Course No.

: GED 1161
Course Name: Chemistry.
Chapter-08

Dilute Solution: Different kinds of solutions, Concentration units: molarity, molality, mole
fraction, ppm, etc.

Definition: A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances on molecular level.

The constituent of the mixture present in a smaller amount is called the Solute and the one present
in a larger amount is called the Solvent. For example, when a smaller amount of sugar (solute) is
mixed with water (solvent), a homogeneous solution in water is obtained.

Concentration of Solution:

Types & Examples of Solutions:

Ways of expressing concentration:

There are several ways of expressing concentration of a solution:

(a) Percent by weight (b) Mole fraction (c) Molarity (d) Molality (e) Normality

Percent by Weight:
Mole Fraction:

Molarity:

Molarity (symbol M) is defined as the number of moles of solute per litre of solution. If n is the
number of moles of solute and V litres the volume of solution.
Calculation of Molarity:
Molality:
Normality:
To Calculate Mole Fraction of the Solute:

Solution of gases in gas:

Gaseous solutions will have the following characteristic properties:

1. Complete miscibility: According to the Kinetic Theory, a gas consists of tiny molecules
moving about in vacant space and thus when one gas is dissolved in another gas they form
a homogeneous solution quite readily. In such a gaseous mixture, the components can be
present to an unlimited extent.

2. Dalton’s law of Partial pressures: Since in a gaseous mixture the constituent molecules
exist separately, it is obvious that the properties of the mixture will be the sum of properties
of the components. If p1, p2, p3... be the partial pressures of the constituents, the total
pressure P of the mixture is given the expression

P = p1 + p2+ p3+ …………..

Henry’s Law:

The solubility of a gas in a solvent depends on the pressure and the temperature. When a gas is
enclosed over its saturated solution, the following equilibrium exists. gas ⇋ gas in solution.

The relationship between pressure and solubility of a gas in a particular solvent was investigated
by William Henry. He gave a generalisation which is known as Henry’s Law. It may be stated as
: for a gas in contact with a solvent at constant temperature, concentration of the gas that dissolves
in the solvent is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas.

Limitations of Henry’s Law:

It applies closely to gases with nearly ideal behaviour.

(1) At moderate temperature and pressure.

(2) If the solubility of the gas in the solvent is low.

(3) The gas does not react with the solvent to form a new species. Thus ammonia (or HCl) which
react with water do not obey Henry’s Law. NH3 + H2O ⇋ NH4+ + OH–

(4) The gas does not associate or dissociate on dissolving in the solvent.
Solutions of Liquid into liquid:
Solubility:

The solubility is defined as the concentration of the solute in solution when it is in equilibrium
with the solid substance at a particular temperature.

The solubility of a substance is determined by preparing its saturated solution and then finding the
concentration by evaporation or a suitable chemical method.

Solubility Curves:

A curve drawn between solubility and temperature is termed Solubility Curve. It shows the effect
of temperature on the solubility of a substance. In general, the solubility curves are of two types :
(1) Continuous solubility curves.

(2) Discontinuous solubility curves.

Figure: Continuous solubility curves. Figure: Discontinuous solubility curves.

Solubility Product:

The solubility product, Ksp, is the equilibrium constant for a solid substance dissolving in an
aqueous solution. It is a measure of the solubility of a compound.
Problem:

1. Define or explain the following terms :

(a) Mole fraction (b) Molarity (c) Molality (d) Normality (e) Formality (f) Henry’s law

2. Define the terms : (i) Molarity and (ii) Molality. A solution contains 25% water, 25%
ethanol and 50% ethanoic acid. Calculate the mole fraction of each component.

3. Calculate the normality of a solution containing 6.3 g of oxalic acid crystals (Mol. wt. 126)
dissolved in 500 ml of solution.
4. (a) What is molarity and molality of a 13% solution (by weight) of H 2SO4? Its density is
1.09 g/ml. (b) Discuss vapour pressure-composition curves of a system containing binary
mixtures of liquids which are miscible in all proportions.

5. Calculate the molarity and normality of a solution containing 5.3 g of Na2CO3 dissolved in
1000 ml solution.

6. What is the normality of a solution containing 28.0 g of KOH dissolved in sufficient water
to make 400 ml of solution?

7. Calculate the number of molecules of sugar present in 1 ml of 10% sugar solution having
density = 1.20 g/mL.

8. A sample of spirit contains 92% of ethanol by weight, the rest being water. What is the
mole fraction of its constituents?

9. Explain the following :

(i) on opening a carbonated cold drink bottle, bubbles of gas come out.

(ii) on adding common salt to a bottle of carbonated cold drink froth comes out.

10. Calculate the molality of a solution of sodium hydroxide which contains 0.2 g of sodium
hydroxide in 50 g of the solvent.