II BCA-OST-MODULE 1

OST – Module 1
1 Mark Questions:
1. What is open source?
Open source software is code that is designed to be publicly accessible—anyone can see, modify, and distribute the code
as they see fit.

2. Give four examples for Open source.

 Linux
 Apache
 BSD
 Wikipedia
 Mozilla.

3. Mention any two rights of open source software.

 The right to make copies of the program, and distribute those copies.
 The right to have access to the software's source code, a necessary preliminary before you can change it.
 The right to make improvements to the program.

4. What are the promises of open source?

 better quality
 higher reliability
 more flexibility
 lower cost

5. List any four criteria’s of “distribution terms” of open source software.

 Free Redistribution
 Source Code
 Derived Works
 Distribution of License

6. Mention any two open source principles.

 Licensees are Free to Use Open Source Software for Any Purpose Whatsoever
 Licensees are Free to Access and use the Source Code of Open Source Software

7. What are the open standards requirements for software?

 No Intentional Secrets
 Availability
 Patents
 No agreements
 No OSR-Incompatible Dependencies.

8. What is free software?

“Free software” means software that respects users' freedom and community. Roughly, it means that the users have the freedom
to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software. Thus, “free software” is a matter of liberty, not price.

9. Give two examples for free software.

 Adobe Reader.
 Audacity.
 ImgBurn.
 Recuva.
 Skype.
 Team Viewer.

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 Yahoo Messenger.

10.List any four free software license providers

 GNU & GPL
 GNU & LGPL
 BSD License
 Mozilla License
 MIT License
 Apache License

11.What is public domain?

Public-domain software is software that has been placed in the public domain, in other words, software for which there is
absolutely no ownership such as copyright, trademark, or patent.

12.Why “free software” is better than “open source”?

The above said movement are too seperate movement with different views and goals. OS is a developping methodolgy whereas
free software is a social movement.

13.Write any two differences between proprietary and open source licensing model.
Proprietary refers to software that is owned by the individual or company who published it. Open source refers to software that
is available for anyone to access or change the code.

14.Expand NDA and FLOSS.

NDA:Non-Disclosure Agreement
FLOSS:Free Libre Open Source Software.

15. Expand OSS and FOSS.

OSS:Open Source Software
FOSS:Free and Open Source Software

16.Expand GPL and LGPL.

GPL: General Public License
LGPL:GNU Lesser General Public License

17.Expand BSD and MIT.

BSD:Berkeley Software Distribution
MIT:Massachusetts Institute of Technology

18.Expand GNU and GCC.

GNU:Gnu's Not Unix
GCC:GNU Compiler Collection

19.List any four criteria’s of OSR.

 .No intentional Secrets
 Availability
 Patents
 No Agreements

20.What is freeware software?

It is a proprietory software available for free of cost, one can use it but not study,modify or redistribute others.

21.Write any two freedoms which defines free software.

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 the freedom to run the program, for any purpose
 the freedom to study how the program works,
 change it so it does the computing as the user wishes.

22.Write any two differences between free software and open source software.
The term “free software” is sometimes misunderstood—it has nothing to do with price. It is about freedom. Open Source
Software: Open Source Software is something that you can modify as per your needs, and share with others without any licensing
violation burden.

