Chapter -1

Purpose of Study

Blockchain technology is the backbone of the cryptocurrency industry. It is a decentralized,

secure, and transparent ledger of transactions that is maintained by a network of computers
around the world. The purpose of blockchain in cryptocurrency is to provide a secure and
transparent record of transactions that cannot be altered or manipulated.

Cryptocurrency transactions are verified and recorded on the blockchain through a complex
process called mining, in which network participants are incentivized to validate transactions
in exchange for rewards. This process ensures that the blockchain remains tamper-proof and
that all transactions are recorded in an immutable manner.

The use of blockchain in cryptocurrency provides a level of security and transparency that is
not possible with traditional financial systems. Transactions are processed quickly and
securely, without the need for intermediaries like banks, and the identity of users is protected
through the use of cryptographic algorithms. The decentralized nature of blockchain also
makes it resistant to censorship and attack, providing a safe and secure environment for the
exchange of cryptocurrency.

8
 Chapter -2

Background of Study

Cryptocurrency and blockchain technology are closely linked, with the rise of cryptocurrency
being one of the primary applications of blockchain. The concept of cryptocurrency was first
introduced in 2008 with the release of Bitcoin, which was created as a decentralized digital
currency that could operate independently of government control and traditional financial
intermediaries.

Blockchain technology serves as the foundation for cryptocurrency, providing a secure and
transparent ledger of transactions that is maintained by a network of computers around the
world. The decentralized nature of blockchain eliminates the need for intermediaries such as
banks to validate transactions, reducing the risk of fraud and enabling faster and more
efficient transfers of value.

Since the launch of Bitcoin, hundreds of other cryptocurrencies have emerged, each with
their own unique features and uses. Some cryptocurrencies, such as Ethereum, have expanded
the capabilities of blockchain beyond simple transactions and now support decentralized
applications and smart contracts.

The growth of cryptocurrency has been driven by its potential to disrupt traditional financial
systems and provide a more secure and efficient alternative for transactions. Despite its
relatively short history, cryptocurrency has already had a significant impact on the financial
world and is poised to play an even larger role in the years to come.

In conclusion, the background of cryptocurrency is closely tied to the development of

blockchain technology. The rise of cryptocurrency has been driven by the desire to create a
decentralized and secure alternative to traditional financial systems, and blockchain provides
the foundation for this new form of digital currency.

9
 Chapter -3

Factors Promoting to Undertake the Project

Several factors are driving the increasing interest and attention to the topic of cryptocurrency
and blockchain technology:

• Decentralization: One of the key aspects of cryptocurrency is its decentralized nature,

which eliminates the need for intermediaries and provides a more secure and transparent way
of conducting transactions.

• Security: Blockchain technology provides a secure ledger of transactions that is resistant to

tampering and hacking, making it an attractive option for individuals and businesses seeking
to protect their financial assets.

• Efficiency: Cryptocurrency transactions can be processed quickly and efficiently, with

lower fees and faster processing times compared to traditional financial systems.

• Financial Inclusion: Cryptocurrency has the potential to provide financial services to

individuals who do not have access to traditional banking systems, including those in
developing countries.

• Rising Adoption: The increasing adoption of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology by

individuals, businesses, and governments is driving interest in the topic and creating a
growing demand for related products and services.

• Technological Advances: The ongoing development and improvement of blockchain

technology and cryptocurrency is also contributing to the growing interest in the topic.

Overall, these factors are contributing to the increasing popularity and attention being paid to
the topic of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology, with many experts predicting that
these technologies will play a significant role in shaping the future of finance and commerce.

10
 Chapter -4

Literature Reviews

According to Ruonan Wang et al. [1] the increase of AI's application in various fields to
improve decision making and predictive analysis has skyrocketed. Recently the use of
blockchain technology in AI has been increasing in demand as well.

