SRI MANAKULA VINAYAGAR

ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(An Autonomous Institution)
Puducherry-605107

Register No :

Name :

Subject :

Branch :

Year/Semester :

Certificate
Certified that this is the bonafide record of Practical Work done by the above
student in the ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY (U23EEPC01) during
the academic year .

Staff in Charge Head of the Department

Submitted for the End Semester Practical Examination held on

Internal Examiner External Examiner

List of Experiments:

1. Domestic Wiring Practice (Staircase Wiring, Doctor’s Room Wiring, Go down Wiring).
2. Load test on single phase transformer.
3. Load test on 3 phase transformers.
4. Measurement of three phase power using two watt meter method.
5. OCC and Load test on DC shunt Generator.
6. Load test on DC shunt motor.
7. Load test on DC series motor.
8. Speed control methods of DC motor.
9. Load test on single phase Induction Motor.
10. Load test on 3 phase induction motor.

Content Beyond the Syllabus:

1. Load test on single phase alternator.

2. Universal Motor
 CONTENTS

Ex. Page
Date Title of the Experiment Marks Signature
No. No.

10

CONTENT BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

11

12
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

LAYOUT DIAGRAM:
 EXP NO: DOMESTIC WIRING PRACTICE DATE:

AIM:

To study about the various types of wiring and to verify its truth table experimentally.

A) STAIR-CASE WIRING

OBJECTIVE:

To control an incandescent lamp from two different places

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

Sl. No. Name of the components Rating Quantity

1 One –way junction box 19 mm 1
2 Three – way junction box 19 mm 1
3 Switch box 4x4 2
4 PVC pipes 19 mm 4
5 G.I. clamps (3/4 inch) 4
6 Screws --- 15
7 Fuse 230V, 10A 1
8 Two – way switch 230V, 10A 2
9 Batten holder 230V, 10A 1
10 Incandescent lamp (Bulb) 230V, 60W 1
11 Connecting wires (multi-stand Cu.) --- ---
12 Wooden working board --- ---

PROCEDURE:
1. Initially suitable junction boxes, PVC pipes and switch boxes are selected
2. As per the layout diagram (1b) junction boxes, PVC pipes and switch boxes are fixedrigidly
on the wooden board with the help of GI clamps.
3. As per the circuit diagram (1a) the connections are given
4. The Phase wire is connected to the common terminal of the two-way switch (SPDT-1)
through fuse.
5. From the other two throw points of SPDT-1, wires are connected to the two throwpoints
of SPDT-2. (i.e. top terminals of SPDT-1 and SPDT-2 are connected and bottom terminals
of SPDT-1 and SPDT-2 are connected).
6. From the common terminal of SPDT-2, wire is taken to any one terminal of the
incandescent lamp (bulb).
7. The other terminal is taken out as the neutral line.
8. Connections are checked using the wiring diagram (1c) and the truth table (1d) is
verified for different combinations.
9. Now the lamp can be controlled from two places irrespective of the position of the
switches.
WIRING DIAGRAM:

TRUTH TABLE:

S1 S2 Lamp

T T On

T B Off

B B On

B T Off
RESULT:

Thus the experiment of various wiring done and verified the truth table.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

LAYOUT DIAGRAM:
 B. DOCTOR’S ROOM WIRING

OBJECTIVE:

To make a doctor’s room wiring

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

Sl. No. Name of the components Rating Quantity

1 One –way junction box 19 mm 2
2 Three – way junction box 19 mm 1
3 Four - way junction box 19 mm 1
4 Switch box 4x4 2
5 PVC pipes 19 mm 6
6 G.I. clamps (3/4 inch) 6
7 Screws --- 20
8 Fuse 230V, 10A 1
9 Two – way switch 230V, 10A 1
10 Batten holder 230V, 10A 1
11 Bell push 230V, 10A 1
12 Buzzer 230V, 10W 1
13 Ceiling rose 230V, 10A 1
14 Incandescent lamp (Green + Red) 230V, 15W 1+1
15 Connecting wires (multi-stand Cu.) --- ---
16 Wooden working board --- ---

PROCEDURE:

1. Initially suitable junction boxes, PVC pipes and switch boxes are selected. Required
connecting wires are taken.

2. As per the layout diagram (2b) junction boxes, PVC pipes and switch boxes are fixedrigidly
on the wooden board with the help of GI clamps.

3. As per the circuit diagram (2a) the connections are given:

4. The phase wire is connected to the top terminal of the bell push S1 through properfuse.

5. From the bottom terminal of the S1, wire is taken and connected to the common
terminal of S2 (SPDT).

6. From top terminal of the switch S2, two wires are taken, one wire is connected to one terminal
of batten holder (lamp-1) and other wire is connected to one terminal of the ceiling rose
(buzzer).

7. From the bottom terminal of S2, a wire is taken and connected to one terminal of the batten
holder (lamp-2).

8. Other terminals from the button holders (L1 – L2) and the ceiling rose (buzzer) are connected
together and taken out as neutral wire.

9. Connections are checked using the wiring diagram (2c) and the truth table (2d) is verified for
different combinations.

10. Now the lamps (Lamp in and Lamp out) and the buzzer can be controlled.
WIRING DIAGRAM:

TRUTH TABLE:

Bell Switch SPDT Lamp In Lamp Out

Buzzer
S1 S2 (Green) (Red)

ON T RING ON OFF
ON B OFF OFF ON
OFF T/B OFF OFF OFF
RESULT:

Thus the experiment of Doctors room wiring has done and verified the truth table.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

LAYOUT DIAGRAM:
 C).GODOWN WIRING

OBJECTIVE:

To make a Go-down wiring

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

Sl. No. Name of the components Rating Quantity

1 One –way junction box 19 mm 3
2 Three – way junction box 19 mm 1
3 Four - way junction box 19 mm 2
4 Switch box 4x4 3
5 PVC pipes 19 mm 9
6 G.I. clamps (3/4 inch) 9
7 Screws --- 25
8 Fuse 230V, 10A 1
9 One-way switch 230V, 10A 1
10 Two – way switch 230V, 10A 2
11 Batten holder 230V, 10A 3
12 Incandescent lamp 230V, 60W 3
13 Connecting wires (multi-stand Cu.) --- ---
14 Wooden working board --- ---

PROCEDURE:

1. Initially suitable junction boxes, PVC pipes and switch boxes are selected. Required
connecting wires are taken.
2. As per the layout diagram (3b) junction boxes, PVC pipes and switch boxes are fixedrigidly
on the wooden board with the help of GI clamps.
3. As per the circuit diagram (3a) the connections are given:
4. The phase wire is given to the top terminal of the switch S1 (SPST) through proper fuse.
5. The bottom terminal of S1 and the common terminal of switch S2 (SPDT) are connected.
6. The top terminal of S2 is connected to one end of the batten holder (for L1) and the bottom
terminal of S2 is connected to the common terminal of switch S3 (SPDT).
7. Again the top terminal of the switch S3 is connected to the one terminal of the batten holder
(for L2) and the bottom terminal of S3 is connected to any one terminal of the batten holder
(for L3).

8. The remaining unconnected terminals of the batten holders are connected togetherand
taken out as neutral wire.
9. Connections checked using the wiring diagram and the truth table is verified for
different combinations.
10. Now the three lamps can be controlled from three different places.
WIRING DIAGRAM:

TRUTH TABLE:

S1 S2 S3 L1 L2 L3

OFF T/B T/B OFF OFF OFF

ON T T ON OFF OFF

ON B T OFF ON OFF

ON B B OFF OFF ON

ON B T OFF ON OFF

ON T T ON OFF OFF

OFF T T OFF OFF OFF

 RESULT:

Thus the experiment of Go down wiring has done and verified the truth table.

