CHEENA PUBLIC SCHOOL

🦟
GHATAMPUR KANPUR NAGAR 209206

BIOLOGY LAB MANUAL 🧪

MALARIA

SUBMITTED TO :: SUBMITTED BY :
POONAM MA'AM HITANSHI SACHAN

CLASS :: 12TH

CBSE ROLL No. :: _____________.

 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that of class XII has successfully

completed the investigatory project on the topic MALARIA under the
guidance of
 MRS/MR. SINGNATURE OF EXTERNAL
EXAMINER
ACKNOWLEDGEMEN
T
I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to my subject teacher MRS/MR
(PGT BIO.) for her encouragement and for all the facilities that she provided for this project
work. I sincerely appreciate this magnanimity by taking me into her fold for which I shall
remain indebted to her. I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude for her
invaluable guidance, constant encouragement, constructive comments, sympathetic attitude
and immense motivation, which has sustained my efforts at all stages of this project work. I
can’t forget to offer my sincere thanks to my classmates who helped me to carry out this
project work successfully and for their valuable advice and support, which I received from
them time to time.
 CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION

 KEY FACTS

 CAUSES

 TRANSMISSION

 PREVENTION

 TREATMENT

 WHO responses..

 CASE STUDY

 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease affecting humans and other animals
caused by parasitic single-celled microorganisms belonging to the Plasmodium group.
Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever, tiredness, vomiting,
and headaches. In severe cases it can cause yellow skin, seizures, coma,
or death. Symptoms usually begin ten to fifteen days after being bitten by an infected
mosquito. If not properly treated, people may have recurrences of the disease months
later. In those who have recently survived an infection, reinfection usually causes
milder symptoms. This partial resistance disappears over months to years if the person
has no continuing exposure to malaria.
The disease is most commonly transmitted by an infected
female Anopheles mosquito. The mosquito bite introduces the parasites from the
mosquito's saliva into a person's blood. The parasites travel to the liver where they
mature and reproduce. Five species of Plasmodium can infect and be spread by
humans. Most deaths are caused by P. falciparum because P. vivax, P. ovale,
and P. malariae generally cause a milder form of malaria. The
species P. knowlesi rarely causes disease in humans. Malaria is typically diagnosed by
the microscopic examination of blood using blood films, or with antigen-based rapid
diagnostic tests. Methods that use the polymerase chain reaction to detect the
parasite's DNA have been developed, but are not widely used in areas where malaria
is common due to their cost and complexity. The risk of disease can be reduced by
preventing mosquito bites through the use of mosquito nets and insect repellents, or
with mosquito control measures such as spraying insecticides and draining standing
water. Several medications are available to prevent malaria in travelers to areas where
the disease is common. Occasional doses of the combination
medication sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine are recommended in infants and after the first
trimester of pregnancy in areas with high rates of malaria. Despite a need, no
effective vaccine exists, although efforts to develop one are ongoing. The
recommended treatment for malaria is a combination of antimalarial medications that
includes an artemisinin. The second medication may be either
mefloquine, lumefantrine, or sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine. Quinine along
with doxycycline may be used if an artemisinin is not available. It is recommended
that in areas where the disease is common, malaria is confirmed if possible before
treatment is started due to concerns of increasing drug resistance. Resistance among
the parasites has developed to several antimalarial medications; for
example, chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum has spread to most malarial areas, and
resistance to artemisinin has become a problem in some parts of Southeast Asia.The
disease is widespread in the tropical and subtropical regions that exist in a broad band
around the equator. This includes much of Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Latin
America. In 2016, there were 216 million cases of malaria worldwide resulting in an
estimated 445,000 to 731,000 deaths. Approximately 90% of both cases and deaths
occurred in Africa. Rates of disease have decreased from 2000 to 2015 by 37%, but
increased from 2014 during which there were 198 million cases. Malaria is commonly
associated with poverty and has a major negative effect on economic development. In
Africa, it is estimated to result in losses of US$12 billion a year due to increased
healthcare costs, lost ability to work, and negative effects on tourism.
KEY FACTS
 Malaria is transmitted when a mosquito infected with the plasmodium
parasite bites a person. The mosquito acts as a carrier of the plasmodium
meaning when a mosquito bites a person infected with malaria, there is a
high chance that the parasite can be spread to a healthy individual when
this mosquito bites that person.
 Did you know that malaria can be caused by four variants of the same
parasite?
 Malaria is especially dangerous for pregnant women as the parasite can
pass into the mother’s womb and infect the foetus as well. Once the
foetus has been infected with malaria, it can lead to the baby being born
with a low birth weight and may lead to death.
 CAUSES
Malaria is caused by the Plasmodium parasite. The parasite can be spread to
humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes.
There are many different types of plasmodium parasite, but only 5 types cause
malaria in humans.
These are:
 Plasmodium falciparum – mainly found in Africa, it's the most common

type of malaria parasite and is responsible for most malaria deaths

worldwide
 Plasmodium vivax – mainly found in Asia and South America, this

parasite causes milder symptoms than Plasmodium falciparum, but it

can stay in the liver for up to 3 years, which can result in relapses
 Plasmodium ovale – fairly uncommon and usually found in West Africa,

it can remain in your liver for several years without producing symptoms
 Plasmodium malariae – this is quite rare and usually only found in Africa.

