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How often should physiotherapy be 1 of 32

performed for most patients according to

the text?

Once a week
Every day for 30 minutes
Twice daily for a minimum of minutes 5–10 minutes twice daily is a
minimum for most patients

Only when symptoms worsen

Correct Answer
Twice daily for a minimum of minutes

Explanation
The text indicates that the optimum duration and frequency of
physiotherapy depend on the amount of sputum, but a minimum of twice
daily is recommended for most patients.

In which situation is surgical treatment 2 of 32

indicated for bronchiectasis?

:
 When bronchiectasis is extensive and bilateral
When bronchiectasis is confined to a single lobe or
segment
When medical treatment is successful
When there is no respiratory failure

Correct Answer
When bronchiectasis is confined to a single lobe or segment

Explanation
The text states that surgical excision of bronchiectatic areas is indicated in
only a small proportion of cases, specifically when the bronchiectasis is
confined to a single lobe or segment on CT.

What imaging technique is more sensitive 3 of 32

in detecting bronchiectasis?

Plain chest X-ray

CT scan
MRI
Ultrasound

Correct Answer
CT scan

Explanation
CT scans are much more sensitive than plain chest X-rays in detecting
bronchiectasis, as they can show thickened, dilated airways and other
associated changes.
:
 What is a challenge in antibiotic therapy 4 of 32

for patients with bronchiectasis when

secondary infections occur?

Finding the right dosage

Dealing with staphylococci and Gram-negative bacilli
Managing side effects
Ensuring patient compliance

Correct Answer
Dealing with staphylococci and Gram-negative bacilli

Explanation
The text highlights that when secondary infections occur with staphylococci
and Gram-negative bacilli, particularly Pseudomonas species, antibiotic
therapy becomes more challenging.

What is a common infection that requires 5 of 32

intravenous treatment in cystic fibrosis

patients?

Staph aureus
Pseudomonas
E. coli
Klebsiella

Correct Answer
Pseudomonas
:
 Explanation
The text states that infections with Pseudomonas in cystic fibrosis patients
usually require intravenous treatment, indicating its severity and the need
for more aggressive management.

What is a common physical sign 6 of 32

associated with bronchiectasis?

Unilateral or bilateral chest signs clubbing of finger.

coarse crackles
Increased heart rate Collapse with retained secretions
blocking a proximal bronchus may lead
High blood pressure to locally diminished breath sounds,

Decreased respiratory rate

Correct Answer
Unilateral or bilateral chest signs

Explanation
Unilateral or bilateral chest signs are common physical manifestations of
bronchiectasis, particularly when there are large amounts of sputum
present.

What is a common symptom of 7 of 32

bronchiectasis?

Chronic cough Halitosis Haemoptysis

Sputum: copious, continuously
Fever purulent

Weight loss
Chest tightness
:
 Correct Answer
Chronic cough

Explanation
Chronic cough is a hallmark symptom of bronchiectasis, as the condition is
characterized by persistent coughing due to the accumulation of mucus.

What is a potential complication of 8 of 32

bronchiectasis related to hemoptysis?

Bronchial artery embolisation

Pneumothorax
Lung cancer
Pulmonary embolism

Correct Answer
Bronchial artery embolisation

Explanation
Massive hemoptysis in bronchiectasis may require bronchial artery
embolisation as a treatment to control the bleeding.

What is a potential complication of 9 of 32

bronchiectasis?

Complication

1- Pneumonia.

2- Lung abscess.

3- Empyema.

4- Septicemia.

5- Cor pulmonale.

6- Respiratory failure.

7- secondary amyloidosis with

nephrotic syndrome
:
 Pneumonia
Hypertension
Diabetes
Asthma

Correct Answer
Pneumonia

Explanation
Pneumonia is listed as a potential complication of bronchiectasis, along with
other serious conditions such as lung abscess and respiratory failure.

What is a potential consequence of 10 of 32

progressive bronchiectasis associated

with ciliary dysfunction or cystic
fibrosis?

Improved respiratory function

Respiratory failure
Increased lung capacity
Complete recovery

Correct Answer
Respiratory failure

Explanation
The text mentions that progressive forms of bronchiectasis associated with
ciliary dysfunction or cystic fibrosis eventually cause respiratory failure,
highlighting the severity of the condition.
:
 What is essential for the prevention of 11 of 32

bronchiectasis that commonly starts in

childhood?

Regular physiotherapy
Vaccination and treatment of childhood infections
Surgical intervention
Aggressive antibiotic use

Correct Answer
Vaccination and treatment of childhood infections

Explanation
The text emphasizes that adequate prevention (vaccine) and treatment of
conditions like measles, whooping cough, or primary tuberculous infection
are essential for preventing bronchiectasis.