Application of Blockchain in AI- The first application of blockchain can tackle the problem
of data sharing, as data is highly valued asset and contains all the sensitive information about
people. Firstly, the data required for training the AI is controlled by the stakeholders and they
are untrustworthy for each other, so verification of the data is difficult along with its
authorization. Various blockchain based solutions are proposed by many authors just for this
specific problem. Like the authors in [2] proposed the SecNet Architecture which securely
shares data maintaining the ownership of data.
The next big thing that comes into mind is privacy preservation. The protection of
personal data during the sharing is difficult, which discourages user to share data. The use of
blockchain enables owner to completely control the data and stop big companies from
misusing them.In [3], the authors proposed to run ML algorithms on the blockchain, where
different parts in ML algorithm are each connected to a different chain and the whole
machine operates in sync to perform learning.

After surveying all the potential blockchain application in AI following things can be taken
into consideration-
1. As we all know blockchain is decentralized, so it can be used for data sharing in a p2p
manner.Being immutable it minimizes the chances of any frauds.

2. In addition to the safety of the data blockchains can also be used to ensure integrity
and authenticity of data.

3. Application of smart contracts in automating the processes help in credible decision

making.

11
According to Hongjian Jin et al. [4] data transmission is an inseparable feature of a majority
of applications used in modern day technology and its security is far more valuable to be kept
unsecured or it's safety to be non-prioritized over other aspects. If data transmission is done
through a third party or central server questions can easily be raised over its security in
transmitting important and valuable data. Though the problem can be solved using encrypting
and signing the data over a secure technology.

Nonrepudiation protocols which has been gaining a lot of attention lately is a solution to
the problem in a distributed communication environment. In 1996 Zhou and Gollman
proposed a fair Nonrepudiation protocol in which message is encoded and the key is
distributed with the help of a TTP (a middleman).

Blockchain technology emerged as the low-level technology of the Bitcoin cryptocurrency

system, which is actually a decentralized digital ledger. Each node in the blockchain system
maintains an identical backup of the whole ledger (a node only saves part of the ledger in
shared blockchains), and the consistency of the ledger on these nodes is ensured through a
consensus protocol mechanism of the blockchain ensures that the data is immutable once
been written into the blockchain, since the attacker has to pay dearly to control more than half
of the blockchain nodes to temper with the ledger.

In this paper, motivated by the new requirement of non-repudiation on secure

communication, we start with the proposal of a novel data transmission scheme based on
blockchain technology and named it as BNRDT, which can get rid of the dependence on TTP
and the PKI, and provide data security and nonrepudiation properties at the same time.

According to Ashish Rajendra Sai et al. [5] Cryptocurrency has emerged as a promising
alternative to traditional fiat currency and has gained significant attention in recent years.
While the decentralized and secure nature of cryptocurrency has many advantages, it also
poses new

challenges in terms of privacy and security. The security of cryptocurrency transactions is

ensured through the use of blockchain technology, which provides a decentralized ledger of
all transactions that is maintained by a network of nodes. However, the anonymity of

12
cryptocurrency transactions raises questions about the privacy of users and the potential for
criminal activity. In this study, we perform a comprehensive analysis of the privacy and
security of cryptocurrency. We begin by examining the underlying technology of blockchain
and its potential vulnerabilities. We then examine the privacy and security risks associated

with cryptocurrency exchanges, wallets, and transactions. We also examine the current state
of privacy and security in the cryptocurrency space, including the use of privacy coins,
decentralized exchanges, and other privacy-enhancing technologies. Finally, we provide
recommendations for improving privacy and security in the cryptocurrency space, including
the use of privacy-enhancing technologies and stronger security measures for cryptocurrency
exchanges and wallets.

Cryptocurrency has the potential to revolutionize the financial industry and offer a new level
of security and privacy for users. However, the anonymity of cryptocurrency transactions and
the lack of central authority pose new challenges in terms of privacy and security. Our
analysis suggests that the privacy and security of cryptocurrency transactions can be
improved through the use of privacy enhancing technologies and stronger security measures
for cryptocurrency exchanges and wallets. It is important to continue monitoring the
development of privacy and security in the cryptocurrency space and to remain vigilant about
potential threats. As cryptocurrency becomes more widely adopted, it will be important to
ensure that users have

confidence in the security and privacy of their transactions. This can be achieved through
education, awareness, and the development of effective security and privacy measures. The
future of cryptocurrency is uncertain, but it is clear that privacy and security will play a
critical role in shaping its success and impact on society.