INFERENCE:

 Through the experiment, students will infer the importance of electrical continuity in ensuring
that the lamp operates correctly when switches are toggled.
 Considering practical applications in residential or commercial lighting installations where two-
way switching provides convenience and flexibility of usage.
 It can develop skills in troubleshooting by identifying and rectifying common issues such as
loose connections or faulty switches that affect the operation of the circuit.
 They will appreciate the role of different wires (live, neutral, and possibly earth) in providing
electrical power to the lamp and completing the circuit.

Viva Marks 10
Experiment
Conduction Mark 15
Total Marks 25
Signature of Lab In-
charge
 Name Plate Details: Calculation of Fuse Rating:

Capacity =2KVA For load test fuse rating 125%

Frequency =50HZ
No .of Phase =1Ø Primary fuse rating =8.69*1.25
Type Of supply =1ØAC =10.86A
Primary Voltage =230V
Secondary Voltage =115V Secondary fuse rating =17.39*1.25
=21.72A
EXP. NO.: DATE:

LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM:
To conduct load test on single phase transformer and to obtain percentage regulation
and efficiency.

APPARATUS REQUIRRED:

S. No Apparatus Type Range Quantity

1 Voltmeter

2 Ammeter

3 Wattmeter
4 Auto Transformer
5 Resistive load
6 Connecting Wires

THEORY:

When the secondary is loaded the secondary current I2 is setup. The magnitude and phase of
I2 with respect to V2 is determined by the characteristics of the load. The secondary current sets
up its own emf and hence its own flux ф 2which is in opposition to main primary flux ф which is
due to I0 the secondary ampere turns N2*I2are known as demagnetizing ampere turns .The
opposing secondary flux I2 weakens the primary flux ф momentary. Hence primary back Emf
E1 tends to be reduced. For a moment V1 gain the upper hand over E1 and hence causes more
current to flow in.
Let the additional primary current be I21 .It is known as load component of primary current.
This current is anti phase with I21 the additional primary emf N1*I2 setsup its own flux ф21 which
is in opposite to ф2 and is equal to its magnitude .Hence the two cancel each other out. So the
magnetic effects of secondary current I2are immediately neutralized by the additional primary
current I21.Hence whatever the load conditions be
,the net flux passing through core is approximately the same as no-load.
Calculation of Rated current on primary and secondary:
P1
Primary current (I1) =
V1 Cos (1)
2000
=
230*1
=8.69A
P2
Secondary current (I2) =
V2 Cos (2)
2000
=
115*1
=17.39A

Input Power = W1 Watts

Output Power = V2*I2
FORMULA USED:

Output power
% ���������� �=
Input power

E0 -V
% ����������=
V

E0- No Load Voltage

V- Full Load Voltage

Tabulation:

Watt meter
Primary W1
Primary Secondary Input Output
current Multiplication Secondary
voltage V1 current I2( Voltage
power power( %Efficiency (ή) %
S. I1 factor=2
(Volts) A) (W) W) Regulation
No. (A) V2( Volts)

Obs Act

8
PRECAUTIONS:

1. The auto transformer should be kept at minimum voltage position.

2. Before switching off the supply the variac should be brought back to minimum
position.
3. Initially load should off condition.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect as per the circuit diagram

2. Close the DPST switch
3. Adjust the Autotransformer till the rated voltage is reached
4. Note down the readings of primary voltmeter, ammeter and watt meter
&secondary voltmeter, ammeter.
5. Apply load in steps and note down the corresponding reading till the rated
current is reached.
 Model Calculation:

Actual reading of wattmeter1 (W1) =MF*observed reading of wattmeter1

=2*240=480W

Input Power =W1

=480W

=7.5×112×1
Efficiency (ƞ) = Output power ×100
Input power

=440×100
480
=91.6%

No Load voltage (VNL) =115V

Load Voltage (VL) =114V
%Regulation = vN –vL / vL
115114
= *100
114
=0.87%
MODEL GRAPH:


R
Regulation R %
Efficiency %

GRAPHS: Load current (A)

1. Load Current Vs efficiency

2. Load Current Vs %regulation
 RESULT:

Thus, the load test on single phase transformer was performed and the respectivegraphs
were plotted.

INFERENCE:

The Following Points are noted from the output characteristics of single phase transformer

i) The maximum Efficiency of the transformer is at the load current of

ii) The Maximum voltage deviations is at the full load current

Viva Marks 10
Experiment
15
Conduction Mark
Total Marks 25
Signature of Lab In-
charge
VIVAQUESTIONS:

1. What is the principle of transformer?

Transformer is a static device by which electric power is transformed from one
circuit to another circuit without any change in frequency. It is based on the Faradays
laws of electromagnetic induction.
2. What is the purpose of load test on transformer?
The purpose of load test of a transformer is used to find the efficiency and percentage
regulation of a transformer.
3. What are the types of transformer?
Based on the type of core arrangement
i. Core type
ii. Shell type
iii. Spiral wound
Based on type of cooling arrangement
i. Oil filled self-cooled
ii. Oil filled water cooled
iii. Air blast type Based on transformation ratio
i. Step up
ii. Step down
4. Why transformer rating is specified as kVA not in kW?
In transformer, core loss depends on voltage (V) and copper loss depends on current
(A). The total transformer loss depends on volt ampere (VA) and not based on phase angle
between voltage and current i.e. it is independent of load power factor. That is why
transformer rating is specified in kVA not in kW.
5. Define Ideal Transformer?
An ideal transformer is one that has,
(i).No winding resistance
(ii). No leakage flux
(iii). No Iron loss (Hysteresis is loss and eddy current loss)
6. What are faradays laws of electromagnetic induction?
Faraday’s First Law
Whenever the conductor cuts the flux or flux cuts the conductor, an emf is
induced.
Faraday’s Second Law
It states that the magnitude of emf induced in the coil is equal to the rate of
change of flux linkages with the coil. The flux linkages of the coil is the product of
number of turns in the coil and flux associated with the coil.
7. How can identify primary and secondary in transformer?
 The terminal which is given to input supply is called primary and which is connec
ted to load or other side is called secondary.

8. What is the condition for maximum efficiency of a transformer?

When Copper loss is equal to Iron loss we will get maximum efficiency in a
transformer.

9. What type of load is used for conducting load test on transformers?

Variable resistive type load

10. What is auto transformer?

Autotransformer is kind of electrical transformer where primary and
secondary shares same common single winding.

11. What is the use of auto transformer?

The auto transformer is used to increase the voltage or current to get the
extracted voltage.

12. List out the applications of a transformer.

 It can rise or lower the level of Voltage or Current in an AC circuit.
 It can increase or decrease the value of capacitor, an inductor or
resistance in an AC circuit.
 It can be used to prevent DC from passing from one circuit to the other.
 It can isolate two circuits electrically.
Name Plate Details: Calculation of Fuse Rating:
Capacity =3KVA For load test fuse rating125%
Frequency =50Hz Primary fuse rating =3.39*1.25
No .of Phase =3Ø =4.91A
Type of Supply =3ØAC
Primary Voltage =440V
Secondary Voltage =220V
EXPT NO: DATE:

LOAD TEST ON A THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM:
To calculate the percentage efficiency and percentage voltage regulation for the given
3φ transformer at various load.

APPARATUSREQUIRED:
S.No Apparatus Type Range Quantity

1 Voltmeter

2 Ammeter

3 Watt meter
4 Resistive load
5 Auto Transformer
6 Connecting Wires

THEORY:
The three cores are arranged at 120o from each other. Only primary wingdings are
show on the cores for simplicity. The primaries are connected to the three-phase
supply. The primaries carry the currents IR, IY and IB producing the fluxes ΦR, ΦY and
ΦB in the individual cores. The common leg of the cores
i.e .center leg formed carries sum of the all three fluxes.
But at any instant, in a three-phase system, ĪR + ĪY + ĪB = 0, hence the sum of the
three fluxes is also zero at any instant .Hence the center leg does not carry any flux.
So if center leg is removed, It hardly makes any difference in the other conditions of the
transformer. If it is removed, any two legs provide the return path for the current hence
the flux in the third leg. This is the general principle used in the design of three phase
core type transformers.
The three phase transformers can be core type or shell type. The three-core type single
phase transformers can be combined to get three phase core type transformers .Similarly
,three single phase shell type transformers can be combined together to form a three-
phase shell type transformer.
Calculation of Rated current on primary and secondary:
P1
Primary current (I1) =
3V2Cos(⌽2)

3000
=
3*440*1
=3.93A
P2
Secondary current (I2) =
3V2Cos(2)
3000
=
3*220*1
=7.87A
FORMULA USED:

Input Power = W1+W2 (watts)

Output Power = 3V2I2Cosϕ (Watts)

Output power
%Efficiency η = X100
Input power

VNL–VFL
%Regulation = X100
VNL

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Auto Transformer should be in minimum position.

2. There should be no load at the time of starting.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Auto transformer is adjusted for voltmeter in the primary side to read the rated
voltage.
3. The output voltage corresponding to the rated primary voltage is noted. This is
noload secondary voltage.
4. The watt meter and ammeter readings corresponding to no load is also noted.
5. Load is gradually increased .All meter readings are noted at each stage.
6. The above procedure is repeated till the secondary current exceeds rated current.
Tabulation:

Watt meter Watt meter W2

W1 Multiplication V2 Input Output % %
V1 I1(A) I2(A) power(W)
Multiplication factor=2 (Volts) power(W) Efficiency Regulatio
(V)
factor=2 W1+W2 √�V2I2Cos(Ø2) (ή) n
OBS(W) ACT(W) OBS(W)
ACT(W)
Model Calculation:

Actual reading of wattmeter1 (W1) =MF*observedreadingofwattmeter1

=2*360=720w

Actual reading of wattmeter2 (W2) =MF*observedreadingofwattmeter2

=2*440=880w

Input Power =W1+W2

=720+880
=1600W

Load voltage V2 =200V

Load Current I2 =3.1A
Output power =√3V2I2Cos (Ø2)
=√3*200*3.1 [Cos (Ø2)=1]
=1073.81W

Efficiency = (Output Power/Input Power)*100

=1073.81∗100
1600
=67.1%

No Load voltage (VNL) = 210V

Load Voltage (VL) = 200V
%Regulation = VNL-VFL

VFL
%Regulation = 0.05
MODEL GRAPH:

Regulation R % 
R
Efficiency%

Load current (A)

GRAPHS:

1. Load Current Vs efficiency

2.Load Current Vs %regulation
 RESULT:
Thus the load test on single phase transformer was performed and the respective
graphs were plotted.

INFERENCE:

The Following Points are noted from the output characteristics of three phase transformer
i) The maximum Efficiency of the transformer is at the load current of

ii) The Maximum voltage deviations is at the full load current

Viva Marks 10
Experiment
Conduction Mark 15
Total Marks 25
Signature of Lab In-
charge
VIVAQUESTIONS:
1. What is the function of transformer?
It transforms electric power from one circuit to another circuit without any change in
frequency
2. Why the efficiency of a transformer is higher than that of motors?
Motors has moving parts so there is always a loss, but transformer has no moving
parts so more efficiency.
3. Distinguish between core type and shell type
transformers?
Core type transformer
The coils are wound around the two limbs of a rectangular magnetic core.
The winding surrounds the core
Single magnetic path
Shell type transformer
The coils are wound on the central limb of a three limb core.
The core surrounds the winding
Two magnetic paths
4. What is the power formula for single phase and three phase?
Electric power is the rate of energy consumption in an electrical circuit.
For single phase(1Φ)– P=VIcosΦ
For three phase (3Φ)–P=current VLILcosΦ In terms of line voltage and line

For three phase(3Φ)–P=3VPIP cos Φ In terms of phase voltage and

phasecurrent
5.Define regulation and efficiency of the transformer?
The regulation of the transformer is defined as the reduction in magnitude of the
terminal voltage due to load, with respect to the no-load terminal voltage.

% regulation = (V2on no-load – V2when loaded/ V2on no-load x 100

Transformer efficiency ƞ = (output power/input power)×100

Name Plate Details: Calculation of Fuse Rating:
Capacity =3KVA For load test fuse rating125%
Frequency =50Hz Primary fuse rating =3.39*1.25
No .of Phase =3Ø =4.91A
Type of Supply =3ØAC
Primary Voltage =440V
Secondary Voltage =220V
EXP NO: DATE:
MEASUREMENT OF 3 Ø POWER USING TWO WATTMETER METHOD
AIM
To conduct a suitable experiment on a 3-phase load to measure the three phase power and
Power factor using two watt meter method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Apparatus Type Range Quantity

1 Voltmeter
2 Ammeter
3 Watt meter
4 Resistive load
5 Auto Transformer
6 Connecting Wires

THEORY:

The connection diagram for the measurement of power in a three-phase circuit using two
watt meter's, is given in Fig. This is irrespective of the circuit connection – star or delta. The
circuit may be taken as unbalanced one, balanced type being only a special case. Please note the
connection of the two watt meter. The current coils of the watt meters, 1 & 2, are in series with the
two phases, R&B, with the pressure or voltage coils being connected across Y R− Y and B−Y
respectively. Y is the third phase, in which no current coil is connected.
So, it can be concluded that the sum of the two watt meter readings is the total power
consumed in the three-phase circuit, assumed here as a star-connected one. This may also be easily
proved for delta connected circuit. As no other condition is imposed, the circuit can be taken as an
unbalanced one, the balanced type being only a special case, as stated earlier.
FORMULA USED:

1. Total power P = W1+W2 (watts)

2. ϕ= tan-1 3 [W1-W2/W1+W2] watts

3. P1 =3VL IL Cos ϕ.

4. P.F = Cos ϕ.

P1- P2
5. Percentage Error =------------------ x 100%
P1

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Auto Transformer should be in minimum position.
2. There should be no load at the time of starting.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Adjust the Auto transformer till the rated voltage is reached.
3. If any Watt meter shows negative reading then interchange M and L connections andreadings are taken in negative.
4. At no load, the readings of voltmeter, ammeter and watt meter are noted.
5. Load is gradually increased. All meter readings are noted at each stage.
6. The above procedure is repeated till the rated current is reached.
 TABULATION:

Wattmeter W1 Wattmeter W2
Load M.F = M.F = Φ = tan-1√3 Power P1 =
Load Power P2 = % Error = ((P1 –
S.No. Current ((W1–W2)/ Factor √3VLILcos
Voltage VL W1+W2 P2) / P1) × 100
IL Obs Act Obs Act (W1+W2)) cosΦ Φ
 MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT:
Calculated the three phase power using two watt meter method and calculated % error
and Plotted the curve

INFERENCE:

The Following Points are noted from the measurement of three phase power using two wattmeter
method
i) The maximum Three phase power is at the load current of

ii) The Maximum Power factor is at the full load current

Viva Marks 10
Experiment
15
Conduction Mark
Total Marks 25
Signature of Lab In-
charge
 Name plate details of DC Motor: Name plate details of DC Generator:

Capacity :3W Capacity :3W

Voltage : 220 V Voltage : 220 V
Current : 19 A Current : 16 A
Speed : 1500 RPM Speed : 1500 RPM

For Motor For load test on DC generator

=rated current*1.25 =rated current*1.25
=19*1.25 =16*1.25
=23.75A =20A
 EXP.NO. DATE:
OCC AND LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT GENERATOR
AIM:
To draw the OCC and load characteristics of Self Excited DC shuntGenerator.
APPARATUS R E Q U I R E D :

S.No
Apparatus Range Type Qty
.

1 Voltmeter

2 Ammeter

3 Rheostat

4 Tachometer
5 Resistive Load
Connecting
6
Wires

THEORY:
A DC generator requires an excitation circuit to generate an induce voltage depending
on whether excitation circuit consumes power for the armature of the machine or from
separately require power supply. Generators may be classified as self-excited or
separately excited generators respectively. The induced emf in DC generators is given by
the equation PфZN/60A volts. State P,Z,A are constants the above equation are written
as Eg=KфN. If the speed of the generator also maintained constant then Eg=Kф but the
flux is directly proportional to the current Hence Eg=K2 If. From the above equation it is
clear that the induced emf is directly propositional to the field current whenspeed
maintained constant,. The plot between the induced emf and the field current is known
as open circuit characteristics of the DC generator. The induced emf when the field
current is zero is known as residual voltage . This emf is due to the presence of a small
amount of flux detained. In the field poles of the generator called residual flux. Oncethe
OCC is obtained parameters such as critical field resistance, critical speed and the
maximum voltage to which the machine can build up can be determined .If required the
OCC at a different speeds can also be obtained.
Critical speed is minimum speed below which the generator shunt fails to excite.
Calculation of Fuse Rating for load test:

Calculation of Fuse Rating for OCC test:

For OCC test on DC generator =rated current*0.25

=16*0.25
=4A

For Motor =rated current*1.25

=19*0.25
=4.75A
 A DC generator works on the principle of Faraday’s Law of Electro magnetic
induction ,which says that, “Whenever a conductor is moved in magnetic field , an EMF
is generated in it”.
“The magnitude find induction EMF is directly proportional to the rate of change of
flux” .The voltage equation for a DC shunt generator is given by VL=Eg I a R a ; Under
No Load Condition; Since Ia ,Is negligibly small, From the above equation, the terminal
voltage(VL),Is the no ; load induced EMF (Eg), as the load on the generator increases, the
load current and hence the armature current increases due to armature e reaction the
induced EMF in the armature decreases.
Also increased armature current causes increase in Ia Ra drop. Hence the terminal
voltage decreases with increase load. The plot between the terminal voltage (VL) and
load current(IL) is known as the external of load characteristics .The plot between the
induced EMF (Eg) and the armature current (Ia) is known as the internal or total
characteristics. The type of graph internal and external characteristics is shown in
model graph.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Remove the fuse carriers before wiring and start wiring as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the motor field rheostat at minimum resistance position and generators field
rheostat at maximum resistive position.
3. The SPST switch is kept open at the time of starting the experiment.
4. As the no load test is conducting the required fuse ratings are 20% of motor rated
current.
5. Replace the fuse carriers with appropriate fuse wires after the circuit connections
are checked by the staff-in-charge.
PROCEDURE:
OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS
1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Supply is given to motor by enclosing DPSTS1
3. Motor is started using Three point Starter.
4. The field Rheostat of motor is varied to make the motor run at rated speed of the
generator.
5. Note residual voltage before closing the SPST switch.
6. The voltmeter and ammeter readings are noted.
7. The field rheostat of generator is varied gradually and the readings of ammeter
and voltmeter are noted in steps.
8. Bring the generator field rheostat and motor field rheostat to the original position
and open the DPSTS1.
TABULATION:

OCC CHARACTERISTICS:

Open circuit voltage Field current

Sl. No.
V0(v) If(A)

LOAD CHARACTERISTICS:

Armature Armature Induced

Load Load Field
Sl. current voltage EMF
current voltage current Ia=If+IL(A) Va=IaRa(V Eg=VL+Va(
No.
IL(A) VL(V) If(A) ) V)

MODEL CALCULATION FOR OCC CHARACTERISTICS:

Critical field Resistance=V1/If2

=70/0.1
Rc =700Ω

Critical Speed RN = (XY/XZ)*1500

= (6/12)*1500
=750RPM
LOAD CHARACTERISTICS:
1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Supply is given to motor by enclosing DPSTS1.
3. Motor is started using Three point Starter.
4. The field Rheostat of motor is varied to make the motor run at rated speed of the
generator.

5. Now the load side DPST2 is closed and load is applied gradually up to
rated current.
6. The speed is maintained constant at each load.
7. The readings of ammeter and voltmeter are noted at each load.
8. Remove the load completely.
9. Open the load side DPST2. Bring the field rheostat of generator and motor to its
original position and open the DPST1.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM TO MEASURE Ra

TABULATION TO FIND THE ARMATURE RESISTANCE:

Armature Armature
Resistance R
Sl. current Ia voltage
a(Ω)
No. (A) Va(V)

4
Average
 CIRCUIT GRAPHS:

1. Field current Vs No Load Generated E m f

2. I) Load current Vs Load voltage
II) Armature current Vs Generated Emf

MODEL GRAPH:

Open Circuit Characteristics:

Load characteristics:
 RESULT:

Thus, the OCC and load characteristics of DC shunt generator when it is separately
excited are determined.

INFERENCE:

The Following Points are noted from the characteristics of DC shunt generator

i) For OCC Characteristics the Maximum Open circuit Voltage occurs at the field

current of

ii) For Load Characteristics the Maximum Open circuit Voltage occurs at the field

current of

Viva Marks 10
Experiment
15
Conduction Mark
Total Marks 25
Signature of Lab In-
charge
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is self–excited generator?
Self-excited generators are those whose field magnets are energized by the current
produced by the generator themselves.
2. What are the types of self–excited generator?
Based on the type of armature connection the self-excited generators are classified into
3types
(i) Shunt wound
(ii) Series wound
(iii) Compound wound
3. How will you find residual voltage in DC series generator?
Thus by making SPST switch open, there will not be any current flow in field winding
and It does not produce flux .In that case, the voltage which is induced due to residual flux
(some flux stored inside the machine)is called residual voltage.
4. What is mean by excitation?
The process of generating a magnetic field by means of an electric current is called
excitation.
5. What is the purpose of motor field rheostat in the circuit?
To adjust the motor speed as required (rated speed).
By adjusting the field rheostat, we can change the field current and correspondingly
flux changes. As speed (N) inversely proportional to flux (∅),
We can vary speed as required. N = k 1∅
6. What is the purpose of generator field rheostat in the circuit?
To vary the field current of generator (Initial to maximum excitation current).To
perform OCC test in generator, we need to increase the field current and correspondingly
flux increases. Due to that generated emf will be increased. As Generated emf (E) directly
proportional speed (N) and flux (∅).
Name plate details of DC Motor: Calculation of Fuse Rating:

Capacity :3.6 W For load test on DC Motor =rated

Voltage :220 V current*1.25
Current :16 A =16*1.25
Speed :1500 RPM =20A
EXP. NO.: DATE:

LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR

AIM:

To conduct load test on D.C motor and to obtain performance characteristics

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No
Apparatus Range Type Qty
.
1 Voltmeter

2 Ammeter

3 Rheostat
4 Tachometer
Connecting
5
Wires

THEORY:

The shunt motor has a definite no load speed hence it does not run away when load
is suddenly thrown off provided the field circuit remains closed. The drop in speed
from no-load to full load is small hence this motor is usual referred to a constant speed
motor.

The efficiency curve is usually of the same shape for all electric motors and
generators. The shape of efficiency curve and the point of maximum efficiency can be
varied considerably by the designer, though it is advantageous to have an efficiency
curve which is fairly flat. So that there is little change inefficiency between load and
25% overload and to have the maximum efficiency as near to the full load as possible.

