5G Radio Network Features

5G Radio Introduction
 Contents
1. 5G Overview
2. 5G Network Architecture
3. 5G Characteristics
4. 5G Basic Signaling Process Overview

Page2
Challenges in 5G Era

Ultra high Ultra-large Ultra-low

throughput connection latency

eMBB mMTC uRLLC

Page3
 5G Key Capabilities
IMT-2020 vs. IMT-Advanced Requirement on key KPIs Of Different
Comparison of key KPIs Applications

Peak Rate User Experience

(10Gbit/s) Throughput User Experience
Peak Rate (Gbit/s)
(100Mbit/s) Throughput
10Gbit/s IMT-2020
(Mbit/s)

eMBB
Region Flow
Spectrum Region Flow Spectrum
Capacity (10
Efficiency Capacity Efficiency
Mbit/s/m2 )
3x (Mbit/s/m2 )

100X
Network Mobility
Mobility Network
Power IMT- (km/h)
(500km/h) Power
Efficiency Advanced
Efficiency
mMTC uRLLC
1Mdevices/km 2

Connection 1ms Connection

Delay
Density (1M Delay
Density
Equipment/km2)
(Equipment/km2)

Page4
New Air Interface Technology
Massive MIMO
(Spatial multiplexing)
Full duplex Increase the throughput.
(Full-duplex mode)
Increase the
throughput. Air interface
Mobile Adaptive
IoT
Internet
Polar
SCMA encoding
(Multiple access) (Channel code)
Increase the number Improve reliability.
of connections. F-OFDM Reducing power
Shorten the delay. consumption
(Flexible waveform)
Flexibly coping with different
services
Page5
5G Network Spectrum
Sub6G Millimeter Wave
Focus on 3.5GHz Focus on 38/39/60/73GHz

Visible
light
1 2 3 4 5 6 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
GH
z

5G Main spectrum 5G Expanded spectrum

• Adding spectrum is the most direct solution for capacity &

transmission speed improvement. The biggest 5G bandwidth is
1GHz, considering the current spectrum allocation condition, high
frequency spectrum has to be used for 5G communication
Page6
5G Network Spectrum

• 3GPP defines sub-3 GHz, C-band and mmWave as 5G target

spectrum.

Frequency Classification Frequency Range

FR1 410 MHz – 7125 MHz

FR2 24250 MHz – 52600 MHz

Page7
5G FR1 Defined in 3GPP Specifications
NR NR
Duplex Duplex
Operating Uplink Downlink Operating Frequency Range
Mode Mode
Band Band
n1 1920-1980MHz 2110-2170MHz FDD n75 1432-1517MHz SDL
n2 1850-1910MHz 1930-1990MHz FDD n76 1427-1432MHz SDL
n3 1710-1785MHz 1805-1880MHz FDD n77 3.3-4.2GHz TDD
n5 824-849MHz 869-894MHz FDD
n78 3.3-3.8GHz TDD
n7 2500-2570MHz 2620-2690MHz FDD
n79 4.4-5.0GHz TDD
n8 880-915MHz 925-960MHz FDD
n80 1710-1785MHz SUL
n20 832-862MHz 791-821MHz FDD
n81 880-915MHz SUL
n28 703-748MHz 758-803MHz FDD
n82 832-862MHz SUL
n38 2570-2620MHz 2570-2620MHz TDD
n83 703-748MHz SUL
n41 2496-2690MHz 2496-2690MHz TDD
n84 1920-1980MHz SUL
n50 1432-1517MHz 1432-1517MHz TDD
n51 1427-1432MHz 1427-1432MHz TDD
n66 1710-1780MHz 2110-2200MHz FDD
n70 1695-1710MHz 1995-2020MHz FDD
n71 663-698MHz 617-652MHz FDD
n74 1427-1470MHz 1475-1518MHz FDD
Page8
5G FR2 Defined in 3GPP Specifications
• The mmWave defined 4 bands for the time being, all are TDD mode，support the
cell bandwidth maximum up to 400MHz。

NR Operating Band Frequency Range Duplex Mode

n257 26500 MHz – 29500 MHz TDD
n258 24250 MHz – 27500 MHz TDD
n260 37000 MHz – 40000 MHz TDD
n261 27500 MHz – 28350 MHz TDD

Page9
 NR ARFCN Calculation
Global rater is a global frequency grid and is used to calculate the NR ARFCN.

FREF = FREF-Offs + ΔFGlobal (NREF – NREF-Offs)

Frequency range (MHz) ΔFGlobal (kHz) FREF-Offs (MHz) NREF-Offs Range of NREF

0 – 3000 5 0 0 0 – 599999

3000 – 24250 15 3000 600000 600000 – 2016666

Frequency range (MHz) ΔFGlobal (kHz) FREF-Offs [MHz] NREF-Offs Range of NREF

24250 – 100000 60 24250.08 2016667 2016667 – 3279165

To accelerate UE access, the Synchronization Raster is defined. The values are 1.2 MHz, 1.44 MHz, and 17.28
MHz.
Definition of 5G Cell Bandwidth
• 5G does not use cell bandwidth less than 5 MHz. Large bandwidth is a typical
feature of 5G.
• The bandwidth below 20 MHz is defined to meet the evolution requirements of
existing spectrum.

5 MHz Sub-6 GHz mmWave

50 MHz
10 MHz

15 MHz

20 MHz 100 MHz

25 MHz

30 MHz 200 MHz

40 MHz

50 MHz 400 MHz

60 MHz

80 MHz

90 MHz

100 MHz Page11

5G Available Cell Bandwidth
LTE FR1
5M FR2
1.4M
10M 50M
3M
15M 100M
20M
5M
25M 200M
30M
400M
10M 40M
50M
15M 60M
70M
80M
20M
90M
100M

• Large bandwidth is the key benefit of 5G network

• Sub 6G support maximum 100MHz bandwidth
• Above 6G support maximum 400MHz bandwidth
• Traditional FDD frequency can be reframing for 5G deployment with maximum 20MHz
bandwidth
 Contents
1. 5G Protocol Overview
2. 5G Network Architecture
3. 5G Characteristics
4. 5G Basic Signaling Process Overview

Page13
5G Network Structure Overview
NSA (Non Standalone) SA (Standalone)

EPC NG
EPC CORE

S1
S1 NG-C NG-U

LTE 5G NR
LTE 5G NR
Data Split
Control plane Control plane
User plane User plane

• Support eMBB • Support eMBB/uRLLC/mMTC and E2E

• Reuse current EPC, LTE as anchor network slicing
• Dual connection for user data, 5G NR can be • Need to build new 5G core
introduced quickly, coverage ensured by LTE • Require good 5G coverage

Page14
5G Networking Options
2 3 3a 3x

NGC EPC EPC EPC

S1-C S1-U S1-C S1-U S1-C S1-U
NG-C NG-U S1-U

gNB LTE eNB gNB LTE eNB gNB LTE eNB gNB

NGC NGC NGC

NG-C NG-U NG-U NG-C NG-U NG-C NG-U

4 5
4a
eLTE eNB gNB eLTE eNB gNB eLTE eNB

NGC NGC NGC

NG-C NG-U NG-C NG-U NG-U NG-C NG-U

eLTE eNB gNB eLTE eNB gNB eLTE eNB gNB

7 7a 7x
Page15
 NSA Option3x Minimizes Impact on Legacy LTE
with Best Performance
Option 3 Option3a Option 3x SCG Split

EPC+ EPC+
EPC+
LTE 5G NR LTE 5G NR
S1 LTE 5G NR
S1 RRC RRC RRC RRC RRC RRC
PDCP PDCP PDCP PDCP
RLC RLC PDCP PDCP
RLC RLC RLC
X2 MAC MAC X2 RLC
MAC MAC X2 MAC
LTE PHY PHY LTE NR MAC
NR PHY PHY LTE NR PHY PHY

LTE BBU NR BBU LTE BBU NR BBU LTE BBU NR BBU

• Data traffic split from EPC to LTE and NR
• Data traffic split from LTE to NR • Data traffic split from NR to LTE
• No Limitation to Legacy BBU
• No Limitation to Legacy BBU
• LTE Legacy Transport need upgrade • Traffic steering in core only applicable in
• Traffic steering in RAN at per packet base
• Legacy BBU Baseband Limited RAB level and cannot adjust base on radio
provide better performance
condition.
Not Suggested Not Suggested Recommended
Page16
 Network Architecture – NSA Networking
LTE Anchor，EPC eLTE Anchor，New Core NR Anchor，New Core
Option 3 Option 7 Option 4
EPC EPC NC EPC NC
NC
S1 Ng
X2 eLT Xn
eLTE NR
LTE NR NR
E
Legend

Option 3a Option 7a
Control Plane EPC NC EPC NC Option 4a
S1-U EPC NC
S1 Ng Ng-U
X2-C
LTE NR
User Plane eLTE Xn-C NR eLTE NR

Option 3X Option 7X
EPC NC EPC NC
S1-U
S1 Ng 5G NSA gNB would
Ng-U
X2 eLT Xn
LTE NR NR support 5G SA
E
without any H/W changing.
NR Non-StandAlone
new core
Page17
 Network Architecture - NR UL and DL Decoupling

1.8G & 3.5G UE uplink frequency

band selection

UL
NR 1.8G
OR
UL
NR 3.5G

NR 3.5G DL

Cell radius High Band UL Coverage Low Band UL Coverage

⚫ NR base station uses high frequency band for downlink transmission, for uplink, the frequency
band could be selectively shared with LTE low frequency band depending on UE coverage.
That is an implementation of uplink-downlink decoupling.
Page18
Network Architecture - 5G SA
• Compared with LTE ,the logical function of control plane in 5G core network is
divided into AMF and SMF two functions

AUSF NG13 UDM

NG12 NG8 NG10

AMF NG11 SMF NG7 PCF NG5 AF

NG14 NG15

NG1 NG2 NG4

UE (R)AN NG3 UPF NG6 DN

NG9

Page19
Network Architecture - NGC Vs EPC

EPC NE function Corresponding NGC NF

MME Mobility management AMF

User authentication AUSF

Session management SMF

PDN-GW Session management

User plane data forwarding UPF

SGW User plane data forwarding

PCRF QoS policy and charging rules PCF

HSS User profile database UDM

Page20
Network Architecture - 5G Network Interfaces
Interface Description
Name
Ng Interface between the gNB and
the CN, similar to the S1
interface of the LTE

UU Wireless interface between the

terminal and the 5G access
network
Xn Interface between gNB and gNB

X2 Interface between 4G and 5G

base station

S1-U User plane interface between

the LTE network and the core
network

Page21
MR-DC Introduction
• MR-DC: Multiple RAT Dual Connection (4G + 5G)
MR-DC type Description Network
EN-DC EUTRAN as master node and NR as Option3 series
secondary node

NE-DC NR as master node and EUTRAN as Option 4 series

secondary node

NGEN-DC EUTRAN as master node and NR as Option 7 series

secondary node, but core is NGC
 ⚫ Bearer type for each options

Basic Conceptions for MR-DC  Option3： MCG split bearer

 Option3a: MCG bearer and SCG bearer

Option3x： SCG spilt bearer

• Basic conceptions:


• MCG：Master Cell Group

• Pcell and Scell
• SCG：Slave Cell Group
• Pscell and Scell
• MCG bearer：Data bearer on MCG side
• SCG bearer：Data bearer on SCG side
• MCG split bearer：Data bearer split from MCG
• SCG split bearer：Data bearer split form SCG
Option3 Series is Preferred Choice for NSA Networking
Networkin Description Deployment
• Characters of option 3 series： g suggestion
• Common: Option3 NR data is split from eNB side, Recommended for the
which requires very high process scenario that LTE
• Adopt EPC+LTE+NR dual connection
capacity on eNB side process capability is
• Control plane is provide by LTE side The user plane is anchored on the not limited (LTE
• Differences: user plane adopts eNodeB side, which reduces the
user plane interruption caused by
deploy BBU5900)

different forwarding solutions: mobility

• Option 3: data flow is split from eNB No need any connections form
side gNB to EPC

• Option 3a: data flow is split from EPC Option3a Data split at SGW based on ERAB Not recommended
• Option 3x: data flow is split from gNB
side Option3x Data is split form gNB side, eNB Recommended for the
side no need any reconfiguration early stage
User plane is anchored on gNB,
frequent user-plane anchor
changes may occur if coverage is
not continuous.
UE Access Procedure for Option3x
UE eNodeB gNodeB S-GW MME
Option 3x
RRC CONN REQ EPC

RRC CONN SETUP

RRC CONN SETUP CMP LTE NR

UL NAS TRANS
INIT UE MESSAGE
INIT UE CONTEXT SETUP REQ
UE Initial
UE CAP ENQUIRE
Access
UE CAP
Option 3x
UE CAP IND
SEC CMD EPC

SEC CMP
RRC RECFG LTE NR

RRC RECFG CMP

INIT UE CONTEXT SETUP RSP

RRC RECFG(5G Cell Measure by B1 )

5G neigbour RRC RECFG CMP
Measure B1 MEAS RPRT

X2 SetUp Req
Option 3x
X2 Setup Rsp
EPC
SgNB Addition Req
5G SCG ADD
SgNB Addition Rsp
RRC RECFG LTE NR
（5g Scell Add）
RRC RECFG CMP
SgNB RECFG CMP
RANDOM ACCESS Option 3x

Data Forwarding EPC

Path Update Data Forwarding

Procedure ERAB MOD IND LTE NR

Bear Modication
（Opt 3x）
ERAB MOD CNF
MR-DC Data Split Structure
EPC+ EPC+

LTE NR LTE NR

PDCP/L
X2 PDCP/NR PDCP/L
X2 PDCP/NR

RLC/L RLC/NR RLC/L RLC/NR

MAC/L Option 3 MAC/NR MAC/L Option 3x MAC/NR

PHY/L PHY/NR PHY/L PHY/NR

X2 X2
LTE BBU NR BBU LTE BBU NR BBU
• In option 3 and 3x solution,traffic flow is split on PDCP layer
from eNB or gNB
5G SA Networking
• In SA networking scenario, the
core network changes greatly
5GC compared with the EPC. When
defining the NGC architecture,
the 5G network has the
AMF/UPF AMF/UPF

following characteristics:
• The network uses NFV and SDN
technologies to decouple logical
functions from hardware
NG-RAN
• Based on the existing EPC architecture,
gNB gNB the user plane and bearer plane are
separated
• Modular design of logical functions,
implementing flexible network slicing
gNB
 Contents
1. 5G Protocol Overview
2. 5G Network Architecture and Interface
3. 5G Characteristics
4. 5G Basic Signaling Process Overview

Page28
 Network Architecture - NR UL and DL Decoupling
With 3.5G, the UL coverage is limited With 1.8G, the UL coverage can be extended

UL Enhanced

• SUL is a technology to compensate the C-Band’s short uplink coverage

Page29
 Network Architecture - CU/DU Split
High efficiency
option1 • Benefits: Achieved big area control
Regional DC processing and resource sharing.
(Sites Number~>100X) CU
• Disadvantages: The delay is bigger,
MCE & APP which is not suitable for delay-sensitive
services.

option2 • Advantage :Close to the

Ethernet CU user, short delay
• Disadvantage ：
DU MCE & APP Resources cannot be
Local DC
(Sites Number~10X) shared in a large scale,
Ethernet
and the equipment room
needs to be reconstructed
Ethernet to deploy the COTS
servers

DU DU
Better experience
CPRI/eCPRI CPRI/eCPRI CPRI/eCPRI

Antenna & RRU

Page30
 Network Architecture - E2E slicing Architecture
SDN
Voice Controller IMS
CN domain

eMBB Slice
eMBBSlice mIOTSlice CriCSlice High reliability
eMBB
(CN part)
mIOT CriC DU CU
CN-Slice
(CN part) CN-Slice
(CN part) CN-Slice
(CN part) SOC- UP
50Gλ 200Gλ SOC- CP

SDN
Critical Controller
Connectivity DU CU
eMBB mIOT CriC
SOC- CP
RAN domain

RAN-Slice RAN-Slice RAN-Slice

1~5ms latency SOC- UP
PDCP PDCP
Parameters

Parameters

Parameters
RLC RLC RLC
MAC MAC MAC MAC
PHY PHY PHY PHY PHY eMBB 8K 3D
DU CU SOC-UP
AR/MR SOC- CP
1~10Gbps CDN
SOC-CP
(PSM)
Massive
DU CU
Connectivity
0.1B SOC- UP
connections
CO Local DC Regional DC

The RAN side implements slice awareness and multi-slice E2E control plane and user plane deployed
sharing of air interface resources. according the service dynamically
The core network is customized based on different use case.

Page31
 5G Channel Coding - Polar Code and LDPC Code
• The principles for selecting coding algorithms include error correction
performance, delay, and implementation efficiency.
• LDPC encoding
• Low implementation complexity
• Applies to high-speed and big data blocks and has advantages in parallel processing.
• Polar encoding
• When small data blocks are transmitted, the performance is better than that of other
codes.
• Low maturity
• Turbo encoding
• Mature

LDPC+ LDPC+
LDPC Polar
Turbo Polar

Page32
 5G Channel Coding - Polar Code and LDPC Code
⚫ The concerns of Channel Coding selection:
 Performance: Error Correction Capability and Coding Rate

 Efficiency: Complexity and Power Consumption

 Flexibility: Length of Coder, Support of IR-HARQ…

⚫ Turbo Code:
Turbo LDPC Polar
 Good performance, but low efficiency for high speed Low speed
Performanc
e
⚫ LDPC (Low Density Parity Check Code) for eMBB Data Channel
Low speed
Efficiency
 Low Complexity, Good for high speed (parallel processing) High speed
Performanc
⚫ Polar Code for Control Channel e
High speed
Efficiency
 Good Performance for small data block
• For mMTC and uRLLC, channel coding is not yet determined

Page33
Modulation

LTE 5G
QPSK QPSK
Uplink 16QAM 16QAM
64QAM 64QAM
256QAM

QPSK QPSK
Downlink 16QAM 16QAM
64QAM 64QAM
Basic modulation principles: 256QAM 256QAM
One symbol may represent multiple bits using 1024QAM
an amplitude and a phase, which improves
spectral efficiency by multiple levels. For
example, in 16QAM, one symbol represents four
bits.
Page34
Filtered Orthogonal Frequency Division: F-OFDM

10% guard band <10% guard band

• The 5G air interface introduces a better filtering technology to

reduce the guard bandwidth requirement and improve the
frequency utilization
 F-OFDM
• The F-OFDM technology optimizes channel processing such as filters, digital pre-
distortion (DPD), and radio frequency (RF). Using this technology, base stations
can effectively improve the spectral efficiency and peak throughput of the system
bandwidth by ensuring RF protocol specifications such as the adjacent channel
leakage power ratio (ACLR) and blocking.

LTE OFDM F-OFDM (+10%)

Frequency utilization(FR1)
(Sub6G is used as an example)
Subcarrier System bandwidth
spacing (kHz)
15MHz 20MHz 40MHz 60MHz 80MHz 100MHz
LTE: 10% guard band NR: 2%-3% guard band
15 94.8% 95.4%
30 91.8% 95.4% 97.2% 97.65% 98.28%
60 97.2%

Page36
 F-OFDM Bandwidth Utilization

Sub6G

SCS 5MHz 10MHz 15MHz 20MHz 25MHz 30MHz 40MHz 50MHz 60MHz 80MHz 100MHz

25 52 79 106 133 160 216 270 N/A N/A N/A

15kHz
90% 93.6% 94.8% 95.4% 95.8% 96% 97.2% 97.2%
11 24 38 51 65 78 106 133 162 217 273
30kHz
79.2% 86.4% 91.2% 91.8% 93.6% 93.6% 95.4% 95.8% 97.2% 97.7% 98.3%
N/A 11 18 24 31 38 51 65 79 107 135
60kHz
N/A 79.2% 86.4% 86.4% 89.3% 91.2% 91.8% 93.6% 94.8% 96.3% 97.2%
5G Frequency Planning Strategies
High Frequencies Above 6 GHz
eMBB Super Data Layer
Addressing specific use cases 800 MHz assignments
requiring extremely high data rates (contiguous)

Medium Frequencies C-Band

eMBB, URLLC, mMTC Coverage & Capacity Layer
(wide area but
Best compromise between capacity and 100 MHz assignments
no deep coverage)
coverage (contiguous)

Low Frequencies
Sub3G
mMTC, eMBB, URLLC Basic Coverage Layer
Wide area and deep indoor coverage up to 20MHz
(paired / unpaired）
5G requires spectrum from the three layers in parallel in the future
 Key Challenge: UL/DL Coverage Unbalance for C-Band and High
Frequency
Parameters UL（5Mbps） DL（50Mbps）
BS Power 26dBm（400mW） 53dBm（200W） -27dB

PRB number 120 273 +3.6dB

Antenna Height 25m 25m
16dBi(including -10dB
Antenna Gain(TX) 0dBi
beamforming gain)

Antenna Gain(RX) 10dBi 0dBi +10dB

-14.2dB -6.86dB
SINR +7.3dB
（MCS5） （MCS5）
Noise Figure 3.5dB 7dB +3.5dB

Interference Margin 2dB 7dB +5dB

C-band DL/UL Coverage Gap: 13.6dB, Uplink coverage is the bottleneck

 Flexible Air Interface -Numerology

• Numerology: SCS (SubCarrier Spacing, bandwidth),

and corresponding symbol length varies based on “μ”
Parameter μ SCS
0 15kHz
1 30kHz
2 60kHz
3 120kHz
4 240kHz
Massive MIMO Significantly Improves Cell Capacity

Massive
✓ More beamforming
MIMO
layers 64T64R
✓ Higher cell throughput
✓ Able to cover high floors
using 3D MIMO

✓ Multi-layer 8T8R
transmission

2T2R

✓ Narrow beamforming

Page41
5G SA Voice Solution

Solution 1: EPS fall back Solutions 2： VoNR

Data Data
Voice NGC
NGC
Voice
IMS
IMS
VONR
VONR
PS HO EPC
EPS FB EPC

VOLTE
VOLTE
SRVCC
SRVCC
CS core
CS core
GSM/UMTS
GSM/UMTS

• Fallback to LTE network for VoLTE service • Voice service is made on NR, with better
quality and less latency
 Downlink Beamforming - Beamforming
• The interference principle is applied to the beamforming. The position of the wave peak and wave
crest is enhanced, and the position overlapping between the wave and the trough is weakened.

Carrier wave crest

Carrier wave crest
Overlay enhancement point

Overlay enhancement point

Overlaying and weakening point

Overlaying and weakening points

Antenna oscillator Beam Antenna oscillator Antenna oscillator Beam Antenna oscillator
Weighted Weighted
Page43
Resource Mapping - Overview of Physical Resources

Radio
Subfram frame
e

Physical resources OFDM

Slot symbol

Physical
Basic channels and
timing signals
unit: Ts

Page44
Time Domain Resources - Frame, Subframe, Slot, and Symbol

Radio frame
Basic data transmission period

Period for sending part of

control information, and unit
Subframe Subframe … Subframe
for allocating uplink and
downlink subframes

Slot Slot
… Minimum unit of data
Slot
scheduling and synchronization

Symbol Symbol … Symbol Basic unit of modulation

• The general structure of the time domain on the air interface meets the
requirements of data transmission and in-band control for different RATs.

Page45
Frame Structure
• 1 radio frame = 10 ms
• 1 radio frame = 10 subframes
• 1 subframe = 1 ms

One radio frame, Tf = 10 ms

One subframe, Tsf = 1 ms

#0 #1 #2 #3 #8 #9

Page46
 Flexible Air Interface Configuration - Numerologies
SCS=15k TTI（Slot）= 14 symbols = 1ms
(TTI=1ms) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 … 13

TTI（Slot）=0.5ms TTI
SCS=30k
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 …
(TTI=0.5ms)

TTI（Slot）=0.25ms TTI=0.25ms …
SCS=60K
（TTI=0.25ms） 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 …

0.5ms 0.5ms

Numerology: The flexible frame format refers to flexible µ SCS Cyclic prefix
configuration of a group of parameters such as SCS 0 15kHz Normal
(SubCarrier Spacing) in the NR, symbol length and a CP 1 30kHz Normal
length corresponding to the SCS. 2 60kHz Normal, Extended
The parameter μ is used as the index of the related 3 120kHz Normal
configuration. 4 240kHz Normal

Page47
Multi numerologies
Configurable
f TTI

• NR supports multiple numerologies (different eMBB

subcarrier bandwidths and CPs).

Configurable
subcarrier spacing
mMTC

URLLC
Subcarrie
Subcarrier Number of Number of Number of
r Broadcast
Configuratio CP Symbols per Slots per Slots per
Bandwidt t
n Slot Frame Subframe
h
 2  15KHz CP slot
Nsymb frame, 
N slot subframe, 
N slot 1 frame = 10 subframes = 40 slots

0 15 Normal 14 10 1

1 subcarrier = 60KHz
1 30 Normal 14 20 2 1 subframe = 4 slots
 = 2
2 60 Normal 14 40 4

3 120 Normal 14 80 8 1 slot = 14 symbols

4 240 Normal 14 160 16

5 480 Normal 14 320 32

2 60 extended 12 40 4

Page48
Relationship Between the Subcarrier Bandwidth and The Maximum
Bandwidth of the Cell
• According to the limitation of maximum RB numbers described by
3GPP:
• In FR1, only the subcarrier spacing is greater than 15K, the cell bandwidth can
be configured with 100M.
• In FR2, only the subcarrier spacing is greater than 60K, the cell bandwidth can
be configured with 400M.
15 20 25 30 40 50 60 80 100
SCS 5MHz 10MHz
MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz MHz
(kHz)
NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB NRB
15 25 52 79 106 133 160 216 270 N/A N/A N/A
30 11 24 38 51 65 78 106 133 162 217 273
60 N/A 11 18 24 31 38 51 65 79 107 135

SCS 50MHz 100MHz 200MHz 400 MHz

(kHz) NRB NRB NRB NRB
60 66 132 264 N/A
120 32 66 132 264
Page49
Self-Contained Frame Structure
• Self-contained slots are classified into DL-dominant slots and UL-dominant slots:
• The uplink part of DL-dominant slots can be used for the transmission of uplink control
information and SRSs.
• The downlink part of UL-dominant slots can be used for the transmission of downlink
control information.

Uplink Control or SRS Downlink Control

DL UL DL UL

Type 1: DL-only slot Type 2: UL-only slot DL-dominant UL-dominant

Type 3: Mixed DL and UL slot

Page50
Basic Frequency Domain Resource Unit
One subframe

• Resource element (RE)

• For each antenna port p, a unit
corresponding to a subcarrier on an OFDM OFDM symbols

symbol is called an RE. (The subcarrier

spacing corresponding to μ is 2μx15 kHz.)
• Resource block (RB)
• 12 consecutive REs in the frequency domain
are one RB. Resource block

subcarriers

subcarriers
• CCE：Control Channel Element Resource element
- in resource grid
- in resource block
• 1CCE = 6REG = 6PRB

Page51
Definition and Application Scenarios of BWP

⚫ Definition and features

 Bandwidth Part (BWP) is a new concept proposed for NR. It indicates a segment
of continuous bandwidth resources allocated by the network side to the UE.
BWP is mandatory for 5G UEs to access NR networks.

 At the UE level, different BWPs can be configured for different UEs. All channel
resource configurations of a UE are allocated and scheduled in the BWP.

 According to the protocol, a maximum of four dedicated BWPs can be configured

for one UE by using RRC signaling.

Page60
 Definition and Application Scenarios of BWP
⚫ Application scenarios
 Scenario 1: A UE with a small bandwidth accesses a large-bandwidth network.

 Scenario 2: A UE is switched between large BWPs and small BWPs to save power.

 Scenario 3: Different BWPs are configured with different numerologies to carry different
services.

#1
BWP
#3
1 #2
BWP Numerology Numerology 2
1
BWP 2 BWP1 BWP 2
BWP
bandwidth
Carrier Carrier bandwidth Carrier
bandwidth bandwidth

Page61
 Contents
1. 5G Overview
2. 5G Network Architecture
3. 5G Characteristics
4. 5G Basic Signaling Process Overview

Page54
UE Power-On and Network Access
• PLMN search (cell search)
• After a UE is powered on, its first task is to find and access a network.
Actually, PLMN search is a downlink synchronization process.
• Random access
• Random access aims to alleviate contention between UEs and achieve
uplink synchronization.
• Attach
• Sets up the same mobility context on the UE and the core network.
• Sets up a default bearer between the UE and the core network.
• The UE obtains an IP address allocated by the network through an EPS
attach procedure.
• Common process
• Authentication and security mode process

Page55
Overview of the Initial Access Procedure
• In the NSA networking, the gNodeB does not need to broadcast the RMSI. The
content in the RMSI is sent to the UE by the LTE.

gNodeB broadcasts SS/PBCH

blocks and Remaining The UE sends
minimum SI(RMSI) RACH preamble

The UE detects a SS/PBCH

blocks and decodes the MIB The gNodeB receives the PRACH
and obtains the SS/PBCH block
index
The UE obtains the RMSI
according to the MIB,
including the common
CORESET time and frequency The gNB&UE processes the
location procedure, the initial access is
complete.

Page56
RNTI
⚫ The PDCCH sends DCI of different RNTIs (and other scheduling
data)
 P-RNTI (used for paging messages)
 SI-RNTI (used for SI)
 RA-RNTI (used for random access response RAR)
 Temporary C-RNTI (used for Msg3/Msg4)
 C-RNTI (used for UE uplink and downlink data transmission)
 SFI-RNTI (used for slot format information)
 INT-RNTI (used for resource pre-emption)
 TPC-PUSCH-RNTI (used for PUSCH power control)
 TPC-PUCCH-RNTI (used for PUCCH power control)
 TPC-SRS-RNTI (used for SRS power control)
Overview of System Message Broadcast
• NR synchronization and system message broadcasting include: PSS/SSS, PBCH,
RMSI, and OSI
• The PSS/SSS is used by the UE to synchronize the downlink clock and obtain the cell ID
of the cell.
• The PBCH (MIB) is used by the UE to obtain the basic information about the access
network. It is mainly used to notify the UE where to receive the RMSI message.
• The RMSI (SIB1) is used to broadcast the initial BWP information, the UL and DL ratio
of the TDD cell, and the necessary information for other UEs to access the network.
• Other System Information (OSI) is used to broadcast other cell information. (Currently,
this part is not used in NSA networking.)
• To support massive MIMO, all broadcast channels and signals support beam
scanning.

Page58
Broadcast channel beam scanning
• A broadcast beam can be designed for a maximum of N directional beams. The
broadcast beam coverage of the cell is completed by sending different beams at
different moments. By scanning beams, the UE obtains an optimal beam, and
completes synchronization and system message demodulation.

#0
Decodes SSB blocks.
#1
Synchronization
#2 Obtain MIB information.
.
Obtaining the SSB Index:2
.
.

#N-3

#N-2

#N-1
Time

Page59
SIB1
• The SIB1 message is used to broadcast the basic information required when the
UE initially accesses the network, including the initial BWP information, the UL
and DL ratio of the TDD cell, and the necessary information for other UEs to
access the network.
• In NSA, SIB1 is not broadcasted. The contents carried in SIB1 are delivered to the
UE through the LTE in the RRC connection reconfiguration message.
• The SIB1 message is described in 3GPP specification 38.311.

Page60
 Other System Information Broadcast
• OSI（Other System Information） UE gNB
• Including SIB2~SIBn
• OSI over PDSCH Minimum System Information
always present and broadcast periodically
• Periodic broadcast
• The SIBs with the same transmission period Other System Information
is mapped to the same SI message. optionally present and broadcast periodically
• SIBs in different transmission periods cannot On-Demand Other System Information
be mapped to the same SI message. broadcast or dedicated signalling
• SIBs with the same transmission period can
be mapped to different SI message.

Page61
Random Access Procedure
⚫ NR random access consists of following scenarios:
 Initial access from RRC_IDLE (CBRA)
 RRC Connection Re-establishment procedure(CBRA)
 Handover (CFRA)
 DL data arrival during RRC_CONNECTED when UL synchronisation status is "non-
synchronised“ (CFRA)
 UL data arrival during RRC_CONNECTED when UL synchronisation status is "non-
synchronised“(CBRA)
 Transition from RRC_INACTIVE (CBRA)
 To establish time alignment at SCell addition (CFRA)
 Request for Other SI (CFRA)
 Beam failure recovery (CBRA)
Page62
Random Access UE gNB

• Random access is a process in which a UE

implements uplink time-frequency
1 Random Access Preamble

synchronization with the gNodeB. Random Access Response 2

• Before random access, the physical layer

should receive the following information 3 Scheduled Transmission

from upper layers:

• PRACH parameters: PRACH configuration, Contention Resolution 4

frequency domain location, preamble format,

and so on Contention Based
UE gNB
• The gNodeB uses the preamble root sequence
and its cyclic shift parameters to demodulate
the random access preamble. 0 RA Preamble assignment

• Physical layer random access includes the

following steps. Random Access Preamble 1

• The UE sends random Access preamble.

• The gNodeB responds to random access 2 Random Access Response

requests.
Contention Free

Page63
NAS Process
UE eNodeB gNodeB S-GW MME
Option 3x
RRC CONN REQ EPC

RRC CONN SETUP

RRC CONN SETUP CMP LTE NR

UL NAS TRANS
INIT UE MESSAGE
INIT UE CONTEXT SETUP REQ
UE Initial
UE CAP ENQUIRE
Access
UE CAP
Option 3x
UE CAP IND
SEC CMD EPC

SEC CMP
RRC RECFG LTE NR

RRC RECFG CMP

INIT UE CONTEXT SETUP RSP

RRC RECFG(5G Cell Measure by B1 )

5G neigbour RRC RECFG CMP
Measure B1 MEAS RPRT

X2 SetUp Req
Option 3x
X2 Setup Rsp
EPC
SgNB Addition Req
5G SCG ADD
SgNB Addition Rsp
RRC RECFG LTE NR
（5g Scell Add）
RRC RECFG CMP
SgNB RECFG CMP
RANDOM ACCESS Option 3x

Data Forwarding EPC

Path Update Data Forwarding

Procedure ERAB MOD IND LTE NR

Bear Modication
（Opt 3x）
ERAB MOD CNF

Page64
Procedure for Adding SgNB

Page65
Concept - SgNB Change
• SgNB change is a process in which the PSCELL of a UE is transferred from a cell on
the NR side to another cell in the NSA scenario.
• In the NSA scenario, the measurement event of the NR is delivered on the LTE
side. The NR has a measurement control module. The measurement control
information of the NR measurement control module is transmitted to the LTE
through the X2 interface. The LTE delivers the measurement control information
to the UE. The measurement information of the UE is reported to the LTE, and the
LTE sends the measurement report information to the NR through the X2
interface.

LTE 5G 1 5G 2

•Good Coverage •Rich Spectrum

•Rare Spectrum •Poor Coverage
Page66
Procedure for SgNodeB Change
UE MeNB S-SgNB T-SgNB S-GW MME

1. SgNB Change Required

2. SgNB Addition Request

3. SgNB Addition Request Acknowledge

4. RRCConnectionReconfiguration

5. RRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete

6. SgNB Change Confirm

7. SgNB Reconfiguration Complete

8. Random Access Procedure

9a. SNStatus Transfer

9b. SN Status Transfer

10. Data Forwarding

11. E-RAB Modification Indication

12. Bearer Modification
13. End Marker Packet

14. New Path

15. E-RAB Modification Confirmation

16. UE Context Release

Page67