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linear inequations

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linear inequations

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Priyanshu Bisht
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© © All Rights Reserved
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4 INTRODUCTION ths chapter, we will study leas jnecy uittions in one and two variables, ‘The knowledge of Mathematics, Engineering, et nequations 1s Very hy oe aeTIng vee I Aclaitg preee Science, 2 INEQUATIONS (iii) 5x-3>0 3x-2<0 i Coa (i) 2x43<0 ae on niet (vi) 5x4 4y<3 ; eee (ix) 2x? 4 3x 4450 (di) x74 3x42<0 (xi) x? -5x+4<0 (x) 22 -3x+220 (xii) 2° 6x7 #11%-6>0. Giv) x9 4652 ar1246<0 NEAR ecu IN ONE VARIABLE Let a be « non-zero real number and x be a variable. Then equations of the form ax +b <0, ax+b <0, ax +b >Oand ax +b >Oareknown as lit inequatic cone variable x. arate Seana br example, 9: 420, 3x+2<0 and 2x~3<0 are linear inequations in one friable. INEAR INEQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES Let a,b be non-zero real numbers and x, xy be variables. on inequations of the form ax + by c and ax + by > c are known as linear x -15 >0, 5x -. equations in two variables x and y. lor example, 2x + 3y <6, 3x—2y>12, x+y <4, 2x+y26 are linear inequations in two briables x and y. UADRATIC INEQUATION Let a be @ non-zero real number. Then an inequation of the form 2s bx +c <0, or ax? +bx + ¢<0, or ax* + bx + c>0, or ax® +bx +c 20s known as a quadratic quation. r example, x2 + x-6<0,x? = 3x +220, 2x7 + 3x +1 >0and x? —5x +4 <0 are quadratic equations. this chapter, we shall study linear inequations in one and two variables only. a oe a Consicter the inequation 2" < 3 503s pi igrthend ie ER ‘Left hand side (LIS) ofthis inequation is 5 ; We observe that: For x = 9, we have tits = 2=2*2 3 and, RHS= Clearly, 3<=1 = LAS 3741 Oforany xeR. So, there is no real value of x which makes the given inequation a true staten no solution. It follows from the above discussion that an inequation may or may not h ‘However, if an inequation has a solution it may have infinitely many solution SOLVING AN INEQUATION It isthe process of obtaining all possible ‘solutions of an ineq SOLUTION SET The set ofall posible solutions of an inequation is known as its solu For example, the solution set ofthe inequation x? + 1 2 Ois the set R ofall realm the solution set of the inequation x? +1 <0iis the null set & Same number added to (or subt i i ae seh (or subtracted from) both sides or Rsle2. Bot sides ofan inequaton can be muliped (or divided) by the same without changing the sign of inequality. However, heck, Che me P sides ofan nequation ae multiplied or divided bya eee ea ; Any term of an inequ be taken i ating i gai 18" ether ie wh (rr {QuATIONS ne ua equation in one variable is of the form greb<00t a +0S 0 Ot, a +b>0or, ax b v9, ax +b 20. i sw the following algorithm to solve a ye fale 'vea linear inequation in one variable. (THM ‘Obtain the linear inequation, Collect al terms involving the variable, tne other side. ‘On one side of the inequation and the constant terms on simplify both sides of inequality in their simple aid ne eb, or a8 2 aoe b < cen oo aan cx+d, or, axtb> cx+d, Jawpter Solve the following linear inequations: rype @) 2x-450 (i) —3x+12<0 (iii) 4x-1220 (iv) 7x + 9>30 ution (i) We have, 2x-4<0 (2x4) +4 5 044 [Adding 4 on both sides} 2x 4 2x ae 7 3 TS2 fence, any real number less than or equal to 2 is a solution of the given inequation.. ce solutions can be graphed on real line as shown in Fig. 11.1 > [aa Fig. 11.1 .e solution set of the given inequation is (~, 2) i) We have, —3x+12<0 -3x<-12 [Transposing 12 on right side] 7 Be x>4 [Dividing both sides by -3] us, any real number greater than 4 is a solution of the given inequation. ce, the solution set of the given inequation is (4, «). This solution set can be graphed on al line as shown in Fig. 11.2 rm 18 sxs~15 Seo be rahe oy _ the solution