According to Jong Hyouk Lee et al. [6] anonymous cryptocurrencies, such as Monero and
ZCash, have gained popularity in recent years due to their ability to provide greater privacy
and security for users. Unlike traditional cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, anonymous
cryptocurrencies use advanced privacy-enhancing technologies to obscure the identity of
users and the details of their transactions. This has made them attractive for use in illegal and
illicit activities, such as money laundering and the purchase of illegal goods and services on
the dark web. In this study, we examine the rise of anonymous cryptocurrencies and the
implications for privacy and security. We analyze the technology behind anonymous

13
cryptocurrencies, including their use of cryptography, ring signatures, and zero knowledge
proofs, and examine the benefits and limitations of these technologies. We also examine the
current state of anonymous cryptocurrencies, including their market adoption and regulatory
landscape.

The rise of anonymous cryptocurrencies has brought with it a new level of privacy and
security for users. However, this increased privacy has also raised concerns about the
potential for illegal and illicit activities. While it is important to address these concerns, it is
also important to recognize the potential benefits that anonymous cryptocurrencies can
provide. Going forward, it will be important to find a balance between promoting privacy and
security for users while also addressing the potential risks and threats associated with
anonymous cryptocurrencies. This will require cooperation between governments, regulators,
and the technology community. The future of anonymous cryptocurrencies is uncertain, but it
is clear that they will play a significant role in shaping the future of privacy and security in
the world of cryptocurrency.

According to Mafaz Alanezi et al. [7] Blockchain technology is the backbone of many
cryptocurrencies, providing a decentralized and secure ledger of all transactions. The use of
blockchain technology allows for greater transparency and security in financial transactions,
as well as enabling new and innovative use cases for cryptocurrencies.

In this study, we examine the various blockchain technologies used for cryptocurrencies and
their respective strengths and weaknesses. We analyze the technology behind popular
blockchain platforms, such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Ripple, and examine the differences
between their architectures and use cases. We also explore the potential for future innovations
in blockchain technology, including the use of smart contracts and decentralized applications.

Blockchain technology is a crucial component of the cryptocurrency space and has the
potential to revolutionize the financial industry. The various blockchain technologies used for
cryptocurrencies offer unique advantages and disadvantages, making them suitable for
different use cases. The continued development and innovation of blockchain technology will
play a critical role in shaping the future of cryptocurrencies and their impact on society.

As cryptocurrencies continue to gain popularity and adoption, it is important to remain

vigilant about the potential risks and challenges associated with blockchain technology. This

14
includes the need for robust security measures to protect against hacking and other malicious
activities, as well as ensuring the scalability and sustainability of blockchain platforms.
Nevertheless, the potential benefits of blockchain technology for cryptocurrencies are clear,
and it is likely to play a significant role in shaping the future of finance and commerce.

According to Massimo Bartoletti et al. [8] cryptocurrencies have gained widespread

popularity in recent years, but with that popularity comes a growing number of scams.
Cryptocurrency scams can take many forms, including Ponzi schemes, phishing attacks, and
fake ICOs, and they can cause significant financial losses for unsuspecting investors.
In this study, we examine the current state of cryptocurrency scams and the impact they have
on the industry. We analyze the methods used by scammers to defraud investors and examine
the reasons why they are so successful. We also explore the measures being taken by
regulators and the technology community to combat these scams and prevent further harm to
investors.

Cryptocurrency scams pose a serious threat to the industry and can cause significant harm to
investors. These scams are often sophisticated and designed to trick even the savviest
investors, making them difficult to detect and prevent.
To protect against cryptocurrency scams, it is important to educate investors about the
common methods used by scammers and to promote greater transparency in the industry.
Regulators must also play a role in cracking down on scams and ensuring that investors are
protected.
Despite the challenges, the future of cryptocurrencies is promising, and with the right
measures in place, it is possible to reduce the threat of scams and promote a safer and more
secure environment for investors. The key is to remain vigilant and to work together to
promote the responsible development and growth of the cryptocurrency industry.

According to Vaibhav Shakya et al. [9] blockchain based cryptocurrencies have been gaining
increasing attention globally, with many countries exploring their potential for financial
innovation and development. In India, the cryptocurrency space is relatively new, but it is
rapidly growing, with many blockchain-based projects being launched and a growing number
of investors showing interest. In this study, we examine the current state of blockchain-based
cryptocurrencies in India and their potential for growth and development. We analyze the

15
current regulatory environment, the attitudes of Indian investors towards cryptocurrencies,
and the challenges and opportunities presented by this new technology.

The future of blockchain-based cryptocurrencies in India is uncertain, but there is significant

potential for growth and development in the years to come. Despite the current regulatory
challenges, the increasing popularity of cryptocurrencies among Indian investors suggests a
growing appetite for this technology. To unlock the full potential of blockchain-based
cryptocurrencies in India, it will be important to address the current regulatory challenges and
promote greater understanding and awareness of this technology among investors and the
wider public. The Indian government must also play a role in fostering a supportive
environment for the growth and development of blockchain-based cryptocurrencies, which
have the potential to bring significant benefits to the country. Overall, the future of
blockchain-based cryptocurrencies in India is promising, and with the right measures in
place, it has the potential to play a significant role in shaping the future of finance and
commerce in the country.

According to K. Murugeshwari et al. [10] blockchain and cryptocurrencies have been gaining
widespread popularity in recent years, but with that popularity comes a growing number of
security threats. These threats can take many forms, including hacking, phishing, and other
forms of cyberattacks, and they can cause significant financial losses for investors and users.
In this study, we examine the current state of security threats to blockchain and
cryptocurrencies and their impact on the industry. We analyze the methods used by hackers
and other attackers to target these systems and examine the reasons why they are so
successful. We also explore the measures being taken by developers and the technology
community to combat these threats and improve the security of these systems.

Security threats to blockchain and cryptocurrencies are a serious issue that must be addressed
to ensure the long-term viability of these technologies. While the blockchain technology itself
is inherently secure, the increasing popularity of cryptocurrencies and the rise of new and
more sophisticated threats means that these systems must be continually updated and
improved to remain safe and secure. To address these security threats, it is essential that
developers and the technology community work together to promote greater awareness and
understanding of these issues and to develop new and innovative solutions to combat them.
Regulators must also play a role in promoting greater transparency and accountability in the
industry and in protecting investors and users from potential harm. Despite the challenges,

16
the future of blockchain and cryptocurrencies is promising, and with the right measures in
place, it is possible to reduce the threat of security breaches and promote a safer and more
secure environment for investors and users. The key is to remain vigilant and to work
together to promote the responsible development and growth of these technologies.

According to Wei Zheng et al. [11] The Internet of Things (IoT) has become an increasingly
popular target for cryptocurrency miners, who use the computational power of these devices
to mine for cryptocurrency without the owner's knowledge or consent. This illegal activity
not only wastes the device's resources, but it also puts the device at risk of exploitation and
creates a significant security threat for the entire network. In this study, we explore the
methods used by cryptocurrency miners to target IoT devices and the measures that can be
taken to detect and prevent this activity. We analyze the behaviour of these miners, the
impact of their activity on IoT devices and networks, and the potential for exploitation. We
also examine the tools and technologies available for detecting and mitigating the threat of
cryptocurrency mining on IoT devices.

The threat of cryptocurrency mining on IoT devices is a growing concern that must be
addressed to ensure the security and stability of the IoT ecosystem. To prevent this illegal
activity, it is essential that network administrators and device manufacturers take steps to
detect and prevent it, and that they remain vigilant against the constantly evolving methods
used by cryptocurrency miners. The use of specialized tools and technologies, such as
network-based detection systems and anti-mining software, can be effective in preventing this
threat, but they must be constantly updated and improved to keep pace with the changing
methods of cryptocurrency miners. Ultimately, the best way to protect IoT devices from
cryptocurrency mining is to promote greater awareness and understanding of this issue and to
work together to develop effective solutions. By taking a proactive approach to the detection
and prevention of cryptocurrency mining, we can ensure the security and stability of the IoT
ecosystem and prevent the exploitation of these devices for illegal gain.

17
 Chapter -5

Research Gaps

Cryptocurrency and blockchain technology are relatively new and rapidly evolving fields,
and as such, there are several research gaps that exist in this topic. Some of the key gaps
include:

• Regulation: There is a lack of clear and consistent regulations surrounding cryptocurrency

and blockchain technology, which creates uncertainty for individuals and businesses and
hinders wider adoption.

• Scalability: Many cryptocurrencies, including Bitcoin, face scalability issues that limit their
ability to handle a large number of transactions and support widespread adoption.

• Security: Despite the potential for increased security provided by blockchain technology,
cryptocurrency is still vulnerable to cyber-attacks and fraud, and there is a need for additional
research and development to improve security and reduce these risks.

• Privacy: While blockchain provides a secure ledger of transactions, it also has the potential
to compromise users' privacy, and more research is needed to develop privacy-preserving
solutions for cryptocurrency and blockchain.

• Energy Consumption: Cryptocurrency mining, which is necessary for maintaining the

blockchain, is an energy-intensive process that has significant environmental implications.
Further research is needed to find more energy-efficient solutions for cryptocurrency mining.

18
• User Adoption: Despite the growing popularity of cryptocurrency, there is still a need for
more research on how to increase user adoption, especially among individuals who are not
familiar with technology or who have limited access to financial services.

In conclusion, while cryptocurrency and blockchain technology have enormous potential,

there are still significant research gaps that need to be addressed in order to unlock their full
potential and ensure their wider adoption. Further research and development in these areas
will be crucial for the continued growth and evolution of the cryptocurrency and blockchain
industries.

19
 Chapter -6

Aims and Objectives of this study

The aims and objectives of developing a cryptocurrency can vary depending on the specific
goals and motivations of the individuals or organizations behind its creation. However, some
common objectives that drive the development of a new cryptocurrency include:

• Decentralization: One of the main aims of cryptocurrency is to create a decentralized

financial system that operates independently of traditional banks and financial institutions.

• Security: Cryptocurrency developers aim to create a secure and tamper-proof ledger of

transactions to protect users' financial assets and prevent fraud.

• Efficiency: Another objective of cryptocurrency development is to create a fast and

efficient payment system that can handle a high volume of transactions with lower fees and
faster processing times compared to traditional financial systems.

• Financial Inclusion: Cryptocurrency can also aim to provide financial services to

individuals who do not have access to traditional banking systems, including those in
developing countries, to promote financial inclusion.

• Innovation: Cryptocurrency can aim to bring new and innovative solutions to the financial
industry, such as smart contracts, which can automate the execution of agreements between
parties.

• Competition: The development of a new cryptocurrency can also aim to compete with
existing cryptocurrencies and offer new and unique features that set it apart from the
competition.

• Profitability: The development of a new cryptocurrency can also aim to create a profitable
investment opportunity for early adopters and supporters.

20
In conclusion, the specific aims and objectives of developing a cryptocurrency will depend on
the goals and motivations of the individuals or organizations behind its creation. However,
some common objectives include decentralization, security, efficiency, financial inclusion,
innovation, competition, and profitability.

Chapter -7

Scope of cryptocurrency and blockchain

The scope of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology encompasses a wide range of

applications and areas, including:

• Digital payments and remittances: Cryptocurrency provides a secure and efficient way to
make digital payments and remittances, which can reduce transaction costs, increase financial
inclusion, and enable cross-border transactions.

• Decentralized finance (DeFi): Blockchain technology is used to create decentralized

financial applications, such as decentralized exchanges, lending platforms, and insurance
protocols, which aim to provide financial services outside of traditional financial institutions.

• Supply chain management: Cryptocurrency and blockchain can be used to improve supply
chain transparency and efficiency by creating an immutable ledger of transactions that can be
tracked and verified.

• Identity management: Blockchain technology can be used to create decentralized identity

solutions that allow individuals to control and manage their personal data, including their
digital identity.

• Digital assets: Cryptocurrency and blockchain technology can be used to create and
manage digital assets, such as collectibles and non-fungible tokens (NFTs), which can be
bought, sold, and traded on blockchain-based platforms.

21
• Gaming: Cryptocurrency and blockchain technology can be used to create decentralized
gaming platforms, where players can trade virtual assets, compete in games, and earn
cryptocurrency.

• Healthcare: Blockchain technology can be used to securely store and manage patient
medical records and personal health data, which can improve the efficiency and accuracy of
healthcare delivery.

• Government and public sector: Cryptocurrency and blockchain technology can be used to
improve the efficiency and transparency of government operations, including tax collection,
voting systems, and public record-keeping.

These are just a few examples of the many potential applications and areas where
cryptocurrency and blockchain technology can be used. The scope of this technology is
constantly expanding and evolving, and there are many opportunities for further innovation
and growth.

22
 Chapter -8

Methodology

Figure 8.1: A crypto-database system flow

23
Figure 8.2: Data flow of an open Blockchain Network

24
Figure 8.3: ER diagram of the relational database target of the transformed
data.

25
8.4 Use Case Cryptocurrency and blockchain technology have several potential use cases
across a variety of industries. One of the most well-known use cases for cryptocurrency is as
a form of digital currency, allowing for peer-to-peer transactions without the need for
intermediaries such as banks. In the supply chain management industry, blockchain
technology can be used to create transparent and secure records of transactions, reducing the
risk of fraud and increasing efficiency. In the healthcare industry, blockchain can be used to
securely store and share medical records, improving patient privacy and data security.
Cryptocurrency and blockchain technology can also be used for voting systems, allowing for
secure and transparent election processes. The technology can also be used in the gaming
industry, where it can be used for in-game transactions and to secure player data. Overall,
cryptocurrency and blockchain technology have a wide range of potential use cases, with the
potential to revolutionize traditional business models and improve efficiency and security
across various industries.

26
 Chapter-9
Result & Discussion
The results of studies on blockchain and cryptocurrency can vary depending on the specific
goals and objectives of the research. However, some common results and discussions include:

• Adoption rate: Studies on the adoption rate of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology
can show how quickly and widely these technologies are being adopted and used by
individuals, businesses, and governments.

• Security: Research on the security of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology can show
the level of protection offered by these systems, including the strengths and weaknesses of
different security protocols and the frequency of hacks and security breaches.

• Scalability: Studies on the scalability of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology can

show the ability of these systems to handle a high volume of transactions and users, and
whether the technology is capable of meeting the demands of a rapidly growing user base.

• Economic impact: Research on the economic impact of cryptocurrency and blockchain

technology can examine the potential benefits and drawbacks of these systems on the broader
economy, including the effects on inflation, monetary policy, and financial stability.

• Environmental impact: Studies on the environmental impact of cryptocurrency and

blockchain technology can examine the energy consumption and carbon footprint of these
systems, and the potential for sustainable solutions to mitigate these impacts.

• Regulation: Research on the regulation of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology can

examine the laws and regulations governing these systems in different countries and
jurisdictions, and the potential effects of regulation on the growth and development of these
technologies.

27
• User behaviour: Studies on the behaviour of users of cryptocurrency and blockchain
technology can examine the motivations and preferences of these users, including their
attitudes toward privacy, security, and decentralization, and the reasons why they choose to
use or not use these technologies.

These are just a few examples of the many potential results and discussions that can emerge
from studies on blockchain and cryptocurrency. The field is constantly evolving, and new
research is constantly being conducted to further our understanding of these technologies and
their impact on society.

28
 Chapter-10
Conclusion
In conclusion, blockchain and cryptocurrency are complex and rapidly evolving technologies
that have the potential to transform many aspects of our lives, from finance and payments to
identity management and supply chain management. Despite the many challenges and
limitations that these technologies face, including security, scalability, and regulation, they
have already had a significant impact on the world, and the rate of adoption and innovation is
only likely to continue to grow in the future. The results of studies on blockchain and
cryptocurrency suggest that these technologies have the potential to bring about many
positive benefits, including increased efficiency, transparency, and financial inclusion.
However, there are also concerns about the environmental impact of these technologies and
the need for effective regulation to ensure their safe and sustainable use. In order to fully
realize the potential of blockchain and cryptocurrency, it is important to continue conducting
research and monitoring the development of these technologies. This will enable us to better
understand the implications of these technologies and to identify the best ways to promote
their positive impact while minimizing their potential harm. The future of blockchain and
cryptocurrency is uncertain, but it is clear that they will play a major role in shaping the
world for years to come.

29
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30