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Classification 2023 2024

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32 views

Classification 2023 2024

Uploaded by

Alia Lauder
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Living organisms in the

environment
Mrs. M. Gunzell
Grade 10-3 2023-2024
Objective 1
Group living organisms found in a named habitat based on
observed similarities and differences;
How do we know these are living things?
?
What are living organisms
Why is it important to Group living organisms
Grouping is also referred to as classification.

The science of classification is called taxonomy.

Scientist who classify organisms are known as taxonomist.

Classification makes it easier for scientists to investigate


and answer important questions about the many organisms of
the world.
Lets think for a minute
Imagine your parent sent you to the supermarket to buy
“coconut oil” for cooking.

What will you do when you get to the supermarket.

Imagine if there were no labels on the ailes or shelves


Classification based on physical characteristics
The simplest way to classify organisms is according to similarities in their visible

characteristics. For example, if we see a number of organisms, we could start to

group them by putting those with wings together. We can make another group

Based on number of legs. We could also put the hairy ones together. And so
on.
Types of Classification
1. Artificial classification is based on easily observed characteristics, like colour, shape
or number of legs. This is a convenient and easy method of grouping organisms and is
designed for a practical purpose. However, worms and snakes have the same shape, but
snakes have a backbone while worms do not.
2. Natural classification tries to use natural relationships between organisms using both
internal and external characteristics. For example, organisms with backbones are grouped
together because they all have backbones and many other similarities. Similarities in
anatomy, physiology and behaviour may all be considered when grouping organisms in a
natural classification.
Organisms are grouped by similarities that show descent from shared ancestors. For
example, a bird wing and a human arm show descent from a vertebrate ancestor. A bird wing
and an insect wing are derived from different structures.
Natural Classification Cont’d
Similarities in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) sequences are increasingly being relied on to
determine ancestry. The more alike the DNA sequences are for two types of organisms,
the recently they diverged from a shared ancestor. Remember that each organism has its
own DNA ‘fingerprint’. Biologists can now construct new evolutionary tree diagrams that
show how existing organisms are related to one another using their DNA.
Use an artificial classification system to place the
following organisms in 2 groups.
Class activity
In groups of threes go outside and observe 10 different species (types)
of plants. You will be observing different VISIBLE characteristics that
can be used to classify them into three groups.

Bring back 1 leaf from each plant observed.

(10 minutes)

In class observe the leaves,

List 5 visible characteristics that can be used to classify the leaves.

Use one of characteristic listed above to place the leaves in 3 groups.

Glue the leaves onto 1 sheet of blank paper.


homework
Take pictures of 8 animals found in your environment
(home,or school).

1. Create a picture collage

2. Write down three visible characteristics that can be used


to group the organisms

3 using 1 of the characteristics above place the organisms


into two groups.

Due next class


Dichotomous keys

A dichotomous key is a tool that enables classification of organisms.


It works by asking a series of questions in a step-by-step fashion until
you are led to the name of the organism. Dichotomous means
‘divided into two parts’ and a dichotomous key always offers two
answers to each question.

Dichotomous keys can be used to classify organisms


according to both artificial or natural criteria, including DNA
information where it is available.
Dichotomous key
How To: Making a List-Style Dichotomous Key
The following are the steps to make a list-style dichotomous key:

1. Observe your specimens and take notes on their individual characteristics.


2. Organize your information into a table
1. Identify one specimen that has an observable characteristic that sets it apart from all the others.
2. Write that characteristic and the identity of the specimen in the first row of the table.
3. From the remaining specimens (not including the specimen(s) already listed in your table), select one that
has an observable characteristic that sets it apart from the others.
4. Fill in the next row in the table with that characteristic and the identity of the specimen.
5. Repeat steps c and d until there is just one specimen remaining.
Objective 2
classify organisms into taxonomic groups based
on physical similarities;
Taxonomic Classification
A hierarchical system is used for classifying organisms to the species rank. This
system is called taxonomic classification. The broadest classifications are by domain
and kingdom; the majority specific classification is by genus and species. The
hierarchical groupings in between include phylum, class, family, and order.

There are definite steps for classification of organisms. These steps are called Taxa
and are singular Taxon. In biological classification, taxonomic rank is the relative
level of a group of organisms (a taxon) in a taxonomic hierarchy. Examples of
taxonomic ranks are species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom,
domain, etc.
Common names can create confusion
Purpose of taxonomy
To give every species a name based on a standard method so
scientists from different countries can talk about the same
organism without confusion.

A 7 level (taxa) classification system was developed by


carolus linnaeus based on similarities between organisms.
Classification of living things
The seven level system /Hierarchy of cassification
Classification of Man
Classification of plants
Classification of Man
Classification of Man
Human beings belong in the kingdom Animalia because we are multicellular and
heterotrophic. We belong in the phylum Chordata and the sub-phylum Vertebrata because
we have a backbone. We are in the class Mammalia because we have hair, are
warm-blooded and suckle our young. We are in the order Primates with all the other
monkeys and apes. We belong to the family
Hominidae which are the human-like apes. In the past, this family has included several
genera including the genus Homo, grouped by the structure of the skull and teeth. There
have also been other species of Homo in the past, for example Homo erectus. However,
that species is separated from the modern Homo sapiens because they had more body
hair and a smaller brain. All people today belong to the species Homo sapiens because
they all have the same characteristics.
Binomial Naming System
Carl Linnaeus developed a system for naming each species of organism with a biological
name, which is called the binomial system. He did this because organisms may have
many common names. For example the plant called shadow benny, bandania and cilantro
in Trinidad and Tobago, is called sit weed or spirit weed in Jamaica, and in Martinique and
Guadeloupe it is known as bandanie. Each biological name has two parts which are the
same in all these countries and all over the world – the biological name for the plant is
Eryngium foetidum. The first word of this name is the genus name and always starts with a
capital letter. If you are writing it several times, the first word may be shortened. For
example Eryngium foetidum may be abbreviated to E. foetidum.
The second word is the species name. Every known species has a place in this
classification. It starts with major groups of general features, which are broken down into
smaller and smaller groups that get more and more specific.
Homework
D research t classify the animas that yu have pictures f and
What do we mean by Species
A group of organisms that can reproduce naturally and have offspring
that are fertile (these offsprings can reproduce).

These organisms may share similar characteristics or some slight


differences may be seen.

Breeds, members of the same species that may have different features
eg. domestic dogs different breeds are poodle, german shephard etc.

Variety:variations within the different plant species eg. different


colour petals in roses.

Race: used to refer to variations in colour, hair type and body


structure in humans.

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