What is one of the congenital causes of 12 of 32

bronchiectasis mentioned in the text?

Cystic fibrosis
Asthma
Chronic bronchitis
Lung cancer

Correct Answer
Cystic fibrosis

Explanation
:
 Cystic fibrosis is listed as a congenital cause of bronchiectasis, indicating
that genetic factors can lead to this condition.

What is one of the gastrointestinal 13 of 32

complications associated with cystic

fibrosis?

Diabetes
Malabsorption and steatorrhoea
Irritable bowel syndrome
Celiac disease

Correct Answer
Malabsorption and steatorrhoea

Explanation
One of the gastrointestinal complications of cystic fibrosis is malabsorption
and steatorrhoea, which occurs due to the dysfunction of the pancreas and
its inability to produce sufficient digestive enzymes.

What is the carrier rate of cystic fibrosis 14 of 32

in people of predominantly European

descent?

1 in 10
1 in 25
1 in 50
1 in 100
:
 Correct Answer
1 in 25

Explanation
The carrier rate of cystic fibrosis in this population is reported to be 1 in 25,
indicating that many individuals carry one copy of the mutated gene without
showing symptoms.

What is the definition of bronchiectasis? 15 of 32

Abnormal dilatation of the bronchi

Inflammation of the bronchi
Infection of the lungs
Scarring of lung tissue

Correct Answer
Abnormal dilatation of the bronchi

Explanation
Bronchiectasis is specifically defined as the abnormal dilatation of the
bronchi, which distinguishes it from other respiratory conditions.

What is the inheritance pattern of cystic 16 of 32

fibrosis (CF)?

Autosomal dominant
Autosomal recessive
X-linked
Mitochondrial
:
 Correct Answer
Autosomal recessive

Explanation
Cystic fibrosis is characterized by autosomal recessive inheritance,
meaning that an individual must inherit two copies of the defective gene
(one from each parent) to express the disease.

What is the link between nutrition and 17 of 32

prognosis in cystic fibrosis?

No link
Good nutrition improves prognosis
Poor nutrition improves prognosis
Nutrition has a minimal effect

Correct Answer
Good nutrition improves prognosis

Explanation
The text clearly states that there is a link between good nutrition and
prognosis in cystic fibrosis, highlighting the importance of nutritional
management in these patients.

What is the most common method for 18 of 32

diagnosing cystic fibrosis (CF)?

:
 Genotyping
Sweat electrolyte testing
Clinical picture supported by sweat
electrolyte testing and
Chest X-ray genotyping.

Correct Answer
Clinical picture

Explanation
The diagnosis of cystic fibrosis is most commonly made from the clinical
picture, which includes symptoms such as bowel obstruction, failure to
thrive, and steatorrhoea, particularly in young children.

What is the primary purpose of regular 19 of 32

daily physiotherapy for patients with

bronchiectasis?

To increase physical strength

To assist the drainage of excess bronchial secretions
To improve mental health
To reduce the need for medication

Correct Answer
To assist the drainage of excess bronchial secretions

Explanation
The text states that regular daily physiotherapy helps in the drainage of
excess bronchial secretions, which reduces cough and sputum, and
prevents recurrent infections.
:
 What is the primary treatment for 20 of 32

malabsorption in cystic fibrosis

patients?

Oral pancreatic enzymes Malabsorption occurs in 85% of

patients due to exocrine
pancreatic failure and is treated
Insulin therapy with oral pancreatic enzymes
and vitamin.
Vitamin supplements
CFTR modulators

Correct Answer
Oral pancreatic enzymes

Explanation
Oral pancreatic enzymes are specifically used to treat malabsorption due to
exocrine pancreatic failure, which occurs in 85% of cystic fibrosis patients.

What percentage of cystic fibrosis 21 of 32

patients eventually develop diabetes?

10%
25%
50%
75%

Correct Answer
25%

Explanation
The text states that diabetes eventually develops in over 25% of cystic
fibrosis patients, indicating a significant prevalence of this condition among
:
 them.

What technique is mentioned to help 22 of 32

move secretions in the bronchi towards

the trachea?

Deep breathing and forced expiratory maneuvers

Singing and humming
Yoga and meditation
Walking and stretching

Correct Answer
Deep breathing and forced expiratory maneuvers

Explanation
The text specifically mentions the ‘active cycle of breathing’ technique,
which includes deep breathing followed by forced expiratory maneuvers to
help move secretions.

