Work ,Energy and power| 2 We use the words work, energy and power in our day-to-day life often. anes Work ,Energy and power However, their meaning differ from the meaning we get from scientific definitions.—eE——e EEE ‘Scalar product «The scalar product or dot produc of any two vectors A and B, denoted as A.B (Rea A dot B)s def isthe angle between the two vectors «A,B and cos 8 ate scalars, the dt product of A and Bisa scalar quantity. Both vectors, And B, havea direction but thei scalar product does not havea drection. «© Bis the product of the magnitude of A and the component of along A. Alternatively its the product ofthe magnitude of 8 and the component ofA along 8. Notions of Work and Kinetic Eneray «The work energy theotem stats thatthe change in kinetic energy ofa particle is equal tothe work done on it bythe net force © KK, ‘© We know the equation in 30 :¥? -u" ‘ow multiplying the equation by m/2 we have, mv? ~ Yeu? = ma.d 2.0 (where winitial velocity, vfna velocity 2 acceleration, d-displacement) 4 (Since ma =F) Work ‘The work done by the fore i detned tbe the product of component of he force inthe direction ofthe displacement nd the magne of this dsplacement. W =F No weskis dae it Te displacements 210 © The force ia zo ‘on a frictionless surface has no force © The force and displacement are mutually perpendicular.© The force and displacement are mutually perpendicular. Work done by variable force ‘Work done by a variable force © The variable force is more commonly encountered than the constant force. © Ifthe displacement x is small, we can take the force F(x) as approximately constant andthe work done is then DW =F (x) Dx For total wor, we add all work done along small displacements, We ting EPO Numerical Example: A force F = 3x” start acting ona particle which sina at rest. Fnd the work done bythe force during the displacement of the particle from x =0m to x = 2m, soktorswelmoutt W= [Fads Welt = aca wet ane leKinetic Energy The kinetic energy of an object is a measure of the work an object can do by the virtue ofits motion. ¢ If an object of mass mhas velocity its kinetic energy Kis o Kinetic energy isa scalar quantity Work-Energy Theorem ‘The Work-Energy Theorem fora Variable Force Example: body of mas 05g revels in steght ine wih velocity v=”? where a= § m-1/2 5". Whats the work done by the net frce dung ts eeplacement fiom =O tox=2m Solution: We know that WO =K,-K;,now we can put value of 0 nthe equation v=ax"to find intial veloc, v=0, K0, Similaly find v, by puting x=2, and K,=¥ mv?FULCTILU Clpy © Potential energy isthe stored enery'by vit of he postion configuration ofa bod. Patel enersy 1 « Pyscaly. te oton of potential ene applet ony ote cass of res whee wok done aa cet sore es reg + Matbeatcay, he potent energy Ves ene i he fore) canbe witenas Fa)= -£ SP) = W-Y © Thisrelaton sae ony for Conservative Forces Conservative and Non-conservative force Conservative & Non-Conservative Forces Conservative forces are those for which work done depends only on nia anda points. Example: Gravitational force, Bectostatic ore o Non-Conservatie res are thae where the work done rhe Kinetic energy dd depend on oer factors such asthe ‘eloity or the particular path taken by the object. Example- Frictional force. te force present is comeratve a nature hen te work done abot pats wilbesame Conservation of Mechanical Energy The Conservation of Mechanical Energy © Mechanical Energy is the energy associated with the motion and positon of an obec. «The quantity K #V(), is called the total mechanical energy of the system, «© Foraconservative force, AK = AW = F(x) At ‘so V(x) + Fla) Ox «This employs A(K*V) 0 fora conservative force. © Individually the Kinetic energy K andthe potential energy V(x) may vary from point to pont, but the sum isa constant.© A force F(t is conservative fit can be derived from a scalar quantity V(x) by the elation: F(x) =-dv/dx «© The work done bythe conservative force depends only onthe end points © A third defnition states thatthe work done by ths force ina closed path is zero, © The total mechanical energy ofa system is conserved if the forces, doing work on i, are conservative. Potential Energy of a Spring Potential energy of spring © The spring force is an example of a variable force, which is conservative © Inanideal spring, F, = ~ kx, this force law for the spring is called Hooke's law. © The constant k is called the spring constant. Its unit is Nm”) © The spring is said to be stiff k is large and soft if kis small Wy = —SoF kx de ae £ * 7 Rake preree ne manana ~ oF y| hong a wy, ~ a = - Potential Energy of a Spring © Spring force is position dependent as fist stated by Hooke, (F, we) «Work done by sping force only depends onthe intial and fina positions. Thus, the spring forces a conservative force «© We define the potential energy Vx) ofthe spring to be zero when lock and spring system isin the equiirium poston «© Foranetension (or compression) x, V(x) =kx?/2 If the block of mass m is extended to x, and released from rest, then its total mechanical energy at any arbitrary point x (here x lies between ~ x, and +x, wil be given by 1 1 1 diaz At Ct gheh = phat + pmoPotential Energy of a Spring a _ Numerical Example: A car of mass M travelling with speed v, collides with a spring, having spring constant k. The car comes to rest (momentarily) when spring is compressed to a distance of Xn Find x, Solution: Workdone on cr=Ky— Ki = 0-H = -2E Work done by spring, = — fx dx = — [p™ he dx = "a Now workdone by spring equals work done on car => = 2 aVarious Forms of Energy Various foms o nergy Heat: The work done by friction is not ‘lost’, but is transferred as heat energy CJ a, 18 Various Forms of Energy (Chemical Energy. © Chemical energy arises from the fac that the molecules participating inthe chemical reaction have dtfrent binding energies, © the total energy ofthe reactants is more than the products ofthe reaction, heat is released nd the reactions said tobe an exothermic reaction, Example: When you freeze water you remove energy from water to lower its temperature and its phase i changed to ice, soit isa exothermic process © Ifthe reverse is tre, heat i absorbed andthe reaction is endothermic, Example While meting the ice you provide energy othe cet increase its tempreature and change its phase to water, 0 itis a endothermic process. meD) Various Forms of Energy Ectrical Energy: The ow of electrical current causes bulbs to glow, fans to rotate and bells toring. Energy is associated with an electric currentlbs Light ap beacase ofthe lect Various Forms of Energy Nuclear Energy: ©The energy released from the nuclear reactions either fission or fusion is called as nuciear energy © Nuclear fusion and fission are manifestations ofthe equivalence of mass and energy « Infusion ight atom nck ke Hydogen fuse to form a bigger nucleus whase mas es than the sum ofthe masses of the reactants, Infssion, «heavy nucleus ike uranism 2%, split bya neuton into lighter null Once gain the nal mass is less than hentia mass and the mass ference translates into energy. Mass —Energy Relation ‘The Equivalence of Mass and Energy «Physicists believed that in every physical and chemical process, the mass of an isolated system is conserved tll Albert Einstein show the relation, E = m.c? where c, the speed of lght in vacuum is approximately 3 x10® ms“! © This equation showed that mass and energy ae equivalent and ae related by = m2 © Incase of chemical reactions the mass defect is very small and can be neglected, but in the case of nuclear reactions this becomes significant It there is a difference between the sum of reactents and products that differene, Dm, is called mass defect.= Powers defined as the time rate at wich wok is done or energy is transfered, fe (i © Average Power: Ratio of work done(W) in 2 otaltime interval of Py = Wit © Instantaneous Power When the time intra approaches zero the lmiting value of average power becomes inetantenous power. Pe auict = Ev, where vis nstentaneous velocity. © Power isa scalar quanty Power «© Slunit of power - Wat(W) 23 Example: A pump on the ground floor ofa building can pump up water to fila tank of volume 30 m® in 15min. the tank is 40 m above the ground, and the efficiency of the pump is 30°, how much electric power is consumed by the pump? © thp= 746 Solution: P= Vit = mghit mass of water tobe moved = 9298 h=40m t=15x60= 9005. P= 1306.67 W = 13.067 KW NOW] = PP ery 2 Pay. # 1306710.3 = 43 6k + 30000kg Collisions Collosion «© collisions an event in which two or more bodies exert forces on each other fora relatively short time.In all colisions the total linear momentum is conserved. The foal impulse on the first object is equal and opposite to that onthe second, if two bodies collide, « Elastic collision is when the intial Kinetic energy is equal tothe inal kinetic energy. © Inelastic colision is when some ofthe kinetic energy is lost after collision. © Completely inelastic col is when the bodies after collision move together Collision in one dimension Collison in 1-0 © Ifthe nal velocities and final velocities of bth the bodies are along the same straight line, then tis called a one- limensional colision, or head-on collision. Elastic eolision { Aballof mass m, with intial velocity v, strikes a ball of mass m, ntaly at rst and aftr colision ball 2 ‘eocityv’, and bal 2 moves with veloc Vp, nthe same direction) © Momentum conservation m,¥,# my ¥ ime fomaet tear) © KE conservation: m, ¥;2¢ m1? = yy"? #m, 7 ‘© Where mm are the masses ofthe two blocks ¥ Is initial velocity of block 1,0 here Vis fina velocity of block 1 Collision in one dimension © After solving these two equations we get, my — ma my + m2 2m im +m; . % v% % rio as ad ing i et ad yest Sat ba ad bb pce vi else, Ben, | yem)iytiniy , Myse-mi a em) MET em ce en eC ee cote stam sorcery fanaa eae edt tis represented by '¢. Pra Ta) leeCollisions in one dimensions Special cases in elastic collision «Case 1 ifthe two masses are equal m,=m then, y's 0 & vp'=¥, The fist mass comes to rest and pushes off the second mass wit its intial speed on clision. Collisions in one dimension © Case 2-Ifm,>>m, then ¥j"»-¥, &¥p'9 0 The heavier mass is undisturbed while the lighter mass reverses its | Completely inelastic collision Completely ineastic calsion(Aballof mass m, wth intl velocity v, stites a bell of mass m, inialy at est and the two ball sickto eachother after colision inthe same detion) Momentum contraton: mn +m = (my +m3)0y KE consanation: mv? + mv © Where m,n af the messes of the two Blocks sina velocity of Blok 1, y,+0 here ‘isl veloc ofthe two tock moving ogether Numerical Example: The bob A of a pendulum is released to hit vertically another bob 8 ofthe same mass a est ona table as shown in Fgute. Hw high does the bob A rise ater the elastic colision? Solution: Since this is a case ofboth objects with same mass, so the bob 8 will move with the velocity of bob A. Now with energy conservation it wl ise toa height of h only. Collisions in two dimensio tise 30 (Aballof mass, within vl strikes a bal of mas m, nal at est fe clision ball moves with ‘elo 1 and ball? moves with velocity v2 wih dectons a sown gure) > Momentum conservation anis:myy = mufcos®y + mavcose, Yani: = moi sind, — mvs sind, > ‘eallsions elastic, Kinetic Enorgy conservation Smaf'= Em} + fmev't «Witte above equation we have to soe the problemCollisions in two dimensions = 2v,Vyeen Oc = VEML-cote)+VEL-easo) Collisions in two dimensions on puuuea i i From on 33 Example: Two balls initially travelling along the x- axis with opposite velocities collide with each other obliquely, is it possible that they will move in the y-axis after collision? Solution: Yes, it is possible, if the balls have same mass and travel with same speed. Initially their total momentum in x-direction was zero as their velocities were opposite; also in y-direction it is zero because they do not have velocity in that direction._. ASSIGNMENTS ‘what is meant Scalar product or dot Product of two vectors? ‘whet are the laws obeyed by Scalar product of vectors Find the angle between force F=3 + 4) —5 Kunit and diaplacement 8 (51-447 — 38) unit. Aho find the projection of fon ‘ground with a speed of 50.0 m=". (a) What is the work done by the ‘sravtational forca? What is the work done by the unknown resistive torce? Denne work done by the force. Give the dimensional formula of force dive examples where the work dons by force is nero, positive ant the cycle due to the road is 200 N and ie directly opposed to the motion. (a) How much work does the road 40.00 the cycle? (b) How much work does. 20 What te meant by Kinetic Energy? Ista scalar or vector quantity? Give the formula to find the Kinetic eneray of an object of mass m has velocity “with speed 200 ms* on soft plywood af thickness 2.00em. The bullet speed of the bullet? 22 How wil you find the work done by a variable force? Explain beefy. ASSIGNMENTS ‘A woman pushes 2 trunk on 2 railway platform which has @ rough surface. She apples ‘force of 100 N over a distance of 10m. Thereafter, she gets progressively tired and hher applied force reduces linearly with distance SON. The total distance through which the trunk has been moved is 20m. Plot the force applied by the woman and the {rhetional fore, which i 50 N versus displacement. Calculate the work done by the (wo forces over 20m, rove Work Energy theorem for a variable force {A block of mass mag moving on a horizontal surface with speed, ‘of = 1 kg, moving on horizontal surface with speed ot = 2s enters 2 rough patch ranging from x = 0.10m to x= 2.01m. The retarding force Fon the Block in this range is Inversely proportional tox over this range 0 for x < 0.1mand x > 201m where 0.5). What is the final kinetic energy and speed vf of the block as it crosses this patch? Define Potential energy of 2 body. Give an example. Give the dimensional formula of Potential energy Derive an expression to find the potential energy of a body. ‘What is Gravitational potental energy of » body? What type of energy & possessed by 2 body at certain height from the surface af the earth? Name the type of energy ‘Dossessed by the body when the body strikes the surface of the earth. {Give the differences betwoen conservative and non conservative forces. State and prove the law of conservation of Mechanical energy ‘A bob of mass ms suspended by alight string of length L. ts imparted a horizontal Velocity vuat the lowest point A such that it completes semicircular trajectory inthe ‘Vertical plane with the string becoming slack only on reaching the topmost point C ‘This s shown in fig (2) Obtain an expression for vs (0) the speeds at points B and C ASSIGNMENTS 36§ Cone inj $ Waste reeves of ata ation th tle ei? ASSIGNMENTSNUMERICAL PROBLEMS 1. abasic demontrationa police officer esa bul of mass 50g with speed 20 m/s ona sof wood of thickness cm. The let emerges with ony 10% of tsKE. Whats the emergent speed ofthe bullet? 2. Ault of mas 50g moving with veloc of 400 m/s stries a wall and goes ou fom the other side wth vlc of 100 ms. Caculat the work done in pasing through the wal? Themomentum fa body is increased by 10%. What isthe percentage increase nis KE? 2 a ‘train of mas 2000 quinta s drawn up an incined plane of in 100 atthe rate of 72 kh the. 2 restance due to fection s 3000 clalte the power of the engine ‘Auli roped from rest at aight of 12m. itloses25% of Kon stling the ground, what is 2 the eight to whch tbounces ? Numerical problems (6 Arai tc spin red hentai es 4 en ms ‘uneomposton ane rcesang te mma vise mass Sng ot 7. Apu onthe youn ort bng pump ve wats ao one 3 5 ‘Theta tO mobo te pound Oe een of epomp 830% howe ec ower ‘Seon bythe pump? Anat tnt 002g adorn ped Tomes ck of woodot mae Mand ‘bean canr ore eapctotheboa e spensd tom cng sat ‘nmr cache hago whch bebe. Aba ete ee ta 9. Areata of ms: 2¥gmodng th speed S6knym hashed anctsan wth satay Scranton ow veteran 10 tebe ery abot nce 300%, by wha pret lth ne moment ‘neboor meee? 11, Amol 4bgming sah Df canto src mort ta once tine con betwee tes (ayn on by tons oe (aren aby atts oc 12. Ateoyomas2igeestng nought naa. of 204 row appt {erfosconr, parte totne atca Heir nate tan beter {edn by sted rn (itsarge mbnen cry ae beta 03 23 est mass sag tn sing ome bro omen pen pls the igo ‘ideott etope mae on sng! whe eres hase Ban pte ey stoeun? Numerical problems 1. car of mas 100 cceleates unary rom retto alot kan second Cease (essen (ens ganinee (ahaverage power cf the engine srg tis prio neglect tn. 15. Amaleaua na gacontner hits shorn wal with speed 200 nage 30° wih the 2 term arareoeuns withthe same spe ls momentum crsesein te cotson? (08 tection eae nae? Al{its aceon sganinee {aleerge power ofthe erin ding this perio, eget etn. 15. Amoleae ina gascontainr Nits ahorzntl wall wth speed 200 m/s and angle 30° with the 2 arma and rebound withthe tame speed (is momentum conserved in the clon? (the cotsion elastic ines? Numerical problems 1 TST [BI OTS RT LO TT IRE Fa PORE ORS YT alan oe gid ye ler isa steph ball 9 1857 Ty [Too Boi of as Tiga i ang Bs Sion pp TE YT ‘pent ef Sok Clea ttl mmc he syn oe cain | pao ro Rg Fase Raw ot och a Too TET —TT 2 Raa Pa eT SE ST IOS TST TOT | eon tbc wins anes of Som when he rng emance ang eed SION, What wash velty ft mot a? TA a STDS RAE SO AY HSE WIR RSPR TOR Tad] (0) ts moma tt ihe pit BRITO area as Aas TT oe Gi ‘atid ce opty ple iherao p s 7B Tis ey a aly fm Tg Te os a wR wa Toe area [TF ‘Pind he momen eth ton fee) mame ar ean ce (te mpi fe Numerical problems ‘Two Boss of mass m= Ty and m= Zig ar placed in contact ona ficuoness borzontal [3 surface. A force of 10N is acting on m, What isthe acceleration of mand my. What isthe magatud of acto and reaction forces? B “A Torce AON acting on a body of mass TO kg changes its velocity fom Sms 1025 mis ‘Determine : i) Acceleration (i)Time for which force act ii) Distance covered. 4325] A Tree AON acing ona body of mass 10 kg changes ts velocity from Smisto25 mis ‘Determine: () Acceleration (Time fr whch fore acts (i) Distance covered SAL 204 Assignments BSS iS OSH SSPSGT OO SSE TRE SOS ERTS 3 Give reason and give the law related to these statements {) Its easier to push an empty box than a box fll of books. {(b) Its difficult fora fireman to hold a hose which ejects large amount of water ‘with high velocity. SAI- 2012 ‘Stas and prove te bw af comarvaon of momentan™ s In the diagram below. 1 kg mass on rough oriental uric is joined toa 2k ‘mass by alight inextensble string runing over aeons pully Will dhe 1 kg mass move at lower, higher or zero acelraton? Explain based on Newton's avs of motion and sate the law kg 2kg