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Bi Substrate Reaction

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5 views

Bi Substrate Reaction

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pintuta112233
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Bi-substrate Reactions

Dr. Akhilendra Pratap Bharati


Assistant Professor
Department of Life Science and Biotechnology
Bi-substrate Reactions

 ∼60% of known biochemical reactions are bi-substrate reaction.

 Almost all of these bi-substrate reactions are either transfer reactions in which
the enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a specific functional group, X, from one of
the substrates to the other or oxidation-reduction reactions in which reducing
equivalents are transferred between the two substrates.

Although bi-substrate reactions occur through a vast variety of mechanisms, only a


few types are commonly observed.
Sequential Reactions

 Reactions in which all substrates must combine with the enzyme before a reaction
can occur and products be released are known as sequential reactions.

 In such reactions, the group being transferred, X, is directly passed from A (= P—X) to
B, yielding P and Q (= B—X). Hence, such reactions are also called single-
displacement reactions.

a. Ordered mechanism

b. Random mechanism
Cleland notation

In a notation developed by W.W. Cleland, substrates are designated by the letters A


and B in the order that they add to the enzyme, products are designated by P and Q in
the order that they leave the enzyme, the enzyme is represented by a horizontal line,
and successive additions of substrates and releases of products are denoted by vertical
arrows.
a.Ordered mechanism

 Where A and B are said to be the leading and following substrates, respectively.

 Many NAD+ and NADP+ requiring dehydrogenases follow an ordered bi-substrate


mechanism in which the coenzyme is the leading substrate.
b. Random mechanism

 Some dehydrogenases and kinases operate through Random bi-substrate mechanisms


(kinases are enzymes that transfer phosphoryl groups from ATP to other compounds or
vice versa).
Ping Pong Reactions
 Group-transfer reactions in which one or more products are released before all substrates
have been added are known as Ping Pong reactions.

 Here, a functional group X of the first substrate A (= P—X) is displaced from the substrate
by the enzyme E to yield the first product P and a stable enzyme form F (= E—X) in which
X is tightly (often covalently) bound to the enzyme (Ping).
 In the second stage of the reaction, X is displaced from the enzyme by the second
substrate B to yield the second product Q (= B—X), thereby regenerating the original
form of the enzyme, E (Pong).

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