From the curves it is observed that is certain value of current is required even when
output is zero. The motor input under no-load conditions goes to meet the various
losses ,occurring within the machine.
MODELCALCULATION:

Load voltage VL =216V

Load current IL =8.6
Speed N =1464RPM
SpringBalancereadingS1=8Kg
S2 =4Kg

Torque developed =9.81*Radius*Force

=9.81*0.5*(8-4)
=5.886NM

Input power =VI*II

=216*8.6
=1857.6W

Output power =(2*Π*N*T)/60

=902.7W

Efficiency ƞ =(Output power/Input power)*100

=902.7/1857.6
=48.5%
FORMULAUSED:

T
Radius R  r In meter.
2

Torque τ= 9.81xRx (S1~S2) N-m

Input Power Wi  V i Ii Watts

2NT
Output Power, W0  Watts
60
Output Power
Percentage Efficiency 100
Input Power
 PRECAUTIONS:

1. Ensure that there is no load on the brake drum initially.

2. Check for correct fuse rating.
3. Ensure that there are no loose connections.
4. Field rheostat should be kept in minimum resistive position initially.
5. The motor should be cooled by supplying water in water drum through out
theexperiment.
6. It is ensured that the MC (Moving Coil) meters are connected with
properpolarities.

PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Ensure that no load is applied to the brake drum and the field rheostat is kept
in minimum resistive position initially.
3. Supply is given to the motor by closing the DPST switch , motor is started using a
3–point starter.
4. The field rheostat is adjusted to make the motor run at the rated speed.
5. At no load, the readings of ammeter, voltmeter , tachometer and spring balance
readings are noted.
6. The load is then increased in steps and the readings are noted up to rated
current. The load on the brake drum is released fully to no load condition. The
field rheostat to original resistive position
7. The supply to the motor is switched off by opening the DPST switch.
Tabulation:

Spring balance
Load Load Reading
Speed Torque Input Output Efficiency
Sl.No voltage current
N(RPM) Nm power power %
VL(V) IL(A) S1 S2
Kg Kg

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.
MODEL GRAPH
 RESULT:

Thus, the performance and load characteristics of a DC shunt motor are drawn.

INFERENCE:

The Following Points are noted from the load characteristics of a DC shunt motor

i) For Load Characteristics the Maximum Speed occurs at the load current of

ii) For Load Characteristics the Maximum Efficiency occurs at the load current of

Viva Marks 10
Experiment
15
Conduction Mark
Total Marks 25
Signature of Lab In-
charge
 VIVAQUESTIONS:

1. What is the principle of motor?

When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field perpendicular to
the conductor, the conductor experiences a force perpendicular to itself and to the
external magnetic field.
2. Define lenz law.
The law that whenever there is an induced electromotive force (emf) in a
conductor, it is always in such a direction that the current it would produce would
oppose the change which causes the induced emf.
3. Why should the field rheostat be kept in minimum position?
It is kept at minimum position to produce more torque which is required for
starting a motor.
4. What is the loading arrangement used in a DC motor?
Brake type of load
5. How can the direction of rotation of a DC motor be reversed?
The direction of rotation of a DC motor (shunt, series or compound) can be reversed by
changing the polarity of either the armature coil or the field coil.
6. What are the mechanical and electrical characteristics of a DC shunt
motor?
Mechanical characteristics can be drawn between speed and torque.
Electrical characteristics are
a. Output power Vs speed
b. Output power Vs efficiency
c. Output power Vs input power
d. Output power Vs line current
e. Output power Vs torque
7. Why the efficiency of the generator is greater than that of the motor?
Why?
In a generator, the mechanical losses are supplied by prime mover. But in case of a
motor, the motor has to meet the mechanical losses, so the efficiency of generator is
greater.
8. Define Fleming left hand rule?
The thumb, forefinger & middle finger of left hand are held so that these fingers are
mutually perpendicular to each other, then fore finger gives the direction of magnetic field,
middle finger gives the direction of the current and thumb gives the direction of the force
experienced by the conductor.
9. What are the applications of DC shunt motor?
Lathes
Centrifugal pumps Blowers and machine tools Reciprocating pumps
 10. Define back emf.
When the motor armature rotates, the conductors also rotate and hence
cut the flux. By Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, emf is induced
in them, which is in opposition to applied voltage (Lenz law). Because of its
opposing direction, it is referred to as counter emf or back emf.
11. Why You Need Back EMF in DC Motor?
The back emf controls (or) regulates current .This means it is responsible
for the amount of electricity coming from the motor. Without a back emf, the
motor would simply always send out maximum power, which would easily
overload lower or even medium powered appliances.
12. What is a DC shunt motor and from where we are getting DC
for the input supply?
The shunt wound dc motor falls under the category of self excited dc
motors, where the field wingdings are shunted too rare connected in parallel
to the armature winding of the motor.
And we are getting DC for the input supply from rectifier panel.
Name plate details of DC Motor: Calculation of Fuse Rating:

Capacity : 3W For load test on DC Motor = rated current

Voltage : 220V *1.25
Current : 20A =20*1.25
Speed : 1500RPM =25A
EXP. NO.: DATE:

LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES MOTOR

AIM:

To conduct load test on DC series motor and to obtain performance characteristics

APPARATUS REQUIRRED:

S.No. Apparatus Range Type Qty

1 Voltmeter
2 Ammeter
3 Tachometer
4 Connecting Wires

THEORY:

The drop in speed with increased load is much prominent in series motor than in a
shunt motor hence a series motor is not suitable for application requiring a substantially
constant speed.

For a given current input a starting torque developed by a series motor is greater than
that developed by a shunt motor. Hence series motors are used where huge starting
torques is necessary that means for cranes and traction purpose. In addition to huge
starting torque there is another unique characteristic of series motor which makes this
especially desirable for traction work that means when a load comes on a series motor it
response by decreasing its speed and supplies the increased torque with a small increase in
current.

On the other hand a shunt motor under the same condition would hold its speed nearly
constant and would supply the required increased torque with a large increase of input
current.
FORMULA USED:

T
Radius R  r 
2
Torque   9.81 R S1 S2  N - m
Input Power Wi  Vi Ii Watts
2N
Output Power, W0  Watts
60
Output Power
Percentage Efficiency  100
Input Power

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Ensure that some load is applied to the brake drum initially (S1=S2=5kg).
2. Check the correct fuse ratings.
3. Ensure that there are no loose connections.
4. Under no circumstances, the motor should be unloaded fully during operation.
5. The motor should be cooled by circulating water in the brake drum
throughout theexperiment.
6. It is ensured that the MC (Moving Coil) meters are connected with proper polarities.
Tabulation:

Spring balance
Load Load Reading
Speed Torque Input Output Efficiency
Sl. No voltage current
N(RPM) Nm power power %
VL(V) IL(A)
S1 S2
Kg Kg
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.
PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. Ensure that some load is applied to the brake drum initially (S1=S2=5Kg).

3. Supply is given to the motor by closing the DPST Switch.

4. Motor is started using the two point starter.

5. The readings of ammeter, voltmeter, tachometer and spring balance are noted.

6. The load is then gradually increased in steps and the readings are noted up to rated load.

7. Decrease the load on the brake drum (until S1=S2=5Kg).

8. The motor is switched off using the DPST switch.

MODEL CALCULATION:

Load voltage VL = 170 V

Load current IL = 14A
Speed N = 1550RPM
Spring Balance reading S1 = 12Kg
S2 = 4Kg

Torque developed = 9.81*Radius*Force

= 9.81*0.5*(12-4)
= 11.77 NM

Input power = VI*II

= 170*14
= 2380W

Output power = (2*Π*N*T)/60

= 1910.4 W

Efficiency ƞ = (Output power/Input power)*100

= (1910.4/2380)*100
= 80.2%
MODEL GRAPH
 RESULT:

Thus, the performance and load characteristics of a DC shunt motor are drawn.

