transistor;
∆𝑉 4.56𝑣
Voltage Gain (𝐴𝑣 ) = 𝑐 = = 7.6
∆𝑉𝑏 0.6
∆𝑖𝑐 1.364
Current gain (𝐴𝑖 ) = ∆𝑖 = 4.4×10−3 = 310
𝑏

Power Gain (𝐴𝑝 ) = 𝐴𝑣 × 𝐴𝑖 = 310 × 7.6 = 2,356 = 2.36 𝑘𝑤

Figure 4: An 8-Channel Relay Module

Source: Authors, (2023).

II.1.3 Transistors (BC547 NPN)

Transistors play a crucial role in IoT home automation
system by acting as electronic switches. They enable the
microcontroller (ESP32) and others like Arduino, ESP8266 which
are lowpower microcontroller to control and manage higher-
power devices like relays, motors and lights.
The microcontroller generates a low-power signal
(usually 3.3V or 5V), but in this case 5V to control the
transistor.Then this signal is applied to the base pin of the
transistor. When a small current flow into the base pin, it allows a
much larger current to flow between the collector and emitter
pins. This amplification allows the lower-power signal from the
micro-controller to control the power required by the connected Figure 5: transistor measurement (a) the 𝒉𝒇𝒆 measurement and
device. the (b) collector current measurement
The amplified current flowing through the collector and Source: Authors, (2023).
emitter pins can then activate the relay and the other devices
connected to it and this allows the microcontroller to turn the II.1.3 Arduino Web Editor
devices ON/OFF remotely based on the user input. They amplify
The software part of this system consist the written C++
current from base to the emitter
programming language that actually defines the operations of
Ultimately, DC bias is essential for making sure the
each buttons on the Smartphone “Arduino Remote Control”
transistor works smoothly and amplifies signals correctly. The
application. This program is written using the Arduino Web
fixed bias approach was used, as a resistor was used to get a fixed
Editor.
current at the base and emitter terminal
The Arduino Web Based Editor is a cloud-based application that
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 1𝑘Ω ; is supported by any operating system with a web browser.
 One, Two and Three, ITEGAM-JETIA,Manaus, v.XXn.XX, p.XX-XX,Mon./Mon., 20XX.

Writing and uploading programs to Arduino-compatible boards, the system is realized physically. The designed system was
like the microcontroller ESP32 DEV KIT V1, is done with this eventually built after being put into use and tested to make sure it
tool. functioned as intended to meet desired specifications. The process
The Arduino Web Based Editor is a cloud-based of testing and implementation involved the use of basically a
application that is supported by any operating system with a web digital multimeter.
browser. Writing and uploading programs to Arduino-compatible Continuity testing was carried out between the various
boards, like the microcontroller ESP32 DEV KIT V1, is done components of the system and at various points such as between
with this tool. The microcontroller receives data from the the relays, ESP32 DEV kit V1, the N-P-N transistors (BC-547)
Smartphone using the IoT Remote control application available and the 5V dc supply, using a digital multimeter to ensure proper
on goggle play store, and processes the data sent with already connection exist between them. Test was also carried out on the
written and uploaded program. Although using the main Arduino ESP32 DEV KIT V1 microcontroller which enables one to clarify
IDE provides a more powerful and feature-rich platform than the the signal output voltage whenever input signal is sent from the
Arduino web editor, the Arduino web editor is a good option for smartphone application which is already connected to the ESP32
beginners and users who needs a simple and easy-to-use platform. via Hot-Spot.

II.1.3 Arduino IoT Cloud Remote Application

The Arduino IoT remote application is the mobile
software that is used to control and also monitor all of our
connected appliances. This IoT remote app by Arduino cloud
allows for monitoring in real-time the IoT devices from anywhere
at any time. The IoT remote app receives the compiled code from
the Arduino web editor and in turn is able to trigger the relay that
controls a specific home appliances via the micro-controller.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This study investigated the performance of an IoT home
automation system in residential settings and at various locations.
The results showed that the system was able to achieve significant
energy savings and improve user comfort.
Figure 7: ESP32 voltage test
Source: Authors, (2023).

Figure 6: Circuit diagram of the system Figure 8: Relay voltage test

Source: Authors, (2023). Source: Authors, (2023).

III. 1 COMPONENT TESTING-HARDWARE

The hardware testing is shown in Figures 7 and 8
below.Once all of the schematic design and analysis is completed,
 One, Two and Three, ITEGAM-JETIA,Manaus, v.XXn.XX, p.XX-XX,Mon./Mon., 20XX.