3-Mark questions:
1. List and explain any four criteria’s of “distribution terms” of open source software.
1. Free Redistribution
The license shall not restrict any party from selling or giving away the software as a component of an aggregate software
distribution containing programs from several different sources. The license shall not require a royalty or other fee for such sale.
2. Source Code
The program must include source code, and must allow distribution in source code as well as compiled form. Where some form
of a product is not distributed with source code, there must be a well-publicized means of obtaining the source code for no more
than a reasonable reproduction cost, preferably downloading via the Internet without charge. The source code must be the
preferred form in which a programmer would modify the program. Deliberately obfuscated source code is not allowed.
Intermediate forms such as the output of a preprocessor or translator are not allowed.
3. Derived Works
The license must allow modifications and derived works, and must allow them to be distributed under the same terms as the
license of the original software.
4. No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups
The license must not discriminate against any person or group of persons.
5. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor
The license must not restrict anyone from making use of the program in a specific field of endeavor. For example, it may not
restrict the program from being used in a business, or from being used for genetic research.
6. Distribution of License
The rights attached to the program must apply to all to whom the program is redistributed without the need for execution of an
additional license by those parties.
7. License Must Be Technology-Neutral
No provision of the license may be predicated on any individual technology or style of interface.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Write a note on open source principles.
1. Licensees are Free to Use Open Source Software for Any Purpose Whatsoever:
An open source license may not interfere in any way with the use of the software by licensees. Restrictions on use, such as "for
research and noncommercial purposes only," are not allowed in open source licenses. The phrase free to use is also intended to
mean, "without any conditions that would impede use," such as a requirement for the licensee to report uses to the licensor, or to
disclose the means or manner of internal uses of the software. Note also that the first word, licensees, means that open source
software is only available under the terms of a license to which each licensee must agree.
2. Licensees are Free to Make Copies of Open Source Software and to Distribute them without Payment of Royalties to a Licensor:
This principle does not mean that a licensor cannot sell open source software. It merely says that a licensee need not pay the
licensor for additional copies he makes himself, even if those copies are distributed to others. As a practical matter, this open
source principle drives the price of mere copies of open source software toward its marginal cost of production and distribution.
3. Licensees are Free to Create Derivative Works of Open Source Software and to Distribute them without Payment of Royalties
to a Licensor:
Quality software is built upon the foundations of earlier software. Many advocates of free and open source software contend that
the requirement for open source licenses to permit the unhindered creation and distribution of derivative works is essential to
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meet the goal of the intellectual property laws as stated in the U.S. Constitution, "to promote the progress of science and the
useful arts." Under this open source principle, a licensor cannot charge a royalty for the privilege to create and distribute derivative
works, or require a licensee to pay a royalty for copies of a derivative work that are distributed, or impose any restrictions on the
type or character of those derivative works.
4. Licensees are Free to Access and use the Source Code of Open Source Software:
Source code is written in a human language to instruct a computer how to perform certain functions. Since the source code must
be changed in order to instruct the computer to perform different functions, access to the source code is essential to make the
third open source principle-the freedom to create derivative works of open source software-a practical reality. Source code is a
means to an end, not the end itself. The phrase free to access merely requires the licensor to make source code available to
licensees upon request at zero prices, not necessarily to distribute the source code to everyone.
5. Licensees are Free to Combine Open Source and Other Software
Open source licenses may not impose conditions or restrictions on other software with which the licensed software is merely
combined or distributed. This prevents restrictions regarding what other software can be placed on computer storage media or in
computer memory. Open source is one of many possible business and licensing models for software distribution, and customers
must be free to select and use those software alternatives. This open source principle does not mean that licensors cannot impose
reciprocal conditions

3. What are the open standards requirements for software? Explain

Open Standards Requirement for Software
The Requirement:
An "open standard" must not prohibit conforming implementations in open source software.
The Criteria
To comply with the Open Standards Requirement, an "open standard" must satisfy the following criteria. If an "open standard"
does not meet these criteria, it will be discriminating against open source developers.
1. No Intentional Secrets: The standard MUST NOT withhold any detail necessary for interoperable implementation. As flaws
are inevitable, the standard MUST define a process for fixing flaws identified during implementation and interoperability testing
and to incorporate said changes into a revised version or superseding version of the standard to be released under terms that do
not violate the OSR.
2. Availability: The standard MUST be freely and publicly available (e.g., from a stable web site) under royalty-free terms at
reasonable and non-discriminatory cost.
3. Patents: All patents essential to implementation of the standard MUST:
be licensed under royalty-free terms for unrestricted use, or
be covered by a promise of non-assertion when practiced by open source software
4. No Agreements: There MUST NOT be any requirement for execution of a license agreement, NDA, grant, click-through, or
any other form of paperwork to deploy conforming implementations of the standard.
5. No OSR-Incompatible Dependencies: Implementation of the standard MUST NOT require any other technology that fails to
meet the criteria of this Requirement.

4. Write a note on free software.

Free software or libre software is computer software distributed under terms that allow users to run thesoftware for any purpose
as well as to study, change, and distribute it and any adapted versions. Free software is a matter of liberty, not price; all users are
legally free to do what they want with their copies of a free software (including profiting from them) regardless of how much is
paid to obtain the program. Computer programs are deemed "free" if they give end-users (not just the developer) ultimate control
over the software and, subsequently, over their devices.
The right to study and modify a computer program entails that source code—the preferred format for making changes—be made
available to users of that program. While this is often called "access to source code" or "public availability", the Free Software
Foundation (FSF) recommends against thinking in those terms, because it might give the impression that users have an obligation
(as opposed to a right) to give non-users a copy of the program.
Although the term "free software" had already been used loosely in the past and other permissive software like the Berkeley
Software Distribution released in 1978 existed,bRichard Stallman is credited with tying it to the sense under discussion and
starting the free software movement in 1983, when he launched the GNU Project: a collaborative effort to create a freedom-

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respecting operating system, and to revive the spirit of cooperation once prevalent among hackers during the early days of
computing.

5. Explain four freedoms which define free software.

1. The Freedom to Run the Program, for any Purpose
Placing restrictions on the use of Free Software, such as time ("30 days trial period", "license expires January 1st, 2004") purpose
("permission granted for research and non- commercial use", "may not be used for benchmarking") or geographic area ("must
not be used in country X") makes a program non-free.
2. The Freedom to Study How the Program Works, and Adapt it to Your Needs
Placing legal or practical restrictions on the comprehension or modification of a program, such as mandatory purchase of special
licenses, signing of a Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA) or for programming languages that have multiple forms or representation
making the preferred human way of comprehending and editing a program ("source code") inaccessible also makes it proprietary
(non-free). Without the freedom to modify a program, people will remain at the mercy of a single vendor.
3. The Freedom to Redistribute Copies So You can Help Your Neighbor
Software can be copied/distributed at virtually no cost. If you are not allowed to give a program to a person in need, that makes
a program non-free. This can be done for a charge, if you so choose.
4. The Freedom to Improve the Program, and Release Your Improvements to the Public, so that the Whole Community Gets
Benefits
Not everyone is an equally good programmer in all fields. Some people don't know how to program at all. This freedom allows
those who do not have the time or skills to solve a problem to indirectly access the freedom to modify. This can be done for a
charge.
These freedoms are rights, not obligations, although respecting these freedoms for society may at times oblige the individual.
Any person can choose to not make use of them, but may also choose to make use of all of them. In particular, it should be
understood that Free Software does not exclude commercial use. If a program fails to allow commercial use and commercial
distribution, it is not Free Software. Indeed a growing number of companies base their business model completely or at least
partially on Free Software, including some of the largest proprietary software vendors. Free Software makes it legal to provide
help and assistance, it does not make it mandatory.
Free Software shares much of its philosophy with Open Source software, but many people within the open source community
feel that there are important distinctions between the terms, as described in the section Free Software vs. Open source software.
Often Free Software is referred as "free as in speech, not as in beer", stressing the idea that the Free-software movement is
concerned with freedom, not with price. Throughout this book the reader should assume that the word "free" is referring to
freedom.

6. List any six examples for free software.

Some free software are:
 Operating Systems: Linux, BSD, Darwin and Open Solaris
 GCC Compiler, GDB debugger and C/C++ libraries.
 Servers: BIND name server, Send mail transport, Apache web server and Samba file server.
 Relational Database systems: MySql and PostgresSQL.
 Programming language: Java, Perl, PHP, Python, Lua, Ruby and Tel.
 GUI Related : X Windows System, GNOME, KDE, and Xfce desktop environments.
 GRASS: Open Source Geography Information System (GIS).
 OpenOffice.org office suite, Mozilla and Firefox web browser and GIMP graphics editor.
 Typesetting and document preparation system Tex and Latex.
 OGG: Free Software multimedia file type that can function like an mp3 or mp4.

7. Explain any three free software license providers

FREE SOFTWARE LICENSE PROVIDER
Most Free Software is released fewer than one of the following license agreements:
1. GNU General Public License
The strict GPL license is the most common, and the most demanding of users of software released under it. The Linux Kernel is
released under (version 2 of) this license, as well as the GNU Compiler Collection (The GCC).
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2. GNU Lesser General Public License
This license was originally released as a compromise between the strict GPL license and the more permissive licenses such as
the BSD license and the MIT license. It does not carry the "inheritance" element that the GPL license does, which means that
commercial software may use software released under this license without having to be released under the GPL, or the LGPL
license itself.
3. BSD Licenses
Sometimes referred to as "BSD-Style" licenses, these licenses are more permissive that the GNU licenses. The original was used
for the Berkley Software Distribution (BSD), a Unix-like operating system for which the license was named.
4. Mozilla License
The Mozilla Public License was developed for software released by the Mozilla Foundation (it was actually developed prior to
that, but today that is its primary use). It is a "weak copy-left" license, that has since been adopted, in modified versions, by
several other companies and organizations. Mozilla Firefox,
Mozilla Thunderbird, and the Mozilla Application Suite are some of the software programs released under this license.
5. MIT License
This license, which originated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, is a public domain license. It is one of the most
permissive types of licenses, and is the license under which the X Windows System is released.
6. Apache License
Technically, this license is incompatible with the GPL, since it explicitly allows modifications to the software itself to remain
secret and said modifications to be sold. This does not mean that software released under this license is not Free Software, since
it does require the party releasing the software to adhere to the 4 Freedoms. The Apache Web Server is released under this license.
7. The "as-is" Release Model
This usually means that the released code is simply placed in the public domain, with no restrictions whatsoever apart from not
"claiming rights" to that code, and not claiming that the user wrote it. There are actually quite a few dedicated-purpose libraries
released under this license, which do something very specific, very efficiently.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. What is public domain? Explain.

PUBLIC DOMAIN
Public domain comprises the body of knowledge and innovation (especially creative works such as writing, art, music, and
inventions) in relation to which no person or other legal entity can establish or maintain proprietary interests within a particular
legal jurisdiction. This body of information and creativity is considered to be part of a common cultural and intellectual heritage,
which, in general, anyone may use or exploit, whether for commercial or non-commercial purposes. About 15 percent of all books
are in the Public domain, including 10 percent of all books that are still in print.
If an item ("work") is not in the public domain, it may be the result of a proprietary interest such as a copyright, patent, or other
Sui generics right. The extent to which members of the public may use or exploit the work is limited to the extent of the proprietary
interests in the relevant legal jurisdiction. However, when the copyright, patent or other proprietary restrictions expire, the work
enters the public domain and may be used by anyone for any purpose.

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9. Write the differences between proprietary and open source licensing model.

10.Write a note on BSD.

BSD
During the 1970s, after Ken Thompson of Bell Labs spent a year teaching at the University of California at Berkeley, several
research groups there began to develop software for the UNIX operating system. And, as Bell Labs had no plans to port the
system to the then new DEC VAX computer system, the Computer Science Research Group at Berkeley undertook the port. That
port became very popular at other universities, and the CSRG began distribution of it, with their modifications and additions,
under the name Berkeley Software Distribution. The researchers at Berkeley frequently found ways to improve or add to the
existing versions of UNIX. Bell Labs accepted some of the BSD changes, and passed on others. Over time the CSRG found ways
to improve the basic aspects of UNIX (e.g., the file system). Concurrently, AT&T made improvements of their own, causing the
two versions to move in different (although similar) directions. As development progressed on the Berkeley version of UNIX, it
grew further and further away from the work that AT&T was doing on their version (the last version of which was System V). In
the early 1990s there was a major legal skirmish over the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) between AT&T, the University
of California at Berkeley, and the Unix System Laboratories (USL), to which AT&T had turned over the marketing and
development of UNIX. The suit resulted in most of BSD being found to be unencumbered by copyright restrictions by those who
controlled the original Bell Labs code. By the mid-1990s, the CSRG released 4.4BSD-Lite, Release 2 as their final product as
they were closed down by the Regents of the University of California. The BSD releases were the root of the various versions of
BSD that are common today, most notably FreeBSD, Net BSD and Open BSD. Throughout its development, BSD was distributed
in an open manner, resulting in contributions from many different contributors.

11.Write a note on free software foundation and GNU Project.

Free software foundation:
The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a non-profit corporation founded by Richard Stallman on 4 October 1985 to support the
free software movement, a copy left-based movement which aims to promote the universal freedom to distribute and modify
computer software without restriction. The FSF is incorporated in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, United States of
America.
From its founding until the mid-1990s, FSF's funds were mostly used to employ software developers to write free software for
the GNU Project. Since the mid-1990s, the FSF's employees and volunteers have mostly worked on legal and structural issues
for the free software movement and the free software community.
Being consistent with its goals, only free software is used on all of the FSF's computers.

GNU Project:
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The GNU Project is free software, mass collaboration project, announced in 1983 by Richard Stallman. It initiated the GNU
operating system, software development for which began in January 1984. GNU is a recursive acronym that stands for "GNU's
Not Unix".
The founding goal of the project was, in the words of its initial announcement, to develop "a sufficient body of free software to
get along without any software that is not free." To make this happen, the GNU Project began working on an operating system
called GNU. This goal of making a free software operating system was achieved in 1992 when the last gap in the GNU system,
a kernel, was filled by a third-party Unix-style kernel called "Linux" being released as free software.
Current work of the GNU Project includes software development, awareness building, and political campaigning.

12.Write the differences between free software and open source software
The primary distinction of open source software is that it's not about freedom; it's about what software do things better.
As a whole the movement is often called "Free and Open source Software" (FOSS).
While many people point to the differences between the two, this book will focus on what
unites the two. For the purposes of clarity the abbreviation FOSS will be used when describing issues that apply to all open source
software projects, whereas OSS will be used when describing issues that apply only to software with open source licenses that
allow future developers to close the source code, and FSS will be used when talking about issues that apply only to software with
free licenses requiring future developers maintain the previous style of licensing (if not the license itself).
Critics have said that the term "open source" fosters an ambiguity of a different kind such that it confuses the mere availability
of the source with the freedom to use, modify, and redistribute it. Developers have used the alternative terms Free/Open Source
Software (FOSS), or Free/Libre/Open Source Software (FLOSS), consequently, to describe open source software, which is also
free software.
The term "Open Source" was originally intended to be trademarkable, however, the term was deemed too descriptive, so no
trademark exists. The OSI would prefer that people treat Open Source as if it were a trademark, and use it only to describe
software licensed under an OSI approved license.
There have been instances where software vendors have labeled proprietary software as "open source" because it interfaces with
popular OSS (such as Linux). Open source advocates consider this to be both confusing and incorrect. OSI Certified is a trademark
licensed only to people who are distributing software licensed under a license listed on the Open Source Initiative's list.
Open source software and free software are different terms for software, which comes with certain rights, or freedoms, for the
user. They describe two approaches and philosophies towards free software. Open source and free software (or software libre)
both describe software, which is free from onerous licensing restrictions. It may be used, copied, studied, modified and
redistributed without restriction. Free software is not the same as freeware, software available at zero prices.
The definition of open source software was written to be almost identical to the free software definition. There are very few cases
of software that is free software but is not open source software, and vice versa. The difference in the terms is where they place
the emphasis. "Free software" is defined in terms of giving the user freedom. This reflects the goal of the free software movement.
"Open source" highlights that the source code is viewable to all and proponents of the term usually emphasize the quality of the
software and how this is caused by the development models which are possible and popular among free and open source software
projects.
Free software licenses are not written exclusively by the FSF. The FSF and the OSI both list licenses, which meet their respective
definitions of free software. Open source software and free software share an almost identical set of licenses. One exception is
an early version of the Apple Public Source License, which was accepted by the OSI but rejected by the FSF because it did not
allow private modified versions; this restriction was removed in later version of the license. There are now new versions that are
approved by both the OSI and the FSF.
The Open Source Initiative believes that more people will be convinced by the experience of freedom. The FSF believes that
more people will be convinced by the concept of freedom.

BY: CHAITHRA KOPPALA