et ofthe given inequa scopeesrit Siven inequation i(— eo, ~ 3}, which canbe graphed on real ine as <—_—. “5 + Fig.th6 wehave, 2 (2x + 3) 10.5 6(x~2) 4y+6-1056x—12 4x-4s6x—12 4x-6rs ~124 si [Transposing - 4 to RHS and 6x to LHS] -2rs-8 > = x24 xel4,) << eeega —5e Fig. 117 AMPLES Solve the following inequations: 234925448 eee Te 3 {Transposing “to LHS and 9 to RHS} 6x-9-16x 12 ~9-10x 12 -9-10x2-72 [Multiplying both sides by 12] ~10x2-72+9 2-6 10x. -63 -10x 2-63 = 208 > eae weQuavions e 7 ye! 12, ) isthe solution set of thy aig teem equation Ton acne raped < - 3 Fig. 14.14 it nits Solve the following inequations; panes , <0 xt (iy Shey xe juror ( Wehave, L_ #<0| xe-2 = re(-m,=2) lence, the solution set of the given inequation is (— 2, ~2). BASED ON LOWER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (LOTS) jpe Il EQUATIONS OF THE FORM arth op wtb arth ax+h athe oe 2k, or a+d ata Pare eid 1 Obtain the inequation. Transpose all terms on LHS. ‘Simplify LHS of the inequation obtained in step Ito obtain an inequation of the form PE*4950, or PEEES9 or Peet <0, or BEF <0, ets re+s rts res WV Make coefficient x positive in numerator and denominator if they are not. Equate numerator and denominator separately to ero and obtain the values ofx. These values of xare generally called critical points. VI Plot the critical points obtained in step V on real line, three regions. VU Inthe right most region the expression on LHS ofthe equation obtained in step TV wil be positive and in other regions it willbe alternatively negative and positive. oy mark positive von inthe right most region and then mark alternatively negative and positive signs other regions. Select appropriate region on the basis ofthe sign of the inequation obtained instep IV. Write these regions in the form of interoals to obtain the desired solution sets of the given inequation. ‘These points will divide the real line in Since the expression in (i) s postive, so the solution set of the given, FepieGERi inne postive ciora, Hence from Fi 11.12 >0 = re(-», 3) UG, 0) x5 t Hence, the solution set of the given inequationis(-%, 3) UG, ) as Ben n ot 2=2x-10 x-2-2(x45) 9 +5 #45 ele ‘Multiplying by -1 to make ess fered the expression in (On equating x +12 and x +5 to zero, we obtain x =~12, ~5 as critical points. 1 plotted on number line as shown in Fig. 11.12. The real line is divided into three ‘signs of LHS of inequation (i) are marked. Since the inequation in (i) ps nee tal LHS of the inequation is negative. So, the solution set of t union regions ontaining negative sign in Fig. 11.13. Hence, the s given inequation is (-12, -5). Se ; Fig. 11.13 FXAMPLE7 Solve the following inequations: a zt eee wy 43 oo SOLUTION (i) We have, 2x+4 ae #4 2x+4-5(x~1) =e) e-1 £0 = ei weQuATIONS ue 2<03) 4. 3r-7>x41 b aonuke esses 3x-2 5x-3 Fig. 11.14 3 ; Fig. 11.15 Hence, the solution set of the given inequation is(—s, 2) U[7, «). 2 tne solution set ofthe given inequation is, 3) 7 i BASIC 1, Solve: 12 <50, when ( xeR Gi) xeZ (iii) x EN 2, Solve: -4x > 30, when. () xeR (i) xeZ Git) reN 3, Solve: 4x -2 <8, when @) xreR (i) xeZ (ii) x eN. Solve the following linear inequations in R. (4 —28): 5. x4+5>4x-10 3x-2 8. < 5 4x-3 2 3Q+x) 7 x-4 A= -2 3 [Multiplying both sides by —1} (See Fig. 11.15) EXERCISE 11.1 6. 3x+92—x+19 9, -(x-3)+4<5-2x LO Gw,29/6) 2) (-«, -15/2) 2 WCam il 4 (4,0) a 2% (=m, 10/11) 8, [11/14, ©) ete 1. 44) Wea a th Ca, 58/3 wo 16. (226, #) a7. (1,2) x 18. (-1/4,5/6) Bee er ee 22. (=, NUIR/2,0) 23 (5/2) U(33/8, 0) vie 25, (-», )U(4, «) 26. (-7,-3) 4 a 28. (-2, -5) UG, =) 15 GOAT AS AGI eats oA 4 In the previous section, we have learnt how to solve a linear inequation in one ‘section, we shall use it to solve a system of linear inequations in one variabl Now solution set of a linear inequation is the set of all points on real line satisfy inequation, Therefore, the solution set ofa system of linear inequations in on intersection of the solution sets of the linear inequations in the given system. We