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JN — {PIN L ee Shi oH He ol ‘protium — cleubriam ium = af Tobie =f The atoms having the Anime paust number ( a ed A pobare Be ane a, unth navel eee 37 31 4 S Say ho | of nevbons — Teotonts ce) The nuchides having the Same number le 4 e ove tolled. folonee = 2 os S17 A aaa ek NeA=02Z " Neh-z Ne! 47-17 Nz 3914 N=2Z0 NeoAssuring oucter to | Scherttol their Volume cous he tstiwaked. Jet peximentus hie chsevvalions ea chou that ie (olume 4 0s Nucleus i clinecti4 -groportinnal jo its ma maber Vow AS Up Pee B Pre unit 6 tsa 3 Ro = 1.2 Sem 8 sole Ro? 1.2 xi oe age: eI ae i Reena els = a HW] | Nuclear clensity <=} 4 Q__Aurleus to its Volume _ the Volume S| tu salurleus oa di | to \ts numbey fo _the density ‘i independent cl the Size ob the nideus Tat nucteos matter! Ihehaves lize of Constont oTNuclear densrtg >» PP. = mass ch nudes = mh = am Volume col nucleus oo RE Gn Re ore BY ke7x1027 m= 16741077 ue Uy 3.1 x (Le xg S)* Ro = 2% 107% oly Dow = 3 x10" Ky m3 =) od | The oucteay amitiss Hews. this clenasihy 44! ver Yn density nd oxelinary egeadl U odhicn 9 = m0! 1g fro ¢ esas ae of Quclea’ These 4oxces arenS Aoy@es: are . Sov ang € 28 “The e_jorces aye Re fkobona Mass Qe fer Tis Seung Phot the mass : ess_than Me Setar Comstt}uent psoten g pee ao its Huet aucleon sy Cu the constituen: { m 7m, (A-2Z) Ma Rocking. Traction The Agelsiac Hien 4 nucleus itS_img A Les cE fey Nue lear ‘ a Pe ofa nuceu = Mass defert = a Mass umber Ay j Binding en exes13.11 BINDING ENERGY CURVE 13. Draw a graph showing the variation of binding energy per micleon with mass number of different nuclei. Give the salient features of the curve. How does this curve explam the release of energy in the processes of nuclear fission and fusion ? Binding energy curve. The value of binding energy per nucleon of a nucleus gives a measure of the stability of that nucleus. Greater is the binding energy per nucleon of a nucleus, more stable is the nucleus. Fig. 13.5 shows the graph of binding energy per nucleon drawn against number A. The binding energy curve reveals the following important features : 1. Except for some nuclei like {He, "Cand "$0, the values of binding energy per nucleon lie on or near a smooth curve. ~~» & = 2 g t : z 0 0 100 150 200 za Mass number A —+ Fig. 13.5 Binding energy per nucieon as a function of mass number A2. The B.E. /nucleon is small for light nuclei like tH, jHand jH 3. In the mass number range 2 to 20, there are well defined maxima and minima on the curve. The maxima occur for {He nC and 0 indicating the higher stability of these nuclei than the neighbouring ones. The minima, corresponding to low stability, occur for $Li, "Band '4N. 4, The curve has a broad maximum close to the value 8.5 MeV/nucleon in the mass number range from about 40 to 120. It has a peak value of 8.8 MeV/nucleon for Fe. 5. As the mass number increases further, the B.E. / nucleon shows a gradual decrease and drops to 7.6 MeV/nucleon for *3;U. This decrease is due to coulomb repulsion between the protons which makes the heavier nuclei less stable, Importance of binding energy curve. The binding energy curve can be used to explain the phenomena of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion as follows : 1. Nuclear fission. Binding energy per nucleon is smaller for heavier nuclei than the middle ones, ic., heavier nuclei are less stable. When a heavier nucleus splits into the lighter nuclei, the B.E./nucleon changes from about 7.6 MeV to 8.4 MeV. Greater binding energy of the product nuclei results in the liberation of energy. This is what happens in nuclear fission which is the basis of the atom bomb. 2. Nuclear fusion. The binding energy per nucleon is small for light muclei, ie., they are less stable. So when two light nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, the higher binding energy per nucleon of the latter results in the release of energy. This is what happens in a nuclear fusion which is the basis of the hydrogen bomb.