Time Maximu 100

Three Hours
: m: Marks
Answer ALL Questions.
Part A – (10 × 2 = 10 Marks)
1. Define IoT. K1 CO
Answer: 1
IoT (Internet of Things) refers to the network of physical objects or
devices that are connected to the internet and can communicate with
each other, share data, and be remotely monitored or controlled. These
devices, often embedded with sensors, software, and other
technologies, collect and exchange data in real time.

2. Give any two advantages of integrating cloud computing with IoT. K2 CO

Answer 1
Scalability and Flexibility: Cloud computing provides virtually
unlimited storage and processing power, allowing IoT systems to scale
easily as the number of connected devices grows.
Data Storage and Analytics: IoT devices generate vast amounts of
data. Cloud platforms offer secure and cost-effective storage solutions
for this data.

3. Mention two benefits of using NFV in networks. K2 CO

Answer: 2
 Improved agility
NFV allows service providers to quickly deploy new network services
and functions.
 Reduced costs
NFV can reduce network maintenance costs, power consumption, and
the amount of space needed for network hardware.

4. State the Purpose of YANG in network management. K1 CO

Answer 2
YANG is a standards-based, extensible data modeling language that is
used to model the configuration and operational state data, remote
procedure calls (RPCs), and server event notifications of network
devices.
5. Give the main difference between Arduino and Raspberry pi ? K2 CO
Answer: 3

S
No
. Arduino Raspberry Pi

In the year 2005, the

classrooms of the
In the year 2012, Eben Upton
Interactive Design Institute
1. first introduced the Raspberry
in Ivrea, Italy, first
Pi device in February.
introduced the Arduino
board.

Control unit of the Arduino The control unit of Raspberry Pi

2.
is from the At mega family. is from the ARM family.

Arduino is based on a While Raspberry Pi is based on

3.
microcontroller. a microprocessor.

While Raspberry Pi computes

It is designed to control the data and produces valuable
electrical components outputs, and controls
4.
connected to the circuit components in a system based
board in a system. on the outcome of its
computation.

Arduino boards have a While Raspberry Pi boards have

5. simple hardware and a complex architecture of
software structure. hardware and software.

6. What is the role of buzzer in IoT Systems ? K2 CO

Answer 3
In IoT systems, a buzzer's role is to provide an audible alert or
notification and buzzers in IoT systems provide an essential auditory
feedback mechanism, enabling users to respond to events, alerts, and
notifications in a timely and effective manner.

7. List the advantages of using USB sensors in IoT. K1 CO

Answer
 4
1. Easy Integration: USB sensors are plug-and-play, making it easy to
integrate them into IoT systems.

2. Wide Compatibility: USB sensors are compatible with a wide range of

devices, including PCs, laptops, and single-board computers.

3. Low Power Consumption: USB sensors typically consume low power,

making them suitable for battery-powered IoT devices.

4. High Accuracy: USB sensors often provide high accuracy and

precision, making them suitable for applications that require reliable
data.

5. Compact Size: USB sensors are often compact and lightweight,

making them easy to deploy in space-constrained IoT applications.

8. Mention any two applications of motion detection sensor. K2 CO

Answer 4
Here are some applications of motion detection sensors:
1. Security Systems
2. Automated Lighting Systems
3. Home Automation
4. Energy Management
5. Intruder Alarm Systems
6. Surveillance Systems

9. Give the importance of API in IoT systems. K1 CO

Answer 5
APIs are important in IoT systems because they enable the following:

 Remote access: APIs allow users to remotely access connected

devices and use the data they collect.
 Secure data access: API management for IoT can make IoT data
more secure and easier to access.

 Device management: API management can simplify the

management of IoT devices.

 Collaboration: APIs can enable collaboration and innovation

among developers.

 Integration: APIs can integrate new applications with existing

software systems, which can increase development speed

10. Define the role of web server in IoT. K1 CO

Answer 5
In IoT (Internet of Things), a web server plays a crucial role in facilitating communication
between devices, sensors, and users. Here's a definition of the role of a web server in IoT:

The web server in IoT acts as an intermediary between devices, sensors, and users,
 enabling data exchange, remote monitoring, and control of IoT devices through web-based
interfaces.

Part B – (5 × 13 = 65 Marks)
11. a Discuss the physical design of an IoT system. What are the core 1 K1 CO
components involved, and how do they work together to form a
3 1
functional IoT architecture?
Core Components of an IoT System (4 marks)
Functional IoT Architecture (6 marks)
Interactions Between Components (4 marks)
Security Considerations (2 marks)
Answer :
The Physical design of IoT deals with the individual devices
connected to the IoT network and the protocols used to create a
functional IoT environment.
Each IoT device can perform tasks of remote sensing, actuating,
monitoring, etc due to the IoT network they are connected to.

The core components involved in IoT architecture are:

1. Sensors/Devices: Collect data from the physical world.

2. Gateway/Hub: Connects devices to the internet, processes

data, and provides security.

3. Network/Connectivity: Enables communication between

devices, gateways, and the cloud (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,
Cellular).

4. Cloud/Platform: Processes, stores, and analyzes data from

devices (e.g., AWS, Azure, Google Cloud).

5. Applications: Provide user interfaces, analytics, and insights

from IoT data.

6. Data Analytics/Management: Handles data processing,

storage, and analysis.

7. Security: Ensures the confidentiality, integrity, and availability

of IoT data.

The architecture of IoT is divided into 4 different layers i.e.

Sensing Layer, Network Layer, Data processing Layer, and
Application Layer.

 Sensing Layer: The sensing layer is the first layer of

 the Internet of Things architecture and is responsible
for collecting data from different sources.

 Network Layer: The network layer of an IoT architecture is

responsible for providing communication and connectivity
between devices in the IoT system.

 Data processing Layer: The data processing layer of IoT

architecture refers to the software and hardware
components that are responsible for collecting, analyzing,
and interpreting data from IoT devices. This layer is
responsible for receiving raw data from the devices,
processing it, and making it available for further analysis
or action.

 Application Layer: The application layer of IoT architecture

is the topmost layer that interacts directly with the end-
user. It is responsible for providing user-friendly interfaces
and functionalities that enable users to access and control
IoT devices.

OR
b Explain various IoT communication protocols. Compare and 1 K1 CO
contrast different protocols in terms of their use. Features and
3 1
application.
IoT Communication Protocols (6 marks)
Comparison of IoT Communication Protocols (4 marks)
Features and Application of IoT Communication Protocols (4
marks)
Use Cases and Applications (2 marks)
Answer :
Here are various IoT communication protocols:
 Wireless Protocols

1. Wi-Fi: A popular wireless protocol for IoT devices, offering

high-speed data transfer.
2. Bluetooth: A low-power, low-data-rate protocol for device-to-
device communication.
3. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE): A variant of Bluetooth, optimized
for low-power, low-data-rate applications.
4. Zigbee: A low-power, low-data-rate protocol for home
automation and industrial applications.
5. Z-Wave: A low-power, low-data-rate protocol for home
automation.

Wired Protocols

1. Ethernet: A wired protocol for high-speed data transfer in IoT

applications.
2. Powerline Communication (PLC): A protocol that uses power
lines for data transmission.

Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) Protocols

1. LoRaWAN: A protocol for long-range, low-power

communication in IoT applications.
2. Sigfox: A protocol for low-power, low-data-rate
communication in IoT applications.
3. NB-IoT (Narrowband Internet of Things): A protocol for low-
power, low-data-rate communication in IoT applications.

Machine-to-Machine (M2M) Protocols

1. MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport): A lightweight

protocol for M2M communication in IoT applications.
2. CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol): A protocol for M2M
communication in IoT applications.
3. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): A protocol for M2M
communication in IoT applications.

12 a Compare and contrast Software-Defined Networks (SDN) and 1 K1 CO

Network Function Virtualization (NFV). Discuss how both 3 2
technologies complement each other in managing large-scale
IoT deployments.
Comparison of SDN and NFV (8 marks)
Contribution of SDN and NFV (8 marks)
Answer key:

SDN NFV

SDN architecture mainly NFV is targeted at service

focuses on data centers. providers or operators.

NFV helps service providers or

SDN separates control operators to virtualize
plane and data forwarding functions like load balancing,
plane by centralizing routing, and policy
control and management by transferring
programmability of network functions from
network. dedicated appliances to
virtual servers.

SDN uses OpenFlow as a There is no protocol

communication protocol. determined yet for NFV.

SDN supports Open NFV is driven by ETSI NFV

Networking Foundation. Working group.

Various enterprise
networking software and Telecom service providers or
hardware vendors are operators are prime initiative
initiative supporters of supporters of NFV.
SDN.

Service providers or operators

Corporate IT act as a
act as a Business initiator for
Business initiator for SDN.
NFV.

SDN applications run on

NFV applications run on
industry-standard servers
industry-standard servers.
or switches.

NFV increases scalability and

agility as well as speed up
SDN reduces cost of
time-to-market as it
network because now there
dynamically allot hardware a
is no need of expensive
level of capacity to network
switches & routers.
functions needed at a
particular time.

Application of SDN: Application of NFV:

 Networking  Routers, firewalls,
 Cloud gateways
orchestration  WAN accelerators
 SDN NFV

 SLA assurance
 Video Servers
 Content Delivery
Networks (CDN)

SDN (Software-Defined Networking) and NFV (Network Function

Virtualization) technologies complement each other in managing
large-scale IoT deployments in several ways:

SDN Contributions

1. Centralized Network Management: SDN provides a

centralized controller to manage the network, making it easier
to configure, monitor, and troubleshoot the network.

2. Network Programmability: SDN allows for network

programmability, enabling the creation of custom network flows
and policies tailored to IoT device requirements.

3. Scalability and Flexibility: SDN enables scalable and flexible

network infrastructure, essential for handling the vast number
of IoT devices.

NFV Contributions

1. Virtualized Network Functions: NFV virtualizes network

functions, such as firewalls, routers, and load balancers, making
them more agile, scalable, and cost-effective.

2. Service Chaining: NFV enables service chaining, allowing

multiple virtualized network functions to be linked together to
provide a comprehensive set of services for IoT devices.
3. Improved Security: NFV provides improved security by
enabling the creation of virtualized security functions, such as
intrusion detection and prevention systems.

OR

b Explain the role of YANG as a data modelling language in 1 K2 CO

network management. How does YANG facilitate the 3 2
configuration and operation of IoT networks?
Role of YANG in Network Management (4 marks)

Answer
Here's the explanation of the role of YANG in network
management and its facilitation of IoT networks:

Role of YANG in Network Management (7 marks)

Benefits of Using YANG in IoT Networks (7 marks)
Implementation and Tools (4 marks)
1. Data Modelling Language: YANG is a data modelling language
used to model the configuration and state data of network
devices.
2. Standardization: YANG provides a standardized way to model
network data, enabling interoperability between different
devices and management systems.
3. Device-Independent: YANG models are device-independent,
allowing for consistent management across different devices.
4. Extensible: YANG models are extensible, allowing for
customization and adaptation to new technologies.
Facilitating Configuration and Operation of IoT Networks (6
marks)
1. Automated Configuration: YANG enables automated
configuration of IoT devices, reducing manual errors and
increasing efficiency.
2. Standardized Device Management: YANG provides a
standardized way to manage IoT devices, enabling scalable and
efficient management.
3. Real-Time Monitoring: YANG facilitates real-time monitoring of
IoT devices, enabling prompt detection and resolution of issues.
4. Improved Security: YANG enables secure configuration and
management of IoT devices, reducing the risk of security
breaches.
5. Scalability: YANG supports scalability, allowing for efficient
management of large IoT networks.
6. Interoperability: YANG enables interoperability between
different IoT devices and management systems.

Benefits of Using YANG in IoT Networks

1. Improved Network Efficiency: YANG enables automated
configuration and management, improving network efficiency
and reducing manual errors.
 2. Enhanced Scalability: YANG supports scalability, allowing for
efficient management of large IoT networks.
3. Increased Interoperability: YANG enables interoperability
between different IoT devices and management systems.
4. Better Security: YANG enables secure configuration and
management of IoT devices, reducing the risk of security
breaches.

Implementation and Tools

1. YANG Tools: Utilize YANG tools, such as pyang and yanglint,

to create, validate, and convert YANG models.
2. Network Management Systems: Implement YANG models in
network management systems, such as OpenDaylight and
ONOS, to manage and configure IoT networks

13. a Explain the steps involved in installing and setting up Arduino 1 K2 CO

and Raspberry Pi for IoT projects, Discuss the Software
3 3
requirements, operating system setup, and connectivity for both
platforms.
Installing and Setting up Arduino (6 marks)
Installing and Setting up Raspberry Pi (6 marks)
Software Requirements and Connectivity (2 marks)
Troubleshooting and Tips (2 marks)
Answer

Here are the steps involved in installing and setting up Arduino

and Raspberry Pi for IoT projects:

Arduino Setup

Installing and Setting up Arduino

1. Hardware Requirements: Arduino board (e.g., Arduino Uno),

USB cable, and a computer.

2. Software Requirements: Arduino IDE (Integrated

Development Environment) software.

3. Operating System Setup: Download and install the Arduino

IDE on your computer (Windows, macOS, or Linux).

4. Connectivity: Connect the Arduino board to your computer

using a USB cable.

5. Board Selection: Select the correct Arduino board from the

IDE's "Tools" menu
 Installing and Setting up Raspberry Pi

1. Hardware Requirements: Raspberry Pi board, microSD card,

power supply, and a computer.

2. Software Requirements: Raspbian operating system (or other

compatible OS) and any required software libraries.

3. Operating System Setup: Download and install the Raspbian

OS on the microSD card using a computer.

4. Connectivity: Connect the Raspberry Pi to your computer

using an HDMI cable and a keyboard.

Software Requirements and Connectivity

1. Arduino IDE: Required for programming and uploading code

to the Arduino board.

2. Raspbian OS: Required for the Raspberry Pi to function.

3. Connectivity Options: Both Arduino and Raspberry Pi support

various connectivity options, such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and
Ethernet.

Additional Requirements (1 mark)

1. Power Supply: Ensure a stable power supply for both Arduino

and Raspberry Pi boards.
OR
b Compare and contrast unipolar and bipolar stepper motors. 1 K2 CO
Explain how to control each type of motor using Arduino or 3 3
Raspberry Pi.
Advantages and Applications (4 marks)
Disadvantages and Applications (4 marks)
Stepper Motor Control (8 marks)

Answer
Unipolar Stepper Motors
Advantages
1. Simpler Driver Circuitry: Unipolar stepper motors require a simpler driver
circuit, as the motor windings are connected to a common ground.
2. Easier Control: Unipolar stepper motors are easier to control, as the
direction of rotation is determined by the sequence of pulses applied to the
windings.
3. Lower Cost: Unipolar stepper motors are generally less expensive than
bipolar stepper motors.
Disadvantages
1. Lower Torque: Unipolar stepper motors typically have lower torque ratings
than bipolar stepper motors.
2. Lower Efficiency: Unipolar stepper motors are less efficient than bipolar
stepper motors, as some of the windings are not used during rotation.
Bipolar Stepper Motors
Advantages
1. Higher Torque: Bipolar stepper motors have higher torque ratings than
unipolar stepper motors.
2. Higher Efficiency: Bipolar stepper motors are more efficient than unipolar
stepper motors, as all windings are used during rotation.
3. Smaller Size: Bipolar stepper motors can be designed to be smaller in size
than unipolar stepper motors.

Disadvantages
1. More Complex Driver Circuitry: Bipolar stepper motors require more
complex driver circuitry, as the motor windings must be driven with both
positive and negative voltages.
2. More Difficult Control: Bipolar stepper motors are more difficult to control, as
the direction of rotation is determined by the polarity of the voltages applied to
the windings.
3. Higher Cost: Bipolar stepper motors are generally more expensive than
unipolar stepper motors.

Unipolar Stepper Motor Control

Arduino
1. Connect the motor: Connect the unipolar stepper motor to the Arduino
board. Typically, the motor has 5 or 6 wires: 4 for the coils and 1 or 2 for the
common ground.
2. Define the motor pins: Define the Arduino pins connected to the motor coils
in the code.
3. Include the Stepper library: Include the Stepper library in the Arduino code
to control the motor.
4. Set the motor speed and steps: Set the motor speed and number of steps in
the code.
5. Use the step() function: Use the step() function to rotate the motor.

Example Arduino code:

#include <Stepper.h>

const int stepsPerRevolution = 2048; // change this to fit the number of steps
per revolution
Stepper myStepper(stepsPerRevolution, 8, 9, 10, 11);

void setup() {
myStepper.setSpeed(10);
}

void loop() {
myStepper.step(stepsPerRevolution);
delay(500);
}

Raspberry Pi
1. Connect the motor: Connect the unipolar stepper motor to the Raspberry Pi
board. Typically, the motor has 5 or 6 wires: 4 for the coils and 1 or 2 for the
common ground.
2. Install the RPi.GPIO library: Install the RPi.GPIO library to control the motor.
3. Define the motor pins: Define the Raspberry Pi pins connected to the motor
coils in the code.
4. Set the motor speed and steps: Set the motor speed and number of steps in
the code.
5. Use the GPIO.output() function: Use the GPIO.output() function to rotate the
motor.

Example Raspberry Pi code (Python):

import RPi.GPIO as GPIO

import time

GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)
GPIO.setup(17, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(23, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(24, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(25, GPIO.OUT)

while True:
GPIO.output(17, GPIO.HIGH)
GPIO.output(23, GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(24, GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(25, GPIO.LOW)
time.sleep(0.01)

GPIO.output(17, GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(23, GPIO.HIGH)
GPIO.output(24, GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(25, GPIO.LOW)
time.sleep(0.01)

Bipolar Stepper Motor Control

Arduino

1. Connect the motor: Connect the bipolar stepper motor to the Arduino board.
Typically, the motor has 4 wires: 2 for each coil.
2. Define the motor pins: Define the Arduino pins connected to the motor coils
in the code.
3. Include the Stepper library: Include the Stepper library in the Arduino code
to control the motor.
4. Set the motor speed and steps: Set the motor speed and number of steps in
the code.
5. Use the step() function: Use the step() function to rotate the motor.

Example Arduino code:

#include <Stepper.h>

const int stepsPerRevolution = 200; // change this to fit the number of steps
per revolution
 Stepper myStepper(stepsPerRevolution, 2, 3, 4, 5);

void setup() {
myStepper.setSpeed(10);
}

void loop() {
myStepper.step(stepsPerRevolution);
delay(500);
}

Raspberry Pi

1. Connect the motor: Connect the bipolar stepper motor to the Raspberry Pi
board. Typically, the motor has 4 wires: 2 for each coil.
2. Install the RPi.GPIO library: Install the RPi.GPIO library to control the motor.
3. Define the motor pins: Define the Raspberry Pi pins connected to the motor
coils in the code.
4. Set the motor speed and steps: Set the motor speed and number of steps in
the code.
5. Use the GPIO.output() function: Use the GPIO.output() function to rotate the
motor.

Example Raspberry Pi code (Python):

import RPi.GPIO as GPIO

import time

GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)
GPIO.setup(17, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(23, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(24, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(25, GPIO.OUT)

while True:
GPIO.output(17, GPIO.HIGH)
GPIO.output(23, GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(24, GPIO.HIGH)
GPIO.output(25, GPIO.LOW)
time.sleep(0.01)

14. a Discuss the importance of ADC and DAC in embedded systems. 1 K2 CO

Explain how ADC and DAC work. and their role in converting
3 4
analog signals to digital and vice versa.

Importance of ADC and DAC in Embedded Systems (8 marks)

How ADCs and DACsWork (8 marks)
Answer
Importance of ADCs:
1. Analog Signal Processing: ADCs convert analog signals from
sensors, such as temperature, pressure, and light, into digital
signals that can be processed by microcontrollers.
2. Data Acquisition: ADCs enable the acquisition of analog data
from various sources, such as audio signals, images, and sensor
readings.
3. Condition Monitoring: ADCs are used in condition monitoring
applications, such as predictive maintenance, where analog
sensor data is converted to digital signals for analysis.
4. Control Systems: ADCs are used in control systems, such as
process control, where analog sensor data is converted to digital
signals for control decisions.
Importance of DACs:
1. Analog Signal Generation: DACs convert digital signals from
microcontrollers into analog signals that can drive actuators,
such as motors, LEDs, and speakers.
2. Audio and Video Applications: DACs are used in audio and
video applications, such as audio playback, video playback, and
graphics rendering.
3. Control Systems: DACs are used in control systems, such as
process control, where digital control signals are converted to
analog signals to drive actuators.
4. Test and Measurement: DACs are used in test and
measurement applications, such as signal generation, where
digital signals are converted to analog signals for testing and
measurement purposes.
ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter)
An ADC converts an analog signal (continuous signal) into a
digital signal (discrete signal), which can then be processed by
digital systems such as microcontrollers, computers, or digital
signal processors.
How ADC Works:
1. Input Signal:
o The input to an ADC is an analog signal (such as a
voltage that varies continuously over time), for
example, from a temperature sensor, microphone,
or other analog sensors.
2. Sampling:
o The ADC first samples the analog signal at discrete
time intervals. This process is called sampling, and
 it converts the continuous-time analog signal into a
series of discrete-time values. The sampling rate
(or frequency) defines how often the analog signal is
sampled.
o The higher the sampling rate, the more accurately
the analog signal can be represented in digital form.
3. Quantization:
o After sampling, the ADC quantizes the signal. This
means that the continuous range of values of the
analog signal is divided into a finite set of discrete
levels. The resolution of the ADC determines how
many levels it can represent.
o The resolution is usually expressed in bits (e.g., 8-
bit, 12-bit, 16-bit). A higher bit resolution means the
ADC can represent the analog signal with more
precision. For example, a 12-bit ADC can represent
4096 (2^12) different levels.
4. Conversion to Digital Code:
o After quantization, the ADC converts the sampled
and quantized value into a binary digital code,
which can be read and processed by digital systems.
This binary code is typically sent as a series of 0s
and 1s.
5. Output:
o The output of the ADC is a digital value
corresponding to the sampled analog signal at that
point in time. For example, a 10-bit ADC might
output values between 0 and 1023, where each
value corresponds to a specific range of input
voltages.
DAC (Digital-to-Analog Converter)
A DAC performs the reverse process of an ADC. It converts a
digital signal (discrete signal) into an analog signal
(continuous signal). DACs are commonly used in applications
where a system requires analog output, such as in audio
systems or signal generators.
How DAC Works:
 1. Input Signal:
o The input to a DAC is a digital signal (binary
values, typically coming from a microcontroller or
digital system). These values represent the discrete
levels of an analog signal that the DAC will
reconstruct.
2. Digital-to-Analog Conversion:
o The DAC converts each incoming digital value into
a corresponding voltage level or current, which
represents the continuous analog signal.
o A common method used is to map the digital binary
value to a proportionate voltage level based on the
DAC’s resolution (e.g., an 8-bit DAC can output 256
levels of voltage).
3. Smoothing:
o A basic DAC typically generates a staircase
waveform when converting a digital signal. To
smooth this out and create a continuous analog
signal, the output may pass through a low-pass
filter (or smooth filter).
4. Output:
o The output of the DAC is a smooth analog signal
that represents the original digital values in a
continuous form. This output can be used to control
analog devices such as speakers, motors, or analog
displays.

OR
b Discuss the working principle of wireless Bluetooth sensors and
their role in IoT applications.
7 K1 CO
Working Principle of Bluetooth Sensors (4 marks)
Role of Bluetooth Sensors in IoT Applications (6 marks) 6 K1 4
Advantages and Challenges of Bluetooth Sensors (4 marks)
CO
IoT Applications and Use Cases (2 marks)
Answer 4
Working Principle of Wireless Bluetooth Sensors

Wireless Bluetooth sensors use Bluetooth technology to

transmit data from the sensor to a receiver, such as a
smartphone, tablet, or computer. The working principle of
wireless Bluetooth sensors involves:

1. Sensor Measurement: The sensor measures a physical

parameter, such as temperature, humidity, pressure, or
motion.
2. Analog-to-Digital Conversion: The measured analog signal
is converted into a digital signal using an analog-to-digital
converter (ADC).
3. Bluetooth Transmission: The digital signal is transmitted
to a receiver using Bluetooth technology.
4. Receiver Processing: The receiver processes the received
data and performs actions based on the data, such as
displaying the data on a screen or triggering an alarm.

Role of Wireless Bluetooth Sensors in IoT Applications

Wireless Bluetooth sensors play a significant role in IoT

applications, including:

1. Smart Homes: Wireless Bluetooth sensors can be used to

monitor and control home appliances, lighting, and security
systems.
2. Industrial Automation: Wireless Bluetooth sensors can be
used to monitor and control industrial equipment, such as
temperature, pressure, and vibration sensors.
3. Healthcare: Wireless Bluetooth sensors can be used to
monitor patient vital signs, such as heart rate, blood
pressure, and oxygen saturation.
4. Wearables: Wireless Bluetooth sensors can be used in
wearable devices, such as fitness trackers and
smartwatches, to monitor physical activity, heart rate, and
other health metrics.
5. Smart Cities: Wireless Bluetooth sensors can be used to
monitor and manage urban infrastructure, such as traffic
flow, air quality, and waste management.
15. a Demonstrate the different types of cloud storage models in 1 K1 CO
detail and provide examples of cloud services that implement
3 5
these models.
Private Cloud Storage Model (4 marks)
Public Cloud Storage Model (4 marks)
Hybrid Cloud Storage Model (4 marks)
Community Cloud Storage Model (2 marks)
Hierarchical Cloud Storage Model (2 marks)

Answer:
Here are the different types of cloud storage models, along with
examples of cloud services that implement these models:

Public Cloud Storage Model

In the public cloud storage model, a third-party provider delivers

cloud storage services over the internet. The provider manages
and maintains the storage infrastructure, and users access their
stored data via the internet.

Examples:

- Amazon S3 (Simple Storage Service)

- Microsoft Azure Blob Storage
- Google Cloud Storage

Private Cloud Storage Model

In the private cloud storage model, a single organization owns

and manages its own cloud storage infrastructure. This model
provides more control and security over data, but requires
significant investment in infrastructure and maintenance.

Examples:

- OpenStack Swift

- Ceph

- EMC Atmos

Hybrid Cloud Storage Mode

In the hybrid cloud storage model, a combination of public and

private cloud storage is used. This model allows organizations to
store sensitive data in a private cloud, while using public cloud
storage for less sensitive data.

Examples:

- Microsoft Azure StorSimple

- Amazon Web Services (AWS) Storage Gateway

 - Google Cloud Storage for Data Transfer

Community Cloud Storage Model

In the community cloud storage model, a group of organizations
with similar interests or goals share a cloud storage
infrastructure. This model provides a cost-effective and
collaborative approach to cloud storage.

Examples:

- OpenStack

- Ceph
- OwnCloud

OR
b Compare and contrast the two popular python web application 13 K1 CO
frameworks Django and Flask. Discuss their architecture and
5
core features.
Comparison of Django and Flask (8 marks)
Contrast of Django and Flask (8 marks)

Answer key:
Here's a comparison of Django and Flask, two popular Python
web application frameworks:

Similarities:

1. Python-based: Both Django and Flask are built on top of

Python, making them a great choice for Python developers.
2. Web Development: Both frameworks are designed for
building web applications, providing tools and libraries for
handling HTTP requests, routing, and templating.
3. Open-Source: Both Django and Flask are open-source
projects, with active communities and extensive documentation.

Differences:

1. Complexity: Django is a high-level, full-featured framework

that provides an architecture, templates, and an ORM (Object-
Relational Mapping) system. Flask, on the other hand, is a
microframework that provides a lightweight, flexible way to
build web applications.
2. Learning Curve: Django has a steeper learning curve due to
its complexity and the need to understand its ORM system,
templates, and architecture. Flask is generally easier to learn,
with a more straightforward API and fewer built-in features.
3. Project Size: Django is well-suited for large, complex projects,
while Flask is better suited for smaller, more agile projects.
4. Routing: Django uses a complex routing system, while Flask
uses a simpler, more flexible routing system.
5. Templates: Django comes with a built-in templating engine,
while Flask uses Jinja2 templating engine by default.
6. ORM: Django comes with a built-in ORM system, while Flask
 does not have a built-in ORM system.
7. Community: Django has a larger, more established
community, while Flask has a smaller, but still active and
supportive community.

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