use the following algorithm to solve a system of linear inequations in one ALGORITHM StepI Obtain the system of linear inequations. % Step Solve each inequation and obtain their solution sets. Also, represent them. ‘Step II Find the intersection of the solution sets obtained in step II by taking the representation of the solution sets in step II. SepIV The set obtained in step II isthe required solution set of the given Following examples will illustrate the above algorithm. v Bae UY EXAMPLE Solve the following system of linear ‘inequations: 3x-6 20 4x-10<6 sie ara SOLUTION ‘The given system of inequations is 32-620 4r-10<6 Now, 31-620 = 3x26 5 28 = x225oH Se 3 2 gee and, 4r-1056 = 4r<16 5 XS 4.80, the ris yneon wat we sts of inequuation hilo ely. Clee, te inarge negtPresented graphically on real ine in Figs. 11.16 ha (f these solution sets is the set [2,4]. Hence, the madi mi i’ic ofthe given system of inequations isthe intery * 3x +3255 3 4 ww. The given system of inequati wTt0 Tee oe a requuation is . e ll) 2 Bx+1 2x si) Now = 138x>39 > x>3 > xe(3,0) tion (i) is the interval (3, «). 3x41 < 3 4 the solution set of inequat 4 2x ands = 2 4 Fr 2x + 3 <3(3x +1) [Multiplying both sides by 12 Le. the Lem. of 12 and 4] E -2x +3<9x+3 => —2x-9x<3-3 = -11x<0 > x>0 => xe(0,~) Sp the solution set of inequation (ji) is the interval (0, 2). Let us now represent the solution sets sfinequations (i) and (ii) on real line. These solution sets are graphed on real line in Figs. 11.17 (i) and 11.17 (i) respectively. << 40 3 + } Fig. 11.17() ————___ Se 0 3 3 Fig. 11.17 (i) From Figs. 11.17 (i) and (ii), we observe that the intersection of the solution sets of inequations i) and (i) is interval (3, 20) represented by common thick line. Hence, the solution set of the given system of inequations is the interval (3, ©). EXAMPLES Solve the following system of inequations: 2(2x + 3) -10 <6(x=2) 2x 28 Gee 3 yon wa3 wee state sy 2-32 2S 4 cox sxdso x48 9x4 -20$2- 3% 8 36 (Multiplying throughout by 4} _99-282-34-25 36-2 22s- 3x54 (Subtracting 2 throughout} 2s ee [Dividing throughout by ~ 3} ave 3 > *6l-34/3, 22/3) % jerval [- 34/3, 22/3] pee re interva 91's he solution se ofthe given system ofinequations, ro Solvethesystem ofinequations: * 51 6x 1 pane Dead * 4’ Gay xe(-x,-1/2)U[1/2, =) [See Fig. 11.19 @] ee ns ani Fig. 11.19 () i Fig. 11.19 0) Thus, the solution set of inequation (i) is (—s», -1/2) U[1/2, 0) . (iii) 6x, ah "i we-1 2 a 6x leg 4x-1 2 12x -(4x -1) 8x+1 8x+1 0 = xe(-1/8,1/4) ——— ae >a <0> , 2(4x-1) ~~ 2(4x=1) 4x-1 4 oliv Thus, the solution set of inequation (ii) is(-1/8,1/4) come of? Itis evident from Fig, 11.19 that the intersection of (ii) and (iv) is the null set, : Hence, the given system of equations has no solution. ae & Ca, SAMPLE) EQUATIONS iNeQUATIONS ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. BASED ON BASIC CONCEPTS (BASIC) Il pairs of consecuti hive’S atl os an gf consecutive odd positive integers, both of which are smaller than 18, such Ca Let x be the smaller of the two consecutive odd positive integers. Then, the other isx +2. a ud poet Fan smaller than 1 and thelr sum is more than 20. Therefore, y<16 and 2x +2>20 a x <16 and 2x >18 2 peloand#>9 => 9 ¥=11,13,15 {+ xis an odd integer ] * ferecie! pairs of odd integers are (11, 13), (13, 15) and (15,17). ; cf ] cat ie a a ihe Bee consecutive even positive integers, both of which are larger than 8, such ErumON Let rbe the smaller of the two consecutive even positive integers, Then, the other Sen integer is * +2 fusgiven that both the integers are larger than 8 and their sum i less than 25. Therefore, yo Bandx+x+2<25 x>8and 2x +2<25 x>8and2x <23 23 23 xoBandx<> = 8 > x= 10 [-+ xis an even integer } ‘Hence, the required pair of even integers is (10, 12). rumptes The cost and revenue functions of a product are given by C(x)=2x+ 400 and R(x) = 6x + 20 respectively, where x is the number of items produced by the manufacturer. How many dons the manufacturer must sell to realize some