Cbse class 12 physics investigatory project on

logic gates

Physics HL (Sunbeam CBSE school)

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 BHAGWATI INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC
SCHOOL
Dr. Indu Dayal Meshri Primary English School

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON
“ Logic Gates ”

Guided by: - Mr. Sandeep

Darji Submitted by: - Rohan
.D. Patel Roll no: -

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 This is to certify that Mr. Rohan Patel
student of XII science Roll no
worked on project
titled- “Logic Gates” held in Bhagwati
International Public School during the
academic year 2016-2017.
He worked sincerely under the
guidance of faculties and prepared this
dissertation.

External Teacher Subject Teacher

Principal
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I am immensely indebted to almighty god for
his blessings and grace without which I could not have
undertaken this task and my efforts would never have
been a success.
I humbly consider a privilege and honor to
express my heartiest and profound gratitude to Mr.
Rajendra.S. Malwal, principal BIPS, Patan. For his
appropriate direction, valuable suggestion, under judging
assistance so generously extended to me.
I wish to express my deepest feelings of gratitude to Mr.
Sandeep Darji, physics department, BIPS Patan. For his
erudite involvement and sustained guidance which has
been pivotal in my project work. His minute observation,
precious insights, critical comments have indeed greatly
helped to shape my ideas.
This guidance and support received from my
entire classmates who contributed and who are
contributing to this project, is vital for the success of this
project. I am grateful for their constant support and help.
I also owe sense of gratitude to my parents for
encouragement and support throughout the project.

- ROHAN PATEL

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CONTENT’S.
SR.NO TITLE PAGE NO.
1 Introduction 1
2 Principle 2
3 Basic Gates 3
4 The OR Gate 5
5 The AND Gate 7
6 The NOT Gate 9
7 The NOR Gate 11
8 The NAND Gate 13
9 The EX-OR Gate 15
10 The EX-NOR Gate 17
11 Conclusion 19
12 Bibliography 20

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Introduction.
GATE: - A gate is defined as a digital circuit which
follows some logical relationship between the input and
output voltages. It is a digital circuit which either allows
a signal to pass through or stop it.
➢ The logic gates are building blocks at digital
electronics. They are used in digital electronics to
change one voltage level into another according
to some logic statement relating to them.
Truth Table: - A logic gate may have one or more
than one inputs, but it has only one output. The
relationship between the possible values of input and
output voltages are expressed in the form of a table
called truth table.
➢ Truth table of a logic gate is a table that shows all
the inputs and outputs that are possible for the logic
gates.
Boolean Algebra: - The algebra which is based on
binary nature of the logic gates.
Boolean Expressions: - They are the logical
statement which are followed by logical gates.

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Principle.
Any Boolean algebraic operation can be associated with
the input and output, which represents the statement of
Boolean algebra. Although these circuits may be
complex, they may all be constructed from three basic
devices like a P-N junction diode, a resistance and a N-
P- N transistor.
We have three different type of logic gates and they are
the AND gate, the OR gate and the NOT gate.

LOGICAL STATEMENTS.
1 0
High Low
Positive Negative
On Off
Close Open
Conducting Non-Conducting
Right Wrong
True False
Yes No
2

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Basic Gates.
The OR Gate: - It is a device that combines A and B to
give Y as the result. The OR gate has two or more inputs
and one output. In Boolean algebra, addition symbol (+),
is referred as the OR.
The Boolean expression: A+B=Y
This indicates that Y equals to A or B.

The AND Gate: - It is a device that combines A

with B to give Y as the result. The AND gate has two or
more inputs and one output. In Boolean algebra,
multiplication sign is referred as the AND.
The Boolean expression: A.B=Y or A X B=Y
This indicates that Y equals to A and B.

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The NOT Gate: - It is a device that inverts the
inputs. The NOT has one input and has one output. In
Boolean algebra, bar symbol is referred as the NOT.
The Boolean expression: 𝑨̅ = 𝒀
This indicates that Y is not equal to A.

- Making of logic gates was started by

binary numbers.