INFERENCE:

The Following Points are noted from the load characteristics of a DC Series motor

i) For Load Characteristics the Maximum Speed occurs at the load current of

ii) For Load Characteristics the Maximum Efficiency occurs at the load current of

Viva Marks 10
Experiment
15
Conduction Mark
Total Marks 25
Signature of Lab In-
charge
 EXP. NO.: DATE:

SPEED CONTROL METHODS OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

AIM:

To control the speed of DC shunt motor by

1. Armature control method
2. Field control method

APPARATUS REQUIRRED:

S.No
Apparatus Range Type Qty
.
1 Voltmeter

2 Ammeter

3 Rheostat

4 Tachometer
Connecting
5
Wires

THEORY:

FLUX CONTROL METHOD

The speed the DC motor is inversely propositional to the flux per pole , when the
armature voltage is kept constant. By decreasing the flux the speed can be increased and
vice–versa. Hence the main flux of field control method the flux of a DC motor can be
changed by changing field current with help of a shunt field rheostat. Since shunt field
current is respectively small shunt field rheostat has to carry only a small amount of
current which means I2R losses is small so that rheostat is small in size. This method
is very efficient.
ARMATURECONTROLMETHOD

This method is used when speed below the no load speed are required. As the supply
voltage is normally constant the voltage across the armature is varied by inserting a
variable rheostat in series with the armature circuit. As conductor resistance is increased
potential difference across the armature is decreased, her by decreasing the armature
speed. For a load of constant torque speed is approximately propositional to the potential
difference across the armature.
TABULATION:

ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD:

Field Current If=1.0A Field Current If=0.9A

Armature Armature Speed
S.No. Speed N(RPM)
Voltage Voltage
Va (Volts) N(RPM) Va(Volts)

FIELD CONTROL METHOD:

Armature Voltage Va=220 Armature Voltage Va=200

Field Field
S.No. Speed N Current Speed N
Current
(RPM) If(Amp) (RPM)
If(Amp)
1

3
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check for the correct fuse ratings.
2. Ensure there are no loose connections.
3. Field rheostat should be kept in minimum resistive position initially.
4. Armature resistance rheostat is kept initially at maximum resistive position.

PROCEDURE:
1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Field rheostat is initially kept in the minimum resistive position and the armature
rheostat is in the maximum resistive position.
3. Supply is given to the motor by closing the DPST switch.
4. Motor is started using a three point starter.
5. Adjust the armature rheostat to get rated voltage.
6. In actual case adjust to about 200V, beyond this speed will be more than1500rpm.
7. The field rheostat is adjusted to make the motor run at the rated speed.

ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD:

1. By varying the field rheostat, set the value of field current to a particular value say
If=A
2. Now, by varying the armature rheostat, for various values of armature voltages, find
the values of speed and armature voltage, repeat this procedure for various values of
field current.
3. Bring back the armature rheostat and field rheostat to initial resistive position.

FIELD CONTROL METHOD:

1. By varying the armature rheostat, set the value of armature voltage to a particular
value say Va=- V.
2. Now, by varying the field rheostat, for various values of filed currents, find the values
of speed and filed current, repeat this procedure for various values of armature
voltage.
3. Bring back the armature rheostat and field rheostat to the initial resistive position.
4. Switch off the DPST switch.
MODEL GRAPH

GRAPHS:

1. Armature voltage Vs speed

2. Field current Vs speed

Name plate details of DC Motor:

Capacity : 3.5 W
Voltage : 220 V
Current : 16 A
Speed : 1500 RPM

Calculation of Fuse Rating:

For speed control on DC Motor = rated current*0.25

= 16*0.25
= 4A
 RESULT:
Thus, the speed control characteristics of DC shunt motor by
(i) Armature control method
(ii) Field control method are done.

INFERENCE:

The Following Points are noted from the speed control characteristics of DC shunt motor

i) For Load Characteristics the Maximum Speed occurs at the Armature current of

ii) For Load Characteristics the Maximum Speed occurs at the Field current of

Viva Marks 10
Experiment
15
Conduction Mark
Total Marks 25
Signature of Lab In-
charge
 VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. How does the speed of a DC shunt motor vary with armature voltage
and field current?

The speed of the shunt motor is given by N=k

V−Ia Ra
∅
From the above expression the speed is directly proportional to voltage and it is
inversely to the field current.

2. What is the importance of speed control of dc motor in industrial

application?
The speed control of the DC motor is important because its speed can be changed
over a wide variety of simple methods which is not possible in an AC motor.

3. Which is of two method of speed control is better? Why?

Flux control method is better and very efficient. Since Ish is relatively small, shunt
field rheostat has to carry only a small amount , which means I2R loss is less.

4. Why the speed of DC shunt motor is practically constant under

normal load conditions?
For shunt motors ∅ is assumed constant, t h e n N� Eb .as Eb is also practically
constant, speed is also constant.

5. Why we are using low range ammeter (less than rated current) at
supply side?
Due to no load, current flow will be very low, for that 25 % of rated current is
enough to perform the test. So low range ammeters (25 % of rated current) are used.

6. What are the methods available for speed control other than these
two methods?
Voltage control
(i) Multiple voltage control
(ii) Ward Leonard method
(iii) Tapping’s
NAME PLATE DETAILS FUSE RATING CALCULATION

Fuse current=120%*Rated current

Capacity of Motor =1.5KW =
Rated Voltage =220V =
Rated Current =9.9A
Rated Speed =1440RPM
EXP. NO.: DATE:

LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM:

To determine the performance characteristic of a given single phase capacitor start

induction motor by conducting load test.

APPARATUS REQUIRRED:

S.No
Apparatus Range Type Qty
.
1 Voltmeter
2 Ammeter
3 Watt meter
4 Tachometer
5 Autotransformer
6 Connecting wires

THEORY:
In the single-phase induction motor, single phase A.C. supply is given to the stator
winding. The stator winding carries an alternating current which produces the flux which is
also alternating in nature. This flux is called main flux. This flux links with the rotor
conductors and due to transformer action E.M.F. gets induced in the rotor .The induced
E.M.F. drives current through the rotor as rotor circuit is closed circuit. This rotor current
produces another flux called rotor flux required for the motoring action. Thus second flux is
produced according to induction principle due to induced E.M.F. hence the motor is called
induction motor. As against this in D.C. motor a separate supply is required to armature to
produce armature flux. This is an important difference between D.C. motor and an induction
motor. The single-phase induction motors are not self-starting , to make a
single-phase induction motor self-starting , the following methods are used
(i) Split-phase motors
(ii) Capacitor-Start Motor
(iii) Capacitor- Start Capacitor-Run Motor
(iv) Shaded-pole motors
FORMULA USED

1. Input Power Pi=W(in watts)

2. Torque= (S1~ S2) ×R ×9.81
Where, R =Radius of brake drum of motor in meter

S1, S2=spring balance reading in kg

3. Output Power, Po= 2NT

Watts
60

4. %Efficiency, = Output power100

Input power
5. Synchronous speed, N 120f
S
P (rpm)

Where, f=frequency in Hz

P =no. of poles
NS N
6. %Slip = 100
NS
Where, Ns=synchronous speed in rpm

Nr=speed of the rotor in rpm

7. Power factor=cos  Pin

VLIL
PRECAUTION

1) Before switching on the supply the auto transformer is kept in minimum position.
2) There should be no load while starting the motor.

PROCEDURE

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the supply at no load condition.
3. Apply the rated voltage to the motor by adjusting auto transformer.
4. The no load readings are taken.
5. Vary the load in suitable steps and note down all the readings till rated current is
reached.
TABULAR COLUMN

Observation Tabulation

Spring
Input
Balance
Line Line
Power Pi, M.F= Speed( Reading (S1~
S.N Voltage Current
Observe N) S2)
o. VL IL
d Actual S1 S2

V A W W Rpm Kg Kg Kg
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

CALCULATION TABULATION:

Sl. No.
Power
Factor=
Torque
%Slip
Input
Power
Output 
N-m %
cos  Pi(W) Power(W
)
1.

2.
3.
4.

5.

6.

7.

8.
MODEL CALCULATION:

1. Input power= W

2. Torque=(S1 ~S2)×R×9.81 Where ,R=0.11m

= × ×
= Nm
2NT
3.Output Power=
60
=

= Watts

4. % = Output
100
Input
= ×100= %
NSNr
5. Slip= 100
NS

N 120f
s P
12050
N  1500
S 4
Slip=
Pin V
6. Power factor= cos
vI
L L

=
MODEL GRAPHS:

GRAPHS:
1. Output Power Vs speed
2. Output power Vs Efficiency
3. Output power Vs Load Current
4. Output power Vs Power factor
5. Torque Vs Slip
 RESULT
Thus, the load test on single phase induction motor was per formed and the
respective graphs were drawn.

INFERENCE:

The Following Points are noted from the load test on single phase induction motor

i) For Load Characteristics the Maximum Slip occurs at the load current of

ii) For Load Characteristics the Maximum Efficiency occurs at the load current of

iii) For Load Characteristics the Maximum Power factor occurs at the load current of

iv) For Load Characteristics the Maximum torque occurs at the load current of

Viva Marks 10
Experiment
Conduction Mark 15
Total Marks 25
Signature of Lab In-
charge
 VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. A single phase induction motor is not self-starting .Why?

When a single phase supply is connected across a single phase winding ,a pulsating
magnetic field is produced . The force experienced by the upper conductors of the rotor
will be downward and the force experienced by the lower conductors will be directed up
ward . The two sets of force will cancel and the rotor will experience no torque . Hence
the rotor will not rotate.

2. How will you change the direction of rotation of a single phase induction
motor?
The direction of rotation of a single phase induction motor can be changed by
changing the direction of current either in the starting winding or in the running
winding.

3. What type of motor is used for ceiling fans?

Permanent magnet capacitor motor is used for ceiling fans.

4. Why single phase induction motor has low power factor?

The current through the running winding lags behind the supply voltage by a very
large angle. Hence the power factor is low in single phase induction motor.

5. Why are centrifugal switches provided on single phase inductions motor?

The centrifugal switches are provided on single phase induction motors, because
when the motor is running at 75% of the synchronous speed, the centrifugal switch
connected in the auxiliary winding operates and disconnect the auxiliary winding from
the supply.

6. What is the function of capacitor in a single phase induction motor?

Capacitor is used to improve the power factor of the motor. Due to the capacitor
connected in series with the auxiliary winding, the capacitive circuit draws a leading
current which increases the split phase angle α between the two current Im and Ist.

7. What are the classifications of single phase induction motor based on the
method of starting?
a) Split phase motor
b) Capacitor start motor
c) Capacitor start Capacitor run motor
d) Shaded pole motor

8. What are the applications of single phase induction motor?

Single-phase induction motors are used extensively for smaller loads such as centrifugal pump,
fan and compressor.
NAME PLATE DETAILS FUSE RATING CALCULATION

Fuse current=120%*Rated current

Capacity of Motor =3.7KW = (120/100)*7.5
Rated Voltage =415V =9.37A
Rated Current =7.5A =10A
Rated Speed =1430RPM
EXP. NO.: DATE:

LOAD TEST ON 3-PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM:

To determine the performance characteristics of 3-phase squirrel cage

induction motor by direct loading.

APPARATUS REQUIRRED:

S.No
Apparatus Range Type Qty
.
1 Voltmeter
2 Ammeter
3 Watt meter
4 Tachometer
5 Auto transformer
6 Connecting wires

THEORY:
Induction motor works on the principle of Faradays Law of Electromagnetic
induction. When a three phase supply is given to the three phase stator winding, a
rotating magnetic field of constant magnitude will be produced. The speed of this
rotation magnetic field is synchronous speed Ns r.p.m.
Ns=120f/P
Now at this instant rotor is stationery and stator flux R.M.F. is rotating. So it’s
obvious that there exists a relative motion between the R.M.F. and rotor conductors.
Whenever conductor cuts the flux, e.m.f. gets induced in it. So e.m.f. gets induced in
the rotor conductors called rotor induced e.m.f. As rotor forms closed circuit, induced
e.m.f. circulates current through rotor called rotor current.
Any current carrying conductor produces its own flux. So rotor produces its flux
called rotor flux. This direction can be easily determined using right hand thumb rule.
Now there are two fluxes, one R.M.F. and other rotor flux. Both the fluxes interact
with each. On left of rotor conductor, two fluxes cancel each other to produce low
flux area. As flux lines act as stretched rubber band, high flux density area exerts
a push on rotor conductor towards low flux density area. So rotor conductor
experiences a force.
As all the rotor conductors experience a force, the overall rotor experiences a
torque and starts rotating
 FORMULA USED

1. Torque= (S1~S2) ×9.81 ×R N-m

Where, R =Radius of brake drum of motor in meter
S1,S2 = spring balance reading in kg
2. Input Power,(Pi) =(W1+W2) (Watts)

3. Output Power,(Po)= 2NT

(Watt)
60

4. %Efficiency = Output
100
Input
5. Synchronous speed, N 120f
S
P (Rpm)

Where, f =frequency in Hz
P =no. of poles
NSN
6. %Slip ,s= 100
NS
Where, Ns=synchronous speed in rpm
Nr=speed of the rotor in rpm
Where, R =Radius of brake drum of motor in
meterS1, S2=spring balance reading in
kg
7. Power factor= cos 
PRECAUTION

1. 3-phase auto transformer should be at minimum voltage position.

2. There should be no-load at the time of starting.

PROCEDURE

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the supply at no load condition.
3. Apply the rated voltage to the motor by adjusting auto transformer.
4. If any Watt-meter shows negative reading then inter change M and L connections.
5. The no load readings are taken.
6. Vary the load in suitable steps and noted own all the readings till rated current
is reached.
TABULARCOLUMN:

Observation Tabulation:

Input
Line Line Power Spring
Sl. Speed (S1~S2)
Voltage Current Pi(Watts) Balance
No. (N)rpm Kg
VL(V) IL(A) W1 W2 Reading
Obs Act. Obs Act. S1K S2Kg
. . g
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

CALCULATION TABULATION:

Power
Sl.No. Factor=
Torque
%Slip
Input Output 
cos
N-m Power Pi (W) Power(W)

1.

2.
3.

4.

5.

6.
MODEL CALCULATION:

1. Torque = (S1~S2) ×9.81 ×R N-m

= × ×
= Nm
2. Input Power = W1+ W2
= + Watts
= Watts
3. Output Power= 2NT
60

= Watts

Output
4.%= 100
Input
=

NSN
5. Slip= 100
NS

6. Power factor = cos

=
MODEL GRAPHS:

GRAPHS:
1. Output Power Vs Efficiency
2. Output Power Vs Load Current
3. Output Power Vs Power factor
4. Output Power Vs %Speed
5. Torque Vs Slip
 RESULT:

Thus, the load test on 3-phase squirrel-cage induction motor was

performed and the respective graphs were drawn.

INFERENCE:

The Following Points are noted from the load test on three phase induction motor

i) For Load Characteristics the Maximum Slip occurs at the load current of

ii) For Load Characteristics the Maximum Efficiency occurs at the load current of

iii) For Load Characteristics the Maximum Power factor occurs at the load current of

iv) For Load Characteristics the Maximum torque occurs at the load current of

Viva Marks 10
Experiment
15
Conduction Mark
Total Marks 25
Signature of Lab In-
charge
 VIVAQUESTIONS:
1. What are the fundamental characteristics of a rotating magnetic field?
The resultant of three alternating fluxes separated from each other by 120 degree
has constant amplitude of 1.5 Фm, where Фm is maximum amplitude of an individual
flux due to any phase.
The resultant always keeps on rotating with certain speed in space, and the speed
is given by Ns = 120f / P

2. What are the types of three phase induction motor?

(a). Squirrel cage induction motor (b). Slip ring induction motor

3. Can N=N sin three phase induction motor?

When rotor starts rotating it tries to catch the speed of rotating magnetic field.
If it catches the speed of rotating magnetic field, the relative motion between rotor
and RMF will vanish. In fact the relative motion is the main cause for the individual emf
in the rotor. So induced emf will vanish and hence there cannot be rotor current and
rotor flux which is essential to produce the torque on the rotor. Eventually motor will
stop. The induction motor never rotates at synchronous speed.