profit? LUTION We know that: Profit = Revenue - Cost. Therefore, to earn some profit, we must Revenue > Cost 6x +20>2x +400 => 6x-2x>400-20 = 4x> 380 => oe = 95 ‘Hence, the manufacturer must sell more than 95 items to realize some profit. pramptes IQofa person is given by the formula: 1Q “4 100, where MA is mental age and CA dronological age. If 80 < IQ <140 for a group of 12 year children, find the range of their mental age. SOLUTION We have: CA = 12 years MA 2B MA a = ==MA 1Q 100 1Q = 7x 100 = = 80 < 1Q <140 80 < BMA x10 200 < IMPLE.5 In the first four papers each of 100 marks, ‘of greater than or equal to 75 marks and less than 80 mar Bk paper Suppose scores x marks in the fifth paper. Then, 25 MA <420= 22 < MA <2 96 < MA<168 Rishi got 95, 72, 73, 83 marks. If he wants irks, find the range of marks he should sc pea JATIONS pr yweaw 121 wl MLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES BASED ON BASIC ConcEPTS (BASIC) ind al pairs of consecutive odd posit wt nis onan he ld positive integers, both of which are smaller than 18, such we st x be the smaller of th $ se, ats We two consecutive odd positive integers. Then, the other inatboth the integers are smaller than 18 and their sum is more peer 20 their sum is more than 20. Therefore, el6 and 2¢+2>20 2 <6 and 2x >18 :. yelgand t>9 => 9Bandx+x+2<25 x> Band 2x+2<25 x>B8and 2x <23 23 2 ge 8endx<—- = 8 > x = 10 “+ xis an even integer ] 2 enc the required pair of even integers is (10,12) raawmurs The cost and revenue functions of a product are given by C (x) =2x-+ 400 and ++ 20 respectively, where x is the number of items produced by the manufacturer. How many Rie) = 6t ns ons the manufacturer must sell to realize some proft? foumioN We know that: Profit= Revenue ~ Cost. Therefore, to earn some profit, we must have Revenue > Cost Gxt 2052x4400 5 6x =2x>400-20 ax> 980 > x>50 = 95 Hence, the manufacturer must sell more than 95 items to realize some profit. sxanpies 1Q ofa person is given by the formula: IQ = a“ 100, where MA is mental age andCA is hronological age. f 80 < IQ < 140 for a group of 12 year children, find the range oftheir mental age. SOWTION Wehave: CA = 12 years MA MA 2 ie MA = MA 100 = 2 Ma ean" 2 * 3 Now, 80 < IQ <140 26 £20 96 < MA<168 5 2 < 420 —— < MAS fe 40> 210 = 25. MA ey a 15 nthe frst four papers each of 100 marks, Rishi got 95, 72,73, 83 marks. If he wants an greater than or equal to 75 marks and less than 80 marks, find the range of marks he should score paper. Suppose scores x marks in the fifth paper. Then, yy Rohit in two tests w, Ve ere 65, : have an average of ap eats che minimum marks he should ao eee istry si fahrenheit (F) ( comversion formula i given by ee 5 80°Cand 35% 385 ‘C What s the range of temperature in degee ina cource, one must obi care ettote tain an ' ea average of 90 ee one Scored 87, 95, 92 and 94 marks in first taal pepe : Score in the last paper to get grade ‘A’ in the course. yanufactures cassettes and its cost and revenue functions for a week are dR = 2xrespectively, where xis the number of cassettes produced and How many cassettes must be sold for the company to realize a profit? of a triangle is three times the shortest side and the third side is 2 em e longest side if the perimeter of the tri Find PA teat. triangles at least 61 cm, the cof water will have to be added to 1125 litres of the 45% solution of acid so mixture will contain more than 25% but less than 30% acid content? of 8% boric acid is to be diluted by adding a 2% boric acid solution to it. The rare is to be more than 4% but less than 6% boric acid. If there are 640 litres of in a pool is considered normal when the average pH reading of three is between 7.2 and 7.8. If the first two pH reading are 7.48 and 7.85, e of pH value for the third reading that will result in the acidity level being 1s deepest hole it was found that the temperature Tin depres. celcius,x kr ‘g surface was given by T = 30+ 25 (x—3), 3

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