III. 2 COMPONENT TESTING-SOFTWARE TESTING

The software components of the produced system were
tested to guarantee an effective integration after the hardware
components had been successfully tested to determine correctness
and system workability. In order to send commands to the web for
desirable actions, the commands can be entered from the iot
remote app on any mobile device, provided that the Hot-Spot
connectivity is secured with the ESP32 kit, and the corresponding
results is achieved at any location
The system workability and its integration with the
software was also tested at different landmarks and refence
points. The Google map was employed to get the landmark points
(longitudes and latitudes) at different locations.
The system is placed at a given (fixed) landmark position.
The user then controls the home appliances by switching ON the
buttons correlating to each home appliances at different landmark
positions far away from the system at a given time using the iot
remote app. The required activation is then achieved
Looking at the control of one of the appliances located in
bedroom two;
(BEDROOM 2): when it is pressed, it sends commands to
the ESP32 via the cloud. The ESP32 will then give out +5V
output for ON, the corresponding relay controlling bedroom 2
will be energize and the bulb will be powered.
The user landmark position and the time at which the
control was initiated via the iot control app is displayed below.
Also, the landmark position of the system and the bedroom 2 bulb Figure 10: Landmark position of the user at time of control
coming up is shown below, which correlates to the time the Source: Authors, (2023).
control was initiated.
III. 3 CASING
At user’s end:
The user landmark position: 𝟔°𝟓𝟎′𝟎𝟑.𝟐"N 3°06'29.0"𝑬 In order to ensure that the circuits are compatible before
Time of Control of bedroom 2 via app: 1:48pm soldering, this task has been implemented using a breadboard.
Prior to beginning the process of soldering the circuit on the Vero
At system end: board, a series of tests were conducted on the breadboard in
System landmark position: 𝟔°𝟒𝟗′𝟎𝟕.𝟕"N 3°06'23.2"𝑬 accordance with the schematic specification found in figure 6
Time the Bulb came UP: 1:48pm above. As seen in figure 11 and 12, the system was connected to a
plastic enclosure. Because the casing is made of plastic, it was
specially perforated and has vents to add a calming effect.

Figure 11: Coupled system with lights OFF

Source: Authors, (2023).
Figure 9: Interface of IoT app controlling B/R 2 appliance
Source: Authors, (2023).
 One, Two and Three, ITEGAM-JETIA,Manaus, v.XXn.XX, p.XX-XX,Mon./Mon., 20XX.

IV. CONCLUSIONS

IoT-based smart home automation systems provide a

wealth of advantages and opportunities. These systems allow for
the intelligent control, monitoring, and automation of many
aspects of a home environment, including security, energy
management, and convenience, by linking devices, sensors, and
actuators.
The step-by-step instructions for the smart home
automation unit have been included in this work. Home
appliances can be transformed into smart and intelligent IoT
devices with the aid of the specified system. Real-time monitoring
of home appliances and their conditions is made possible by the
developed Smart Home Automation system, which is simple to
Figure 12: Coupled system with lights ON install in a home. Using the IoT remote application, controlling
Source: Authors, (2023). household appliances is simple and effective. The user interface
functions well and is simple to use in all android mobile phone. It
does not require an internet connection, except the login details,
III. 4 FLOW CHART OF THE SYSTEM which is required for the first users.
The flow chart in figure 13 shows a visual representation The system has two advantages. First, using the cloud
of the process. This flowchart shows the basic steps involved in connectivity, we can monitor and access our smart home easily
operating the IoT home automation system. After the system is from anywhere, which facilitate energy efficiency.
turned on and connection is established between the device and Second, it aids the elderly and people with disabilities.
the system via hotspot, the user launches the IoT remote app. It Other actuators and sensors can be added to the system. It is also
then checks for user input, after which the input is then sent over possible to enhance the developed system to make it ready for
the cloud for processing, and the appliances is in turn activated in eventual commercialization. All things considered, IoT-based
response to the user input. smart home automation systems have the power to make our
homes more intelligent, comfortable, and efficient.

IV.1 RECOMMENDATION

This work can be refined for use in further studies. For this
aim, the following regions were highlighted:
Artificial Intelligence; Artificial intelligence used to
regulate household appliances would prove very beneficial, in an
effort to advance the project. The implementation of Google
Assistant Voice command will go a long way in helping people
with disabilities.
Sensors; In order to reduce energy consumption, the next
stage can fully automate lights and household appliances using
sensors.

V. AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTION

Conceptualization: Author One, Author Two and Author Three.

Methodology: Author One and Author Two.
Investigation: Author One and Author Two.
Discussion of results: Author One, Author Two and Author
Three.
Writing – Original Draft: Author One.
Writing – Review and Editing:Author One and Author Two.
Resources:Author Two.
Supervision:Author Two and Author Three.
Approval of the final text:Author One, Author Two and Author
Three.
Figure 13: Flow chart showing sequence of operation
Source: Authors, (2023).
 One, Two and Three, ITEGAM-JETIA,Manaus, v.XXn.XX, p.XX-XX,Mon./Mon., 20XX.

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