4. What is the effect of slip on frequency, induced emf and power factor?
(a). fr=sf
(b). E2r=sE2
(c). CosФ2r=R2/Z2r .
5. The squirrel cage rotor is also known as short circuited rotor .Why?
In squirrel cage rotor, the copper bars are placed in the slots. These bars are short
circuited at each end with the help of conducting copper ring called end ring. The entire
rotor resistance is very small. Hence this rotor is also called as short circuited rotor.
CONTENT BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

Name plate details of DC Motor: Name plate details of Alternator:

Capacity = Capacity =
Voltage = Voltage =
Current = Current =
Speed = Speed =
For load test on alternator=125%*Rated Excitation voltage =
current of alternator Excitation current =
= (125/100)* For Motor =125%*
Rated current of DC motor
= A
= (125/100)*
= A
=
EXP. NO : DATE:

LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE ALTERNATOR

AIM:

To conduct load test on single phase alternator and to obtain the

performance characteristics.

APPARATUS REQUIRRED:

S.No
Apparatus Range Type Qty
.
1 Voltmeter
2 Ammeter
3 Watt meter
4 Tachometer
5 Autotransformer
6 Connecting wires

THEORY:
The alternators works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
When there is a relative motion between the conductors and the flux EMF get induced
in the conductors. Consider a relative motion of a single conductor under the
magnetic field produced by two stationary poles which is shown below.

Fig.Alternator
Let conductor starts rotating from position 1. At this instant, the entire velocity
component is parallel to the flux lines. Hence there is no cutting of flux lines by the
conductor. So dΦ/dt at this instant is zero and hence induced E.M.F. in the conductor is
also zero.
FORMULA USED:
1. DC Motor Input power= Vm× Im Watts
2. DC Motor Out put power= Motor Input power Watt
100
3.Assume efficiency of motor=80%
4.Output Power of Alternator= VL IL cos
Cos Ø =1 (for resistive load)
5.Input Power of alternator = Output Power of DC motor
Output
6.%Alternator efficiency  = 100
Input
VNLVFL
7.%Regulation= 100
VNL
 As the conductor moves from position 1 towards position 2, the part of the
velocity component becomes perpendicular to the flux lines and proportional to that, e.m.f. gets
induced in the conductor. The magnitude of such an induced e.m.f. increases as the conductor moves
from position 1 towards 2.
At position 2, the entire velocity component is perpendicular to the flux lines. Hence there
exists maximum cutting of the flux lines. At this instant, the induced E.M.F. in the conductor is
at its maximum. As the position of conductor changes from 2 towards 3, the velocity
component perpendicular to the flux starts decreasing and hence induced E.M.F. magnitude
also starts decreasing. At position 3, again the entire velocity component is parallel to the flux
lines and hence at this instant induced E.M.F. in the conductor is zero. As the conductor moves
from 3 towards 4, the velocity component perpendicular to the flux lines again starts
increasing. But the direction of velocity component now is opposite to the direction of velocity
component existing during the movement of the conductor from position 1 to 2. Hence an
induced E.M.F. in the conductor increases but in the opposite direction.
At position 4, it achieves maxima in the opposite direction, as the entire velocity component
becomes perpendicular to the flux lines.

Fig. Alternating nature of the induced E.M.F.

Again from position 4 to 1, induced E.M.F. decreased and finally at position 1, again becomes
zero. This cycle continues as conductor rotates at a certain speed. So if we plot the magnitudes
of the induced E.M.F. against the time, we get an alternating nature of the induced E.M.F. as
shown in the Fig.
PRECAUTION:

1. Motor filed rheostat should be kept in minimum resistance position at the time
of starting.
2. The potential divider should be kept at maximum resistance position at the time
of starting
3. There should be no load at the time of starting

PROCEDURE

1. Connection are given as per the circuit diagram

2. The supply is given and the DC motor is started using a 3 point starter
3. The field rheostat in the motor side is adjusted till synchronous speed is reached
4. The DPST switch is closed and the potential difference is varied for rated voltage
of alternator
5. The no load readings are taken.
6. Vary the load in suitable steps and noted down all the readings till rated current is
reached . Maintain the speed of the motor as constant through out the
experiment.
TABULAR COLUMN:

Observation Tabulation:

Motor input Alternator

Motor Alternator
voltage output Alternator Field
S.No. input output current
Vm voltage Current
Current IL(A)
(V) VL
Im (A)
(V)
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

CALCULATION TABULATION:

Motor Alternator
Motor Input Alternator
output
S.No. power
power
output % %Regulation
(W) power(W)
(W)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
MODEL CALCULATION:

1. DC Motor Input power= Vm×Im Watts

= ×
= W
2. DC Motor Output power=  Motor Input power
100
=

= Watts
3. Output Power of Alternator= VL IL cos
= × ×
= Watts

4.% = Output
100
Input
= ×100%= %
VNLVFL
5.%Regulation= 100
VNL

%Regulation =
MODEL GRAPHS:

GRAPHS:

1. Load current Vs Efficiency

2. Load current Vs% Regulation
3. Load current Vs Load voltage
RESULT

Thus, the load test on three phase alternator was performed and the respective
graphs were drawn.

Maximum efficiency of three phase alternator =

Maximum output power=
Maximum Regulation =
Maximum Drop in voltage =
 VIVAQUESTIONS:

1. Write the emf equation of an alternator.

E=4.44fФTKcKdvolts

2. Can a DC generator be converted into an alternator ? How?

Yes, by providing two collector rings on end of the armature and connecting these two
rings to two points in the armature windings 180 degree apart.

3. Define the terms distribution factor and pitch factor.

The factor by which there is a reduction in the emf due to distribution of coils is called
distribution factor, denoted by Kd.
The factor by which induced emf gets reduced due to short pitching of coil is called
pitch factor, denoted by Kc.

4. Compare salient pole and Non salient pole rotor.

Sl. No Salient Pole Rotor Non-Salient Pole Rotor

1 The diameter of the rotor is to reduce the
Large diameter and small axial
peripheralvelocity of rotor
length
2 It is employed with hydraulic
Used in high-speed turbines
turbines
Diesel engines.

5. What is the necessity of damper winding?

Most of the alternators have the pole shoes slotted for receiving copper bars of a grid
or damper winding. They are useful in preventing the hunting in generators and are
needed in synchronous motors to provide the starting torque.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 Expt. No.
Date : UNIVERSAL MOTOR

AIM:
To examine the construction of the universal motor; to determine its no-load and full-load characteristics.

THEORY:

The AC/DC universal motor is found in portable tools such as electric drills, saws, sanders, etc., and in
home appliances such as vacuum cleaners, electric mixers, blenders, etc., where high speed, power and small size
are an advantage. However, it is closer in concept to the DC motor than to the AC motor and, therefore, has
some inherent disadvantages, which could be avoided in purely AC induction motors; chiefly, the need for
commutation and brushes.
The universal motor is basically a series DC motor which is specially designed to operate on AC as well as
on DC. A standard DC series motor has very poor characteristics when operated on AC ,mainly due to two reasons:
a) The high reactance of both the armature and field windings limits AC current to a much lower value than
DC current (for the same line voltage).
b) If solid steel is used for the stator frame, AC flux will produce large eddy currents in the frame with
consequent heating
CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

RESULT:

Thus constructed the universal motor and know the application of this.