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1.EMP 411 TOPIC 1 Definition of Key Terms(1)

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36 views5 pages

1.EMP 411 TOPIC 1 Definition of Key Terms(1)

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nabxnick
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EMP 411: EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATIONS AND MANAGEMENT

TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION

Definition of Management
The earliest definition of management is that proposed by Henri Fayol (1916). He was a
French manager. He defined management in terms of what managers do. Thus, to
manage is
i. to plan and forecast,
ii. to organize,
iii. to command,
iv. to coordinate and
v. to control”.
Subsequent definitions look at management in terms of functions. For example

Krecthner (2000): defines management as the process of working with and through
others to achieve organizational objectives in a changing environment. Management is
seen here as a process, a discipline, people and a career.

Okumbe, J.A. (1989): defines management as the process of designing, developing and
effecting organizational objectives and resources so as to achieve the predetermined
organizational goals. Therefore, management here is seen as the functions of policy
making and policy execution (effecting).

Elements of management
i. Planning
The planning element of management determines what should be done in what
timeframe.
Fayol suggested that in order for a manager to fulfill function he/she must make a plan
of action.
ii. Organizing
The organizing element of management defines by Fayol is concern with creating an
organizational structure
iii. Commanding.
The commanding element of management can be described as getting optimum return
from all employees in the interest of the whole concern/organization.
iv. Coordination.
The coordination element of management suggests that managers need to coordinate
and synchronize the activities of each individual or group in order to ensure smooth
and efficient operations.
v. Control
Fayol considered the control element of management as the last step to ensuring that
the activities and goals laid out in the plan and forecasting element of management

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were achieved. One can view the control element as a closure of the cycle of managerial
roles.

Definition of Administration.

1. Griffith (1959). The earliest definition of administration was advanced by


Griffith. He said administration is the process of directing and controlling life in a social
organization. He adds that administration is the act of developing and regulating of
decision making process in the most effective manner possible.

2. Mbiti (1974): Administration is the formalized system which is intended to


control, supervise, plan and make decisions about the various activities of an
organization on the basis of established authority.
3. Okumbe (1989): Administration is the process of acquiring and allocating
resources for the achievement of organizational goals.

Definition of Educational Administration and Management


1. Nwanko (1982): Educational administration implies the management of human and
material resources and programs available for education and carefully using them
systematically for achievement of educational goals.

2. Campbell et al (1982): Educational administration is the management of institutions


designed to foster teaching and learning.

Difference between Administration and Management

1. Administration is an executive function whereby administrators execute what has


been designed by the management.
2. The definition of educational management intimates that the manager is both a policy
maker and a policy executor. Thus, administration is really part of management e.g. the
principal is an administrator while BOG is management.
3. Administration is used in professional organizations only where those who work
there are professionals, while management is reserved for profit making organizations
e.g. private schools, banks, companies, etc.
4. Management has been restricted to the areas which do not require highly trained
manpower, and where on-the-job training plays a major role in the staff development.
5. Administrators are allowed to acquire and use resources.
6. Aim of a manager is to have surplus without which, one is not seen as a manager
Problems in Educational Management
1. It is hard dealing with finance i.e., who pays for what in education.

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2. It is easily affected by change in the environment e.g. politicians.

3. Educational systems are open systems. Anybody can participate e.g. B.O.M,
P.T.A.

4. Educational goals are hard to measure in educational organizations in the same


manner the identification of the technologies which will result in the
implementation of the tasks is a difficult task.

5. Decision making is also not easy. One needs others to make decisions.

6. Training of teachers and how theyapply the methods is not uniform. It differs
from teacher to teacher.

Objectives of Educational Management


i. Educational management helps in achieving institutional objectives, which is
ensuring that the schools and colleges are effective.
ii. It improves planning, organizing and implementation of institutional activities
and process.
iii. It helps in creating, maintaining and enhancing a good public image of the
institution.
iv. It helps in appropriate utilization of its human resources .that is teaching staff,
on-teaching staff and students.
v. It enhances efficiency of the institution i.e. it helps in attaining the goals with
minimum cost and time.
vi. It facilitates optimum utilization of infrastructural facilities (playing grounds,
building equipment, library etc.).
vii. It prevents duplication of work.
viii. It enhances job satisfaction among staff members and satisfaction with institution
among students.
ix. It enables the institution to create and maintain conducive school and college
climate.
x. It helps staff and students to manage their interpersonal conflicts, stress and time
effectively.
xi. It improves interpersonal communication among members of school /colleges.
xii. It enables the principal to understand his role and carry out his function more
effectively.

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Importance of understanding Concepts and Practices in Educational Administration
and Management

i. The study of educational administration and management prepares teachers to


handle organizational and management challenges of new educational
institutions.

ii. Administration and management is important in social, economic, political,


religious, and educational affairs. It affects every person. The manner in which
organizations are administered determines the course of men’s lives. It affects
their way of living, their goals, their ambitions, their happiness and their
achievement.

iii. The study of administration and management will help develop an


understanding and an appreciation of a broad knowledge of facts and practices
which make up the science of administration and management as it is known
today. Methods, techniques, devices, and procedures which are sound and in
accordance with acceptable practice will be appreciated to a greater degree by all
concerned.

iv. Knowledge of administration and management will make it possible for the
individual to recognize unsound practices in administration and management. Such
knowledge will help in restricting the exploitation of human resources and in
furthering efficient management and organization.

v. Knowledge of administration and management will aid some individuals to


decide whether or not to select this particular area on a career basis. It will aid them
in evaluating their qualifications for such work and help them to predict their own
possibilities for success.

vi. All administrative and managerial work is not confined to executives. Most
employees and members of organizations outside the so-called executives or
administrative or management group perform administrative or managerial duties.
Even the head of family group performs administrative duties in connection with
household and family management. Therefore, it is essential that all individuals
possess an understanding and an appreciation of this work so that they may
efficiently carry out assignments. Furthermore, promotions and advancement often
depend on one’s knowledge of administration and management techniques.

vii. The success of an educational institution depends on how efficiently and


effectively it has used its human and physical resources. The study of educational
administration and management will enable individuals acquire knowledge on how
to plan their programs in such a way that it makes optimum use of both human and
material resources so as to provide quality education to the students.

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viii. Efficiency of an organization will depend on how far its administrators and
managers have been successful in providing leadership to the subordinate workers
and involving them mentally and emotionally in the accomplishment of
organizational objectives. A study of educational administration and management
therefore, provides teachers with skills on how to motivate subordinates so that they
release their own resources of initiative and creativity towards the organizational
objectives.

ix. It enables educational administrators and manager to establish sound


organizational structure by establishing a pattern of authority-responsibility
relationships i.e., who will command who, who will be responsible for what, and
who will be accountable for whom. Then he/she will be able to fill this structure
with the right persons, having the right qualifications and training for the position to
be assigned to them.

x. It enables school administrators and managers to provide a proper environment


to work. It encourages the spirit of cooperation, fellow-feeling and mutual
understanding among workers. This breeds a sense of responsibility among workers
who then work on their own and do not need someone else to force them to work.

xi. Knowledge of administration and management helps to ensure the continuance


of organizations that have proved worthwhile to mankind and are needed in
society. Its fundamental objective is to carry on that which has proved to be
successful rather than to destroy the old and attempt a new and untried path.

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