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Carbohydrates Question Booklet

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

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Carbohydrates Question Booklet

Uploaded by

M Javed

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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 45

3.1.

2 Carbohydrates Name: ________________________

Question Booklet
Class: ________________________

Date: ________________________

Time: 304 minutes

Marks: 230 marks

Comments:
Q1.
(a) Cells lining the ileum of mammals absorb the monosaccharide glucose by co-
transport with sodium ions. Explain how.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

A student set up the experiment shown in the diagram below.

The material from which Visking tubing is made is partially permeable.

After 15 minutes, the student removed samples from the liquid in the beaker and from the
liquid inside the Visking tubing. She carried out biochemical tests on these samples. She
drew the table below to record her results.

(b) Complete the table by placing a tick (✔) in each box that you expect to have shown
a positive result.

Liquid from Liquid inside

Biochemical test
beaker Visking tubing

Biuret reagent

Iodine in potassium
iodide

Benedict’s solution
(3)

(c) Justify your answers to part (b).

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 9 marks)

Q2.
Read the following passage.

Some insect species feed on the leaves of plants. These leaf-chewers

bite off pieces of leaves. Other insect species feed on sap from phloem
or xylem. These sap-feeders have sharp, piercing mouthparts that they
insert directly into either xylem or phloem. Leaf-chewers and insects
that feed on xylem sap are active feeders; this means they use their 5
jaw muscles to obtain their food. In contrast, insects that feed on phloem
sap are passive feeders; this means they do not use their jaw muscles
to take up sap from phloem.

Feeding on phloem sap presents two problems. Firstly, phloem sap has
sa high sugar concentration. This could lead to a high pressure of liquid 10
in the insect’s gut because of water entering the gut from the insect’s
body tissues. A phloem-sap-feeder polymerises some of these sugars
into polysaccharides which are passed out of its anus as ‘honey dew’.
The secondproblem is that phloem sap has a low concentration of
amino acids. Phloem-sap-feeding insects rely on bacteria in their guts to 15
produce amino acids. Each phloem-sap-feeding insect receives a few of
these bacteria from its parent. This has resulted in a reduction in the
genetic diversity of the bacteria found within these insects.

A scientist investigated the effect of three different insects on the growth

of a plant called the goldenrod. He found that leaf-chewing insects and 20
xylem-sap-feeding insects caused a much greater reduction in total
leaf area than did phloem-sap-feeding insects.

Use the information from the passage and your own knowledge to answer the following
questions.

(a) Phloem-sap-feeders are passive feeders (lines 6–7).

Phloem-sap-feeders do not use their jaw muscles to take up sap from phloem.

Explain why they can take up sap without using their jaw muscles.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) A phloem-sap-feeder polymerises some of these sugars into polysaccharides (line

12-13).
Suggest the advantage of this.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Suggest how this has caused a reduction in genetic diversity of the bacteria.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) A scientist found that leaf-chewers and xylem-sap-feeders had a greater effect on
plant growth than phloem-sap-feeders (lines 20–22).

Other than environmental factors, give two features the scientist would have
controlled in his experiment to ensure this conclusion was valid.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(e) The scientist used the reduction in total leaf area of the experimental plants as an
indicator of plant growth.

Outline a method by which you could find the area of a plant leaf.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

Q3.
Many humans are unable to digest lactose. A scientist investigated the production of
lactose-free milk. He produced gel beads containing the enzyme lactase and placed the
beads in a column. He poured milk (Milk A) into the column and collected the milk (Milk B)
after it had moved through the column over the beads. This is shown in the diagram
below.

(a) Milk A contains no glucose. Milk B contains glucose. Explain why Milk B contains
glucose.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) The enzyme was trapped within the gel beads. Suggest one advantage of trapping
the enzyme within the gel beads.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

The scientist varied the flow rate of the milk through the column. The effect of flow rate on
the concentration of glucose in Milk B is shown in the table below.
Flow rate of milk through the Concentration of glucose in Milk
column / cm3 minute−1 B / arbitrary units

50 45

100 6

(c) Explain the difference in the results in the table.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) The gel beads were all similar sizes. Use the formula below to calculate the volume
of one of the beads with a 3.0 mm diameter.

Volume of sphere = πr3

Volume = _____________________ mm3

(1)

(e) Galactose has a similar structure to part of the lactose molecule.

Explain how galactose inhibits lactase.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Q4.
(a) Name the monomers from which a maltose molecule is made.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Name the type of chemical bond that joins the two monomers to form maltose.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

A student wanted to produce a dilution series of a maltose solution so he could plot a

calibration curve. He had a stock solution of maltose of concentration 0.6 mol dm−3 and
distilled water. He made a series of dilutions from 0.1 to 0.6 mol dm−3.

Concentration of Volume of 0.6 mol

maltose solution dm−3 maltose _______________
solution / cm3
/ ____________ ______ / _______

____________ 5 10

(2)

The student performed the Benedict’s test on six maltose solutions ranging from 0.1 mol
dm−3 to 0.6 mol dm−3. He placed a sample of each solution in a colorimeter and recorded
the light absorbance.

His results are shown in the graph below.

(d) Explain how you would use the graph to determine the maltose concentration with a
light absorbance of 0.45 arbitrary units.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q5.
Starch and cellulose are two important plant polysaccharides.

The following diagram shows part of a starch molecule and part of a cellulose molecule.

(a) Explain the difference in the structure of the starch molecule and the cellulose
molecule shown in the diagram above.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Starch molecules and cellulose molecules have different functions in plant cells.
Each molecule is adapted for its function.

Explain one way in which starch molecules are adapted for their function in plant
cells.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

___________________________________________________________________

(Extra space) _______________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

Q6.
A student investigated the effect of chewing on the digestion of starch in cooked wheat.

He devised a laboratory model of starch digestion in the human gut. This is the method he
used.

1. Volunteers chewed cooked wheat for a set time. The wheat had been cooked in
boiling water.
2. This chewed wheat was mixed with water, hydrochloric acid and a protein-digesting
enzyme and left at 37 °C for 30 minutes.
3. A buffer was then added to bring the pH to 6.0 and pancreatic amylase was added.
This mixture was then left at 37 °C for 120 minutes.
4. Samples of the mixture were removed at 0, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 120 minutes, and the
concentration of reducing sugar in each sample was measured.
5. Control experiments were carried out using cooked wheat that had been chopped up
in a blender, not chewed.

(a) What reducing sugar, or sugars, would you expect to be produced during chewing?
Give a reason for your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) In this model of digestion in the human gut, what other enzyme is required for the
complete digestion of starch?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) In the control experiments, cooked wheat was chopped up to copy the effect of
chewing.

Suggest a more appropriate control experiment. Explain your suggestion.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(e) The figure below shows the student’s results.

Incubation time / minutes

Explain what these results suggest about the effect of chewing on the digestion of
starch in wheat.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 9 marks)

Q7.
Apple farmers want to harvest their fruit when it is ripe enough for eating but also when it
can be stored to sell later.

One method apple farmers use to decide when to harvest their fruit is to determine the
starch content. As apples ripen, starch in the apple is converted into soluble sugars that
make them taste sweet.

Scientists investigated the best time to harvest apples for storage before being sold.

To determine the starch content, they picked samples of apples. They cut each apple in
half and covered the cut surface with iodine solution. They left it for 1 minute and then
compared it with the diagram below to give it a starch index score between 1 and 10.
They collected samples of apples at 5 different days during the ripening period and tested
them for starch content. These results are shown in the table below.

When apples were collected

Mean starch index
/ day during ripening period

117 3.7

124 4.4

131 6.3

138 7.7

145 8.2

The scientists stored samples of apples from each collection day for 180 days. They then
determined the percentage of apples that were rotten. These results are shown in the
graph below.
(a) The cut surface of the apple covered with iodine solution is left for 1 minute before
being compared to Figure 1.
Explain why each apple must be left for the same length of time.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Describe and explain the change in appearance of the cut surface of the apple when
treated with iodine solution from underripe (starch index 1) to overripe (starch index
10).

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 5 marks)

Q8.
(a) Glucose is a monosaccharide. Two glucose molecules join together to form a
disaccharide.

(i) Name the products of this reaction.

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Name the type of reaction that joins the glucose molecules together.

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 3 marks)

Q9.
A student investigated the glucose concentration in five different drinks.
His results are shown below.

(a) Using the data, calculate how many grams of glucose would be in 220 cm3 of drink
F.

Answer = ____________________________ g
(1)

(b) Calculate how much more glucose is in drink C than in drink F. Show your answer
as a percentage.
Answer = ____________________________ %
(1)
(Total 2 marks)

Q10.
(a) Most blood glucose comes from starch and disaccharides in the diet.
Describe a test you could use to check if food in the diet contained starch.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Explain how digestion of starch in the gut (small intestine) leads to an increase in
the concentration of glucose in the blood. Details of co-transport are not required.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) Suggest a method you could use to estimate the concentration of glucose in several
different solutions that all turned brick red with Benedict’s reagent in 3 minutes.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Q11.
(a) The letters P, Q, R, S and T represent ways substances can move across
membranes.

• P – diffusion through the phospholipid bilayer

• Q – facilitated diffusion
• R – active transport
• S – co-transport
• T – osmosis
For each of the following examples of transport across membranes, select the letter
that represents the way in which the substance moves across the membrane.

Write the appropriate letter in each box provided.

Transport through a channel protein

Transport of small, non-polar

molecules

Transport of glucose with sodium ions

(3)

The diagram shows how a plant cell produces its cell wall.

(b) Y is a protein. One function of Y is to transport cellulose molecules across the

phospholipid bilayer.

Using information from the diagram, describe the other function of Y.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) What is the evidence in the diagram that the phospholipid bilayer shown is part of
the
cell-surface membrane?
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) In the cell wall, bonds hold the cellulose molecules together side by side.

Tick (✔) one box that describes the type of bond that holds the cellulose molecules
together side by side.

Ester

Hydrogen

Ionic

Peptide

(1)
(Total 7 marks)

Q12.
Scientists investigated the hydrolysis of sucrose in growing plant cells by an enzyme
called SPS.

(a) Name the products of the hydrolysis of sucrose.

1. _________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) The scientists grew plant cells in a culture for 12 days. At the start, there were only a
few cells in the culture. Each day, they determined the mass of sucrose hydrolysed
by SPS in the plant cells in 1 hour.

The following table shows their results.

Mass of sucrose Rate of hydrolysis of

Day hydrolysed by SPS sucrose
in 1 hour / μg by SPS

0 0.07

2 0.09

4 0.11

6 0.15
8 0.20

10 0.24

12 0.24

For each day, calculate the rate per minute of the reaction catalysed by SPS.
Record the rates in standard form and plot a suitable graph of your processed data.

(3)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
Q13.
(a) Describe the induced-fit model of enzyme action.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) A scientist investigated the hydrolysis of starch.

He added amylase to a suspension of starch and measured the concentration of
maltose in the reaction mixture at regular intervals.

His results are shown in the graph below.

Determine the rate of the reaction at 10 minutes.

Show how you obtained your answer.

Rate of reaction ____________________ mg dm−3 min−1

(2)

(c) Explain the results shown in the graph.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) A quantitative Benedict’s test produces a colour whose intensity depends on the
concentration of reducing sugar in a solution. A colorimeter can be used to measure
the intensity of this colour.

The scientist used quantitative Benedict’s tests to produce a calibration curve of

colorimeter reading against concentration of maltose.

Describe how the scientist would have produced the calibration curve and used it to
obtain the results in the graph.

Do not include details of how to perform a Benedict’s test in your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 9 marks)

Q14.
(a) Describe how the structures of starch and cellulose molecules are related to their
functions.
(5)

(b) Describe the processes involved in the transport of sugars in plant stems.
(5)
(Total 10 marks)

Q15.
Cow’s milk contains the sugar lactose. Many cats are unable to digest cow’s milk because
they are lactose intolerant.

Cow’s milk can be made suitable for these cats by treating it with the enzyme lactase to
hydrolyse lactose. This makes the cow’s milk lactose-free. Beads are coated with lactase
and placed in a tube, as shown in the diagram below. Cow’s milk flows over the beads
and the lactose is hydrolysed.
(a) Attaching lactase to the beads is a more efficient use of lactase than adding the
lactase directly to cow’s milk.

Suggest three reasons why it is more efficient to attach lactase to the beads.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) Monosaccharides and disaccharides taste sweet.

The lactose-free milk made after hydrolysis with lactase tastes sweeter than the
cow’s milk containing lactose.
Suggest why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Q16.
(a) (i) Give two ways in which the structure of starch is similar to cellulose.

1. ____________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Give two ways in which the structure of starch is different from cellulose.

1. ____________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) In plants, mass transport of sugars takes place through columns of sieve cells in the
phloem. Other cells, called companion cells, transport sugars into, and out of, the
sieve cells.

The diagram shows the structure of phloem.

Structures I and J allow the transport of sugars between cells.

(i) Using the diagram, suggest and explain one other way in which sieve cells are
adapted for mass transport.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Using the diagram, suggest and explain one other way in which companion
cells are adapted for the transport of sugars between cells.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Q17.
(a) In humans, the enzyme maltase breaks down maltose to glucose.
This takes place at normal body temperature.

Explain why maltase:

• only breaks down maltose
• allows this reaction to take place at normal body temperature.

___________________________________________________________________

(Extra space) ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(5)
(b) Scientists have investigated the effects of competitive and non-competitive inhibitors
of the enzyme maltase.

Describe competitive and non-competitive inhibition of an enzyme.

___________________________________________________________________

(Extra space) ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 10 marks)

Q18.
Many sports drinks contain water, sodium chloride and carbohydrates. The manufacturers
of the sports drinks claim that carbohydrates provide an energy boost. The sodium
chloride is used to increase absorption of glucose in the small intestine.

Scientists investigated the effect of a sports drink on the performance of runners in 5 km

races.
They recruited 100 runners who had previously run a 5 km race in similar times. During
this race, Race 1, they had water they could drink.
The scientists divided the runners into two equal groups, P and Q. Both groups ran a
second 5 km race, Race 2. During this race:

• group P had water available

• group Q had the sports drink available.

The scientists recorded the mean time for each group to complete this race.

Figure 1 shows their results.

Figure 1

The glycaemic index (GI) is a measure of the increase in blood glucose concentration
after eating a given mass of a food compared with eating the same mass of pure glucose.
The GI of pure glucose has a value of 100.

The GI of a food depends on several factors such as how much starch and sugars it
contains. High GI foods include those containing lots of simple sugars or white flour. The
carbohydrates in these foods are rapidly digested and absorbed. Low GI foods include
wholegrain bread and breakfast cereals that contain a lot of fibre. The carbohydrates in
these foods are digested and absorbed more slowly.

Figure 2 shows changes in blood glucose concentration after eating meals of high GI food
and meals of low GI food.

Figure 2
Explain how a sports drink could provide an energy boost when running.

_______________________________________________________________________

(Extra space)____________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 3 marks)

Q19.
The diagram shows the structure of the cell-surface membrane of a cell.
(a) Name A and B.

A _________________________________________________________________

B _________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) (i) C is a protein with a carbohydrate attached to it. This carbohydrate is formed
by joining monosaccharides together. Name the type of reaction that joins
monosaccharides together.

Name the type of reaction that joins monosaccharides together.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Some cells lining the bronchi of the lungs secrete large amounts of mucus.
Mucus contains protein.

Name one organelle that you would expect to find in large numbers in a
mucus-secreting cell and describe its role in the production of mucus.

Organelle______________________________________________________

Description of role _______________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Q20.
(a) Describe how you would test a sample of food for the presence of starch.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) The concentration of glucose in the blood rises after eating a meal containing
carbohydrates.

The rise is slower if the carbohydrate is starch rather than sucrose. Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

(Extra space)________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

The glycaemic load (GL) of a diet is a measure of how much digestible carbohydrate
it contains. The higher the GL of a diet the more quickly it raises the blood glucose
concentration after a meal. A diet with a high GL also increases the concentration of
harmful lipids in the blood.

Scientists investigated the relationship between diets with different glycaemic loads
and the risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD) in women.

The scientists determined the glycaemic loads of the diets of a large number of
women. They then divided the women into 5 groups. Group 1 had diets with the
lowest glycaemic load and group 5 had diets with the highest glycaemic load. The
scientists determined the risk of developing CHD in each group.

The graph shows their results.

Diet group
(c) The scientists excluded women who smoked from the study. Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) (i) What do these data show about the effect that glycaemic load of the diet has
on the risk of developing CHD?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Use the information provided to explain the effect that glycaemic load of the
diet has on the risk of developing CHD.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Q21.
(a) Name the monosaccharides of which the following disaccharides are composed.

(i) Sucrose

monosaccharides___________________and___________________
(1)

(ii) Lactose

monosaccharides___________________and___________________
(1)

(b) Amylase and maltase are involved in the digestion of starch in the small intestine.

Complete the table by identifying where these enzymes are produced and the
product of the reaction they catalyse.

Product of the
Where the enzyme is
Name of enzyme reaction catalysed
produced
by the enzyme

Amylase
Maltase

(2)
(Total 4 marks)

Q22.
(a) The table shows some statements about three carbohydrates. Complete the table
with a tick in each box if the statement is true.

Statement Starch Cellulose Glycogen

Found in plant cells

Contains glycosidic bonds

Contains β-glucose
(3)

(b) Name the type of reaction that would break down these carbohydrates into their
monomers.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Feature ____________________________________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) The picture shows starch grains as seen with an optical microscope. The actual
length of starch grain A is 48 μm. Use this information and the arrow line to
calculate the magnification of the picture. Show your working.
© iStock/Thinkstock

Magnification ____________________ times

(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Q23.
The diagram shows one end of a cellulose molecule.

(a) (i) Name the monomers that form a cellulose molecule.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Name bond Y.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) What chemical group is at position Z?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) (i) Complete the table to show two ways in which the structure of cellulose is
different from the structure of starch.

Starch Cellulose

(2)
(ii) Explain one way in which the structure of cellulose is linked to its function.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Q24.
The diagram shows the structure of a bacterium and the sites of action of two antibiotics.

(a) (i) Use information in the diagram to explain why vancomycin does not affect
human cells.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Use information in the diagram to explain how tetracycline prevents bacterial
growth.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Frequent treatment with vancomycin can result in resistant strains of bacteria.
Explain how.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(Extra space)________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

Q25.
The equation shows the breakdown of lactose by the enzyme lactase.

Lactose + water galactose + monosaccharide X

(a) (i) Name the type of reaction catalysed by the enzyme lactase.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Name monosaccharide X.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) (i) Describe how you would use a biochemical test to show that a reducing sugar
is present.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Lactose, galactose and monosaccharide X are all reducing sugars.

After the lactose has been broken down there is a higher concentration of
reducing sugar. Explain why.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) A high concentration of galactose slows down the breakdown of lactose by lactase.
Use your knowledge of competitive inhibition to suggest why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Q26.
Some people are lactose intolerant. The lactose in milk and milk products, such as
cheese, causes digestive discomfort in these people.
Scientists gave 159 adult volunteers, who had dia gnosed themselves as lactose
intolerant, a questionnaire to complete. The volunteers were asked,

• do you eat the food?

• if you eat the food, do you feel discomfor t after eating it?

The results are shown in the table.

Percentage of people who

Typical
lactose A B C (= A + B) D
Food content do not feel do not eat the feel no
/ g per eat the discomfort food or feel discomfort
serving food after eating discomfort after after eating
the food eating the food the food

Hard
1.2 11.1 39.9 51.0 49.0
cheese

Pizza 3.0 10.4 57.8 68.2 31.8

Soft cheese 3.6 25.1 53.0 78.1 21.9

Ice cream 6.0 14.6 68.2 82.8 17.2

Milk 9.9 27.0 67.1 94.1 5.9

(a) The scientists investigated the relationship between the lactose content of the food
and the amount of digestive discomfort.

(i) The figures in columns A and B were used to produce those in column C.
The scientists used column C rather than column B in their analysis. Suggest
why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Describe the relationship between the lactose content of the food and the data
in column C.

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) The scientists could not conclude that the discomfort was caused by the
increase in lactose content of the food. Explain why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Suggest two reasons why the data in this table may be unreliable.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Q27.
(a) The table shows some substances found in cells. Complete the table to show the
properties of these substances. Put a tick in the box if the statement is correct.

Substance

Statement DNA
Starch Glycogen Deoxyribose
helicase

Substance contains only

the elements carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen

Substance is made from

amino acid monomers

Substance is found in
both animal cells and
plant cells
(4)

(b) The diagram shows two molecules of β-glucose.

On the diagram, draw a box around the atoms that are removed when the two β-
glucose molecules are joined by condensation.
(2)

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) A starch molecule has a spiral shape. Explain why this shape is important to
its function in cells.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Q28.
(a) Give one feature of starch and explain how this feature enables it to act as a
storage substance.

Feature ____________________________________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) The diagram shows part of a cellulose molecule.

(i) Name part A.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Name bond B.

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(c) The structure of cellulose is related to its role in plant cell walls. Explain how.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

Q29.
Doctors compared two tests for lactase deficiency.

Doctors investigated three groups of people. The people in all three groups were not
allowed to eat or drink for 8 hours before the test. They each then drank a solution
containing 50 g of lactose made with a radioactive form of carbon called 14C.

• Group A were the control group

• Group B were lactase deficient
• Group C had irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Both lactase deficiency and irritable bowel syndrome have similar symptoms.

The doctors carried out two measurements on the people in each group.

Test 1 – The lactose tolerance test

The doctors measured the concentration of radioactive glucose in the blood of each
person. Figure 1 shows the results. Each point shows the result for one person 3 hours
after drinking the lactose solution.

Figure 1
Test 2 – The carbon dioxide breath test

In this test the doctors measured the amount of 14C in the carbon dioxide breathed out.
The doctors took measurements at intervals for 8 hours after each volunteer had drunk
the lactose solution. Figure 2 shows the mean results for each group.

Figure 2

The people who took part in these tests were not allowed to eat or drink for 8 hours before
the test. Explain why.

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
(Total 2 marks)

Q30.
Doctors compared two tests for lactase deficiency.

• Group A were the control group

• Group B were lactase deficient
• Group C had irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Both lactase deficieny and irritable bowel syndrome have similar symptoms.

The lactose tolerance test

The doctors measured the concentration of radioactive glucose in the blood of each
person. The figure below shows the results. Each point shows the result for one person 3
hours after drinking the lactose solution.

(a) (i) Give the range of results for the control group (group A)

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Each person in the control group was given 50 g of lactose containing the
same amount of radioactive carbon. All the products of lactose digestion were
absorbed into their blood. The concentration of glucose was measured in mg
per 100 cm3 of blood.

Explain why the variation in the results may be due to differences in body
mass.

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) In the test the doctors obtained different results for the three groups.

Would this test be useful to identify people who were lactase deficient? Use the data
from all three groups to explain your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

(Extra space)________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

Q31.
Doctors compared two tests for lactase deficiency.

• Group A were the control group

• Group B were lactase deficient
• Group C had irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Both lactase deficieny and irritable bowel syndrome have similar symptoms.

The carbon dioxide breath test

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Explain why the doctors stopped measuring the amounts of 14C in the carbon dioxide
breathed out after 8 hours.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Carbon dioxide in the breath contained the radioactive form of carbon, 14C. Explain
how 14C in carbon dioxide came from 14C in glucose in the blood.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) The doctors concluded that measuring the amount of 14C in the carbon dioxide in the
breath after 3 hours was a better way of diagnosing lactase deficiency than the
lactose tolerance test. Do you agree with the doctors’ conclusion? Give the reasons
for your answer.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Q32.
Biologists divided new-born rats randomly into four groups.

They fed the rats in each group on a standard diet which only differed in the carbohydrate
content. When these rats were adult, the biologists measured the activity of lactase in the
digestive system of the rats. The following table shows the mean results for each group.

Mean lactase activity / µ mol of lactose digested per

Diet
hour (± standard deviation)

Low sucrose 57.9 (± 14.5)

High sucrose 184.2 (± 30.8)

Low starch 86.9 (± 13.3)

High starch 221.4 (± 25.4)

(a) Give one piece of evidence from the table that indicates lactase activity is affected
by diet.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Some students suggested from these data that increasing starch in the diet was the
most effective way to increase lactase activity in lactase deficient people. Is this
conclusion valid? Explain your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 3 marks)

Q33.
Omega-3 fatty acids are found in cows’ milk. Scientists investigated changes in the
concentration of omega-3 fatty acids in milk when cows were moved from eating grass in
fields to eating corn in cattle sheds. The following figure shows the results of one
investigation.

(a) The concentration of omega-3 fatty acids in milk changed when cows were fed on
corn instead of grass. Describe how.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) (i) Calculate the rate of decrease in the mean omega-3 fatty acid concentration
between 0 and 40 days.
Show your working.

Answer____________________% per day

(2)

(ii) The omega-3 fatty acid concentration is expressed as a percentage of total fat.
Explain the advantage of this.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(iii) One farmer concluded from the graph that feeding cows on corn reduces the
omega-3 fatty acid content in milk. Evaluate this conclusion.

______________________________________________________________

Extra space___________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 10 marks)

Q34.
(a) (i) The equation shows the reaction catalysed by the enzyme lactase. Complete
this equation.

Lactose + Glucose +

(2)

(ii) Name the type of chemical reaction shown in this equation.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Lactase is an enzyme. Lactose is a reducing sugar.

(i) Describe how you could use the biuret test to distinguish a solution of the
enzyme, lactase from a solution of lactose.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Explain the result you would expect with the enzyme.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q35.
A glucose biosensor is an instrument used to measure glucose concentration. It contains
an enzyme called glucose oxidase.

(a) A glucose biosensor detects only glucose. Use your knowledge of the way in which
enzymes work to explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) It is better to use a biosensor than the Benedict’s test to measure the concentration
of glucose in a sample of blood. Suggest two reasons why.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) (i) Diabetes mellitus is a disease that can lead to an increase in blood glucose
concentration. Some diabetics need insulin injections. Insulin is a protein so it
cannot be taken orally. Suggest why insulin cannot be taken orally.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) A drug company produced a new type of insulin. Scientists from the company
carried out a trial in which they gave this new type of insulin to rats. They
reported that the results of this trial on rats were positive. A newspaper stated
that diabetics would benefit from this new drug. Suggest two reasons why this
statement should be viewed with caution.

1. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

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