What type of antibiotic is recommended 23 of 32

for treating Pseudomonas infections in

bronchiectasis?

Oral ciprofloxacin
Intravenous anti-pseudomonal β-lactam
Both oral ciprofloxacin and intravenous anti-
pseudomonal β-lactam
None of the above
:
 Correct Answer
Both oral ciprofloxacin and intravenous anti-pseudomonal β-lactam

Explanation
The text specifies that for Pseudomonas infections, either oral ciprofloxacin
or an intravenous anti-pseudomonal β-lactam (like piperacillin-tazobactam
or ceftazidime) is required, indicating that both options are valid.

What type of sputum is commonly 24 of 32

associated with bronchiectasis?

Clear and watery

Frothy and pink
Copious and purulent
Thick and yellow

Correct Answer
Copious and purulent

Explanation
Bronchiectasis is characterized by copious, continuously purulent sputum,
which is a result of chronic infection and inflammation in the airways.

What type of therapy is Azithromycin 25 of 32

classified as in the management of CF?

:
 Mucolytic therapy
1- Mucolytic therapies: Nebulised hypertonic
Inhaled antibiotic saline, Inhaled mannitol.

Anti-inflammatory therapy 2- Inhaled antibiotics: Nebulised tobramycin,

Nebulised levofloxacin.

Oral antibiotic 3- Anti-inflammatory therapy: Azithromycin

once a day three times weekly

Correct Answer 7 4- CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane

conductance regulator) modulator therapy:
Ivacaftor
Anti-inflammatory therapy

Explanation
Azithromycin is classified as an anti-inflammatory therapy in the
management of cystic fibrosis, as it is administered once a day three times
weekly to help reduce exacerbations.

Which condition should be sought and 26 of 32

treated due to malabsorption and

chronic ill health in cystic fibrosis
patients?

Diabetes
Osteoporosis
Lung infections
Pancreatitis

Correct Answer
Osteoporosis

Explanation
The text mentions that osteoporosis secondary to malabsorption and
chronic ill health should be sought and treated in cystic fibrosis patients.
:
 Which gene is affected in cystic fibrosis? 27 of 32

BRCA1
CFTR
TP53
APOE

Correct Answer
CFTR

Explanation
Cystic fibrosis is caused by pathogenic variants affecting the CFTR gene,
which codes for a chloride channel that plays a crucial role in salt and water
movement across epithelial cell membranes.

Which of the following can lead to 28 of 32

localized bronchiectasis?

Enlarged tuberculous hilar lymph nodes

Asthma Localised bronchiectasis may occur due to the
accumulation of pus beyond an obstructing bronchial
Pneumonia lesion, such as

1- Enlarged tuberculous hilar lymph nodes

Allergic reactions
2- A bronchial tumour

Correct Answer 3- An inhaled foreign body.

Enlarged tuberculous hilar lymph nodes

Explanation
Localized bronchiectasis may occur due to the accumulation of pus beyond
an obstructing bronchial lesion, such as enlarged tuberculous hilar lymph
nodes.
:
 Which of the following is considered the 29 of 32

most common cause of bronchiectasis

worldwide?

Cystic fibrosis
Tuberculosis
Primary ciliary dyskinesia
Kartagener syndrome

Correct Answer
Tuberculosis

Explanation
Tuberculosis is regarded as the most common cause of bronchiectasis
worldwide, highlighting its significant impact on respiratory health.

Which of the following treatments is NOT 30 of 32

mentioned for managing CF lung

disease?

Nebulised hypertonic saline

Oral antibiotics for Staph aureus
Nebulised levofloxacin
Surgery

Correct Answer
Surgery
:
 Explanation
The text discusses various treatments for CF lung disease, including
nebulised hypertonic saline, oral antibiotics for Staph aureus, and nebulised
levofloxacin, but does not mention surgery as a treatment option.

Which organism may be revealed in a 31 of 32

sputum culture for bronchiectasis?

Staphylococcus aureus
Escherichia coli
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Correct Answer
Staphylococcus aureus

Explanation
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the organisms that may be revealed in a
sputum culture for bronchiectasis, along with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
fungi such as Aspergillus.

Which syndrome is associated with 32 of 32

ciliary dysfunction and can lead to

bronchiectasis?
:
 Kartagener syndrome
Asthma
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Pneumonia

Correct Answer
Kartagener syndrome

Explanation
Kartagener syndrome is specifically mentioned as a ciliary dysfunction
syndrome that can result in bronchiectasis, linking the condition to genetic
and structural abnormalities.
: