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Transformer

Phy investigatory project

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Rajendiran
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9 views

Transformer

Phy investigatory project

Uploaded by

Rajendiran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INDEX

 Certificate

 Acknowledgement

 Introduction

 Objective

 Apparatus

 Theory

 Circuit diagram

 Procedure

 Observation

 Sources of error

 Precaution

 Conclusion

 Bibliography

INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage to a high
alternating voltage or vice-versa.

A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction according to this


principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is
induced in the neighboring coil.

A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the A.C.


voltages.As such transformers are built in an amazing strength of sizes. In
electronic, measurement and control circuits, transformer size may be so small that
it weight only a few tens of grams where as in high voltage power circuits, it may
weight hundreds of tones.

In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to another circuit
takes place without the use of moving parts. A transformer which increases the
voltages is called a step up transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C.
voltages is called a step-down transformer. Transformer is, therefore, an essential
piece of apparatus both for high and low current circuits.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relation between the ratio of:

1. Input and output voltage.


2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self-made
transformer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
 An Iron Rod
 Copper Wire of different gauge
 Two a.c Voltmeter
 Two a.c Ammeter

THEORY:
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an alternating current
starts falling in it. The altering current in the primary produces a changing
magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the primary as well as in the
secondary. In a good transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary
is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn
of the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep
and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the
secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the
transformer and:

dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this instant,


we have Ep = -Np dф/dt _______________ (1)

And Es = -Ns dф/dt _______________ (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1, we get:

Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ______________ (3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary coil p1, so
the instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the
instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o,
p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by:

Ip = E – Ep / Rp

E – Ep = Ip Rp

When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be neglected so therefore:

E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be written as:

Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.


CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:

 Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large number

of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This constitutes primary coil

of the transformer.

 Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively smaller

number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the

secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.

 Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and current using

A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.

 Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through s1and s2.

 Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure voltage and current

through primary and secondary coil of step up transformer.

 Repeat all steps for other self-made transformers by changing number of

turns in primary and secondary coil.


OBSERVATIONS :
 No. of turns in primary , NP = 2000
 No. of turns in secondary , NS = 100

INPUT OUTPUT
S.NO. VOLTAGE VOLTAGE ES /EP
EP [VOLT] ES [VOLT]

1. 12V 240V 1/20

2. 240V 12V 20

RESULT:

 Clearly ES/EP = NS/NP within experimental error

PRECAUTIONS :
 Keep yourself safe from voltage .
 While taking the readings of the current andvoltage of the a.c. should remain
constant.

SOURCES OF ERROR :
 Values of current can be changed due toheating effect .
 Eddy current can changed the readings.
CONCLUSION:
 The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends
upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage
 The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends
upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input voltage
 There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a transformer.

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