- Logic gates can also store information.

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 The OR
Gate.
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE OR GATE
CIRCUIT.

Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2).

Theory and Construction:

An OR gate can be realized by the electronic circuit,
making use of two diodes D1 and D2.

Hear the negative terminal of the battery is grounded

and corresponds to the 0 level, and the
positive terminal of the battery corresponds to level
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1. The output Y is voltage at C with respect to earth.

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The following conclusion can be drawn from the
above circuit:
(i) If the switch A and B are kept open
(A=1, B=0), then bulb does not
glow, hence Y=0
(ii) If switch A is kept closed and B is kept
open (A=1, B=0), then bulb does not
glow, hence Y=0
(iii) If switch A is kept open and B is kept
closed (A=0, B=1), then bulb does not
glow, hence Y=0
(iv) If switch A and B both are kept closed
(A=1, B=1), then bulb glows, hence Y=1

TRUTH TABLE:
Input A Input B OUTPUT
0 0 0
0
1
1
0
6
0

0
1 1 1

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The AND
Gate.
Aim:
TO DESING AND STIMULATE THE AND
GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:
• Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2)
• A resistance R.

Theory and Construction:

An AND gate can be realized by the electronic
circuit, making use of two diodes D1 and D2. The
resistance R is connected to the positive terminal
of a 5V battery permanently.

Here the negative terminal of the battery is

grounded and corresponds to the 0 level, and the
positive terminal of the battery corresponds to the
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level 1. The output Y is the voltage at C with
respect to earth.
7

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The following conclusion can be easily drawn
from the working of this circuit:
(i) If the switch A and B are kept open (A=0,
B=0), then bulb does not glow., hence Y=0.
(ii) If switch A is kept closed and B is kept
open (A=1, B=0), then bulb does not
glow, hence Y=0.
(iii) If switch A is kept open and B is kept
closed (A=0, B=1), then bulb does not
glow, hence Y=0.
(iv) If both switch A and B are kept closed
(A=1, B=1), then bulb glows, hence Y=1.

TRUTH TABLE:
Input A Input B OUTPUT
0 0 0
0
1
1
0
8
0
0
1 1 1

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The NOT
Gate.
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE NOT
GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:
An ideal n-p-n transistor.

Theory and Construction:

A NOT gate cannot be realized by using diodes.
However, an electronic circuit of NOT gate can be
realized by making use a n-p-n transistor.

The base of the transistor is connected to the

input A through a resistance Rb and the emitter is
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earthed. The collector is connected to 5V battery.
The output Y is voltage at C with respect to earth.

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The following inference can be easily drawn from
the working of circuit:
(i) If the switch A is kept open(A=0) then
bulb glows, hence Y=1
(ii) If the switch A is kept closed(A=1)
then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0

TRUTH TABLE:
Input A OUTPUT Y
0 1
1 0

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The NOR
Gate.
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE NOR
GATE CIRCUIT.
Component:
• Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2).
• An ideal n-p-n transistor

Theory and Construction:

If we connect the output Y’ of OR gate to the input
of a NOT gate, then the gate obtained is the NOR
gate. The output Y is voltage at C with respect to
earth.

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In Boolean expression, the NOR gate is expressed
as:
(𝑦 =
̅𝐴̅̅+̅̅
̅̅𝐵̅)
And is being read as “A or B negated”.

Th following inference can be easily drawn from

the working of electrical circuit:
(i) If the switch A and B is kept open
(A=0, B=0) then bulb glows, hence
Y=1.
(ii) If the switch A is kept closed and B is kept
open (A=1, B=0) then the bulb glows,
hence Y=0.
(iii) If the switch A is kept open and B is kept
closed (A=0, B=1) then the bulb does not
glow, hence Y=0.
(iv) If the both switch A and B are kept closed
(A=1, B=1) then bulb does not glow, hence
Y=0.
TRUTH TABLE:
Input A Input B OUTPUT
0 0 1
0
1
1
0
12
0

0
1 1 0
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The NAND
Gate.
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND
STIMULATE THE NAND
GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:
• Two ideal p-n junction diode(D1 and D2)
• A resistance R
• An ideal n-p-n transistor

Theory and Construction:

If we connect the output Y’ of the AND gate to the
input of a NOT gate then the gate obtained is the
NAND gate. The output Y is voltage at C with
respect to earth.

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In Boolean expression, the NAND gate is
expressed as:
(𝑦 = ̅̅
𝐴̅̅.̅𝐵̅)
And is being read as ‘A and B negated’.

The following inference can be easily drawn from

the working of circuit:
(i) If the switch A and B are kept closed (A=0,
B=0) then bulb glows, hence Y=1.
(ii) If the switch A is kept open and B is kept
closed (A=0, B=1), then bulb glows, hence
Y=1
(iii) If switch A is kept closed and B is kept
open (A=1, B=0), then bulb glows,
hence Y=1
(iv) If both switch A and B are kept closed
(A=1, B=1) then bulb does not glow,
hence Y=0.
TRUTH TABLE:
Input A Input B OUTPUT
0 0 1
0
1
1
0
14
1

1
1 1 0

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The EX-OR
Gate.
Aim:
TO DESIGNA AND STIMULATE THE EX-OR
GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:
• Two AND gates
• An OR gate
• Two NOT gate

Theory and Construction:

The operation EX-OR checks for the exclusivity
in the value of the two signals A and B. It means
if A and B are not identical, the output Y=1, and
if both are identical, then output Y=0. This
operation is also called exclusive OR gate,
designated EX-OR.

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 15

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 In Boolean expression, the EX-OR gate is
expressed as:
(𝑦 = 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐵̅ + 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐵 = 𝐴 ⊕ 𝐵)

The following inference can be easily drawn from

the working of electrical circuit:
(i) If the switch A and B are kept open (A=0,
B=0) then bulb does not glow, hence Y=0
(ii) If the switch A is kept open and B is kept
closed (A=0, B=1) then bulb glows, hence
Y=1
(iii) If the switch A is kept closed and B is kept
open (A=1, B=0) then the bulb will glow,
hence Y=1
(iv) If the switch A and B are kept closed
(A=1, B=1) then bulb will not glow, hence
Y=0
TRUTH TABLE:
Input A Input B OUTPUT
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
0
1 1 1 6

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The EX-NOR
Gate.
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE EX-NOR
GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:
• Two AND gates
• And OR gate
• Three NOT gates

Theory and Components:

The operation EX-NOR checks for the exclusively
in the value of the two signals A and B. it means
if A and B are not identical, the output Y=0, and
if both are identical, then the output Y=1. This
operation is also called exclusive NOR gate,
designated EX-NOR.

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 In Boolean expression, the EX-NOR gate is
expressed as
(𝑦 = 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐵̅ + 𝐴̅ ⋅ 𝐵 = ̅𝐴̅̅⊕̅̅̅̅𝐵̅)

The following inference can be easily drawn

from the working of electrical circuit:
(v) If the switch A and B are kept open (A=0,
B=0) then bulb glows, hence Y=1
(vi) If the switch A is kept open and B is kept
closed (A=0, B=1) then bulb does not
glow, hence Y=0
(vii) If the switch A is kept closed and B is kept
open (A=1, B=0) then the bulb does not
glow, hence Y=0
(viii) If the switch A and B are kept closed
(A=1, B=1) then bulb will glow, hence
Y=1

TRUTH TABLE:
Input A Input B OUTPUT
0 0 1
0 1 0
1
1
0
1
18
0
1

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Conclusion.
Logic gates are used to develop many IC
circuits or microchips in today’s modern
world.
NAND gate and NOR gate are known as
universal gates because we can construct all
the three basic gates using NAND & NOR
gates.

WITHOUT LOGIC GATES, ELECTRONIC WORLD WOULD

BE NEARLY INCOMPLETE!

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Bibliograph
y.
This project would be nearly incomplete if
I had not used the information given
in the following websites.
My special thanks to the uploader of
information on these websites. If
considered, I have used everything that
GOOGLE shows me…….

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