Klaus Roth

Klaus Friedrich Roth FRS (29 October 1925 – 10

November 2015) was a German-born British Klaus Roth
mathematician who won the Fields Medal for
proving Roth's theorem on the Diophantine
approximation of algebraic numbers. He was also
a winner of the De Morgan Medal and the
Sylvester Medal, and a Fellow of the Royal
Society.

Roth moved to England as a child in 1933 to

escape the Nazis, and was educated at the
University of Cambridge and University College
London, finishing his doctorate in 1950. He taught
at University College London until 1966, when he
took a chair at Imperial College London. He
retired in 1988. Born Klaus Friedrich Roth
29 October 1925
Beyond his work on Diophantine approximation, Breslau, Province of Lower
Roth made major contributions to the theory of Silesia, Weimar Germany
progression-free sets in arithmetic combinatorics Died 10 November 2015 (aged 90)
and to the theory of irregularities of distribution. Inverness, Scotland
He was also known for his research on sums of
Education St Paul's School, London
powers, on the large sieve, on the Heilbronn
triangle problem, and on square packing in a Peterhouse, Cambridge
square. He was a coauthor of the book Sequences University College London
on integer sequences. Known for Diophantine approximation
Discrepancy theory

Biography Large sieve

Awards Fields Medal (1958)

Fellow of the Royal Society (1960)
Early life De Morgan Medal (1983)
Roth was born to a Jewish family in Breslau, Sylvester Medal (1991)
Prussia, on 29 October 1925. His parents settled
Scientific career
with him in London to escape Nazi persecution in
1933, and he was raised and educated in the Fields Mathematics

UK.[1][2] His father, a solicitor, had been exposed Institutions University College London
to poison gas during World War I and died while Imperial College London
Roth was still young. Roth became a pupil at St
Paul's School, London from 1939 to 1943, and
with the rest of the school he was evacuated from Thesis Proof that almost all Positive
London to Easthampstead Park during the Blitz. Integers are Sums of a Square, a
At school, he was known for his ability in both Positive Cube and a Fourth Power
chess and mathematics. He tried to join the Air (1950)
Training Corps, but was blocked for some years Doctoral Theodor Estermann
for being German and then after that for lacking advisor
the coordination needed for a pilot.[2]
Other academic John Charles Burkill
advisors Harold Davenport
Mathematical education
Roth read mathematics at Peterhouse, Cambridge, and played first board for the Cambridge chess team,[2]
finishing in 1945.[3] Despite his skill in mathematics, he achieved only third-class honours on the
Mathematical Tripos, because of his poor test-taking ability. His Cambridge tutor, John Charles Burkill,
was not supportive of Roth continuing in mathematics, recommending instead that he take "some
commercial job with a statistical bias".[2] Instead, he briefly became a schoolteacher at Gordonstoun,
between finishing at Cambridge and beginning his graduate studies.[1][2]

On the recommendation of Harold Davenport, he was accepted in 1946 to a master's program in

mathematics at University College London, where he worked under the supervision of Theodor
Estermann.[2] He completed a master's degree there in 1948, and a doctorate in 1950.[3] His dissertation
was Proof that almost all Positive Integers are Sums of a Square, a Positive Cube and a Fourth Power.[4]

Career
On receiving his master's degree in 1948, Roth became an assistant lecturer at University College
London, and in 1950 he was promoted to lecturer.[5] His most significant contributions, on Diophantine
approximation, progression-free sequences, and discrepancy, were all published in the mid-1950s, and by
1958 he was given the Fields Medal, mathematicians' highest honour.[2][6] However, it was not until 1961
that he was promoted to full professor.[1] During this period, he continued to work closely with Harold
Davenport.[2]

He took sabbaticals at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the mid-1950s and mid-1960s, and
seriously considered migrating to the United States. Walter Hayman and Patrick Linstead countered this
possibility, which they saw as a threat to British mathematics, with an offer of a chair in pure
mathematics at Imperial College London, and Roth accepted the chair in 1966.[2] He retained this
position until official retirement in 1988.[1] He remained at Imperial College as Visiting Professor until
1996.[3]

Roth's lectures were usually very clear but could occasionally be erratic.[2] The Mathematics Genealogy
Project lists him as having only two doctoral students,[4] but one of them, William Chen, who continued
Roth's work in discrepancy theory, became a Fellow of the Australian Mathematical Society and head of
the mathematics department at Macquarie University.[7]

Personal life
In 1955, Roth married Mélèk Khaïry, who had attracted his attention when she was a student in his first
lecture; Khaïry was a daughter of Egyptian senator Khaïry Pacha[1][2] She came to work for the
psychology department at University College London, where she published research on the effects of
toxins on rats.[8] On Roth's retirement, they moved to Inverness; Roth dedicated a room of their house to
Latin dancing, a shared interest of theirs.[2][9] Khaïry died in 2002, and Roth died in Inverness on 10
November 2015 at the age of 90.[1][2][3] They had no children, and Roth dedicated the bulk of his estate,
over one million pounds, to two health charities "to help elderly and infirm people living in the city of
Inverness". He sent the Fields Medal with a smaller bequest to Peterhouse.[10]

Contributions
Roth was known as a problem-solver in mathematics, rather than as a theory-builder. Harold Davenport
writes that the "moral in Dr Roth's work" is that "the great unsolved problems of mathematics may still
yield to direct attack, however difficult and forbidding they appear to be, and however much effort has
already been spent on them".[6] His research interests spanned several topics in number theory,
discrepancy theory, and the theory of integer sequences.

Diophantine approximation
The subject of Diophantine approximation seeks accurate approximations of irrational numbers by
rational numbers. The question of how accurately algebraic numbers could be approximated became
known as the Thue–Siegel problem, after previous progress on this question by Axel Thue and Carl
Ludwig Siegel. The accuracy of approximation can be measured by the approximation exponent of a
number , defined as the largest number such that has infinitely many rational approximations
with . If the approximation exponent is large, then has more accurate approximