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Reduction of Adjective Clauses

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Reduction of Adjective Clauses

Uploaded by

alisinaalipoor
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TESOL Training Center

Participial and Participial Phrases

Instructor: Ahmad Fardin Zahedi


Adjective Clause
An adjective clause is a dependent clause which
functions as an adjective and modifies a noun or
pronoun.

Types of Adjective Clauses

There are two types of adjective clauses:


1.Restrictive (necessary)
2.Nonrestrictive (unnecessary)
Restrictive (Necessary) Adjective Clause
A restrictive clause is necessary because it identifies
its antecedent for the reader. Do not use comma with
restrictive clauses.

Examples:
The man is my father. He is working on computer.
The man who is working on computer is my father.
The student is so intelligent. He is wearing red shirt.
The student who is wearing red shirt is so intelligent.
I saw the man. I had already met him.
I saw the man whom I had met.
Give me the pen. It is on the podium.
Give me the pen that is on the podium.
Nonrestrictive (Unnecessary) Adjective Clause
A nonrestrictive clause is not necessary to identify its
antecedent; it merely gives the reader some extra information
about it. Because you can omit a nonrestrictive clause
Examples:
Ahmad is my bro. He teaches English.
Ahmad, who teaches English, is my bro.
Or
Ahmad is my bro, who teaches English.
Ashraf Ghani fled the country. He was the President of Afghanistan.
Ashraf Ghani, who was the President of Afghanistan, fled the country.
Or
Ashraf Ghani fled the country, who was the President of Afghanistan.
Toyota supplies the most modern cars for people. It is a car company.
Toyota, that is a car company, supplies the most modern cars for people.
Or
Toyota supplies the most modern cars for people, that is a car company.
Participial
A participial is an adjective formed from a verb.

There are two kinds of participial phrases:


1.Present Participle: It is the (-ing) form of
a verb also called subjective participle.
e.g., boring party, annoying man,
disappointing moment … .
2.Past Participle: It is the (-ed) form of a
verb also called objective participle.
e.g., broken glass, burnt food, refilled
marker … .
The two kinds of participles come from either active
or passive voice verbs.
An active voice verb becomes an (-ing) participle.
Examples:
The party bores me.
The boring party is Ali’s birthday.
The gift surprised me.
The surprising gift was a ring made of diamond.
A passive voice verb becomes an (-ed) participle.
Examples:
My watch was broken during the match.
My broken watch costs $100.
The man was injured in an accident.
The injured man will be healing soon.
These forms do not indicate time. Time is determined by the
main clause verb.
There are also perfect forms that emphasize the
action happened before the time of the main clause
verb. They are called perfect participles.
The teachers of the department had held an urgent
meeting to settle the case of students fighting each
other.
Having held an urgent meeting to settle the case of
students fighting each other, the other students were
worried.
Participial Phrases
A participial phrase contains a participle
+ other words used to modify nouns and
pronouns.

Examples:
The boy drinking energy is a lazy student.
Our teacher kicked everybody out of the
class dressed in military pants.
Reduction of Adjective Clauses
You can reduce a subject pattern adjective clause as follows.
1. Delete the relative pronoun (who, which, or that).
2. Change the verb to a participle.
3. Keep the same punctuation (commas or no commas).
4. Put the word (not) at the beginning of a participial phrase
to make it negative.
Examples:
A man who had been fired because of his misbehavior was so
distraught.
A man fired because of his misbehavior was so distraught.

The police that were called by me came quickly.


The police called by me came quickly.
Position and Punctuation of Participial Phrases
The position of a participial phrase in a sentence depends on whether it is
restrictive or nonrestrictive, or whether it modifies an entire clause.
1. A restrictive participial phrase can only follow the noun it modifies and does
not have commas.
Example:
A dog chasing a cat fell into a ditch.
2. A nonrestrictive participial phrase can precede or follow the noun it modifies
and is separated by a comma or commas from the rest of the sentence.
Examples:
Tom, chasing a cat, fell into a ditch.
Chasing a cat, Tom fell into a ditch.
Note: When you begin a sentence with a participial phrase, make certain that
the phrase modifies the subject of the sentence. If it does not, your sentence is
incorrect.
3. Sometimes a participial phrase modifies an entire independent clause. In this
case, it follows the clause and requires a comma.
Example:
The eclipse of moon occurred last night, shocking all people of the cities.
General Form (-ing) Participial Phrases
A present participle may come from simple present,
present continuous, simple past, past continuous, or
simple future.
Simple Present:
Doctors who attend the meeting are really admirable.
Doctors attending the meeting are really admirable.
Present Continuous:
My student who is reading the book is a punctual
person.
My student reading the book is a punctual person.
Simple Past:
Our group members, who gave their presentations,
got the best scores.
Our group members, giving their presentations, got
the best scores.
Past Continuous:
A man who was looking for his son was so anxious.
A man looking for his son was so anxious.
Simple Future:
The girl who will take IELTS test should study
hard.
The girl taking IELTS test should study hard.
General Form (-ed) Participial Phrases
It comes from both present and past tense passive voice
verbs.
Simple Present:
Akbar, who is not recruited to the army, cannot
marry.
Akbar, not recruited to the army, cannot marry.
Or
Not recruited to the army, Akbar cannot marry.
Simple Past:
The car that was sold to my brother was so old.
The car sold to my brother was so old.
Perfect Form Participial Phrases
Perfect forms emphasize the completion of an action that takes
place before the action of the main verb. You can change both
present perfect and past perfect verbs into perfect participles.

Present Perfect:
Sahar, who has learned English for three years, is an English
teacher now.
Sahar, having learned English for three years, is an English
teacher now.
Or
Having learned English for three years, Sahar is an English
teacher now.
Past Perfect:
A girl who had called me was my one of my students.
A girl having called me was one of my students.
Participial Phrases and Writing Style

If you write sentences with a lot of which’s,


who’s, and that’s, consider reducing some
adjectives clauses to participial phrases.
If you write short, choppy, sentences,
consider combining them by using participial
phrases.
Vary your sentence openings by occasionally
starting a sentence with a participial phrase.
Thanks for Your Nice Attention

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