 Plasmodium knowlesi – this is very rare and found in parts of southeast

Asia.
 TRANSMISSON
The plasmodium parasite is spread by female Anopheles mosquitoes, which are
known as "night-biting" mosquitoes because they most commonly bite between dusk
and dawn.
If a mosquito bites a person already infected with malaria, it can also become infected
and spread the parasite on to other people. However, malaria can't be spread directly
from person to person.
Once you're bitten, the parasite enters the bloodstream and travels to the liver. The
infection develops in the liver before re-entering the bloodstream and invading the red
blood cells.
The parasites grow and multiply in the red blood cells. At regular intervals, the
infected blood cells burst, releasing more parasites into the blood. Infected blood cells
usually burst every 48-72 hours. Each time they burst, you'll have a bout of fever, chills
and sweating.
Malaria can also be spread through blood transfusions and the sharing of needles, but
this is very rare.
 PREVENTION
There's a significant risk of getting malaria if you travel to an affected area. It's
very important you take precautions to prevent the disease.
Malaria can often be avoided using the ABCD approach to prevention, which
stands for:
 Awareness of risk – find out whether you're at risk of getting malaria.
 Bite prevention – avoid mosquito bites by using insect repellent, covering your
arms and legs, and using a mosquito net.
 Check whether you need to take malaria prevention tablets – if you do, make
sure you take the right antimalarial tablets at the right dose, and finish the
course.
 Diagnosis – seek immediate medical advice if you have malaria symptoms,
including up to a year after you return from travelling.
These are outlined in more detail below.
Being aware of the risks
To check whether you need to take preventative malaria treatment for the
countries you're visiting, see the Fit for Travel website.
It's also important to visit your GP or local travel clinic for malaria advice as
soon as you know where you're going to be travelling.
Even if you grew up in a country where malaria is common, you still need to
take precautions to protect yourself from infection if you're travelling to a risk
area.
 Nobody has complete immunity to malaria, and any level of natural protection
you may have had is quickly lost when you move out of a risk area.
Preventing bites
It's not possible to avoid mosquito bites completely, but the less you're bitten,
the less likely you are to get malaria.
To avoid being bitten:
 Stay somewhere that has effective air conditioning and screening on doors and
windows. If this isn't possible, make sure doors and windows close properly.
 If you're not sleeping in an air-conditioned room, sleep under an intact
mosquito net that's been treated with insecticide.
 Use insect repellent on your skin and in sleeping environments. Remember to
reapply it frequently. The most effective repellents contain diethyltoluamide
(DEET) and are available in sprays, roll-ons, sticks and creams.
 Wear light, loose-fitting trousers rather than shorts, and wear shirts with long
sleeves. This is particularly important during early evening and at night,
when mosquitoes prefer to feed.
There's no evidence to suggest homeopathic remedies, electronic
buzzers, vitamins B1 or B12, garlic, yeast extract spread (such as Marmite), tea
tree oils or bath oils offer any protection against mosquito bites.
Antimalarial tablets
There's currently no vaccine available that offers protection against malaria, so
it's very important to take antimalarial medication to reduce your chances of
getting the disease.
However, antimalarials only reduce your risk of infection by about 90%, so
 taking steps to avoid bites is also important.
When taking antimalarial medication:
 make sure you get the right antimalarial tablets before you go – check with
your GP or pharmacist if you're unsure
 follow the instructions included with your tablets carefully
 depending on the type you're taking, continue to take your tablets for up to 4
weeks after returning from your trip to cover the incubation period of the
disease
Check with your GP to make sure you're prescribed a medication you can
tolerate. You may be more at risk from side effects if you:
 have HIV or AIDS
 have epilepsy or any type of seizure condition
 are depressed or have another mental health condition
 have heart, liver or kidney problems
 take medicine, such as warfarin, to prevent blood clots
 use combined hormonal contraception, such as the contraceptive
pillor contraceptive patches
If you've taken antimalarial medication in the past, don't assume it's suitable
for future trips. The antimalarial you need to take depends on which strain of
malaria is carried by the mosquitoes and whether they're resistant to certain
types of antimalarial medication.
In the UK, chloroquine and proguanil can be bought over-the-counter from
local pharmacies. However, you should seek medical advice before buying it
as it's rarely recommended nowadays. For all other antimalarial tablets, you'll
need a prescription from your GP.
 Read more about antimalarial medication, including the main types and when
to take them.
Get immediate medical advice
You must seek medical help straight away if you become ill while travelling in
an area where malaria is found, or after returning from travelling, even if
you've been taking antimalarial tablets.
Malaria can get worse very quickly, so it's important that it's diagnosed and
treated as soon as possible.
If you develop symptoms of malaria while still taking antimalarial tablets,
either while you're travelling or in the days and weeks after you return,
remember to tell the doctor which type you have been taking. The same type of
antimalarial shouldn't be used to treat you as well.
If you develop symptoms after returning home, visit your GP or a hospital
doctor and tell them which countries you've travelled to in the last 12 months,
including any brief stopovers.
DEET insect repellents
The chemical DEET is often used in insect repellents. It's not recommended for
babies who are less than 2 months old.
DEET is safe for older children, adults and pregnant women if you follow the
manufacturer's instructions:
 use on exposed skin
 don't spray directly on to your face – spray into your hands and pat on to your
face
 avoid contact with lips and eyes
 wash your hands after applying
 don't apply to broken or irritated skin
 make sure you apply DEET after applying sunscreen, not before.

TREATMENT
Malaria is treated with antimalarial medications; the ones used depends on the type
and severity of the disease. While medications against fever are commonly used, their
effects on outcomes are not clear. Simple or uncomplicated malaria may be treated
with oral medications. The most effective treatment for P. falciparum infection is the
use of artemisinins in combination with other antimalarials (known as artemisinin-
combination therapy, or ACT), which decreases resistance to any single drug
component. These additional antimalarials include: amodiaquine, lumefantrine,
mefloquine or sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine.[94] Another recommended combination
is dihydroartemisinin and piperaquine. ACT is about 90% effective when used to treat
uncomplicated malaria. To treat malaria during pregnancy, the WHO recommends the
use of quinine plus clindamycin early in the pregnancy (1st trimester), and ACT in
later stages (2nd and 3rd trimesters). In the 2000s (decade), malaria with partial
resistance to artemisins emerged in Southeast Asia. Infection
with P. vivax, P. ovale or P. malariae usually do not require hospitalization. Treatment
of P. vivax requires both treatment of blood stages (with chloroquine or ACT) and
clearance of liver forms with primaquine. Treatment with tafenoquine prevents
relapses after confirmed P. vivax malaria. Severe and complicated malaria are almost
always caused by infection with P. falciparum. The other species usually cause only
febrile disease. Severe and complicated malaria are medical emergencies since
mortality rates are high (10% to 50%). Cerebral malaria is the form of severe and
complicated malaria with the worst neurological symptoms. Recommended treatment
for severe malaria is the intravenous use of antimalarial drugs. For severe
malaria, parenteral artesunate was superior to quinine in both children and adults. In
another systematic review, artemisinin derivatives (artemether and arteether) were as
efficacious as quinine in the treatment of cerebral malaria in children. Treatment of
severe malaria involves supportive measures that are best done in a critical care unit.
This includes the management of high fevers and the seizures that may result from it.
It also includes monitoring for poor breathing effort, low blood sugar, and low blood
potassium.

WHO response…
The WHO Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016-2030 – adopted by the
World Health Assembly in May 2015 – provides a technical framework for all
malaria-endemic countries. It is intended to guide and support regional and
country programmes as they work towards malaria control and elimination.
The Strategy sets ambitious but achievable global targets, including:
 Reducing malaria case incidence by at least 90% by 2030.
 Reducing malaria mortality rates by at least 90% by 2030.
 Eliminating malaria in at least 35 countries by 2030.
 Preventing a resurgence of malaria in all countries that are malaria-free.
This Strategy was the result of an extensive consultative process that spanned 2
years and involved the participation of more than 400 technical experts from 70
Member States. It is based on 3 key pillars:
 ensuring universal access to malaria prevention, diagnosis and treatment;
 accelerating efforts towards elimination and attainment of malaria-free
status; and
 Transforming malaria surveillance into a core intervention.
The WHO Global Malaria Programme (GMP) coordinates WHO's global efforts
to control and eliminate malaria by:
 setting, communicating and promoting the adoption of evidence-based
norms, standards, policies, technical strategies, and guidelines;
 keeping independent score of global progress;
 developing approaches for capacity building, systems strengthening, and
surveillance; and
 Identifying threats to malaria control and elimination as well as new
areas for action.
GMP is supported and advised by the Malaria Policy Advisory Committee
(MPAC), a group of 15 global malaria experts appointed following an open
nomination process. The MPAC, which meets twice yearly, provides
independent advice to WHO to develop policy recommendations for the control
and elimination of malaria. The mandate of MPAC is to provide strategic advice
and technical input, and extends to all aspects of malaria control and
elimination, as part of a transparent, responsive and credible policy setting
process.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Here is a list of some notable references on
Malaria ::
 WHO. (2015). World Malaria Report 2015.

 Geneva, Switzerland: World Health

Organization.
 World Health Organization. (2010). World
 Malaria Report 2010. Geneva, Switzerland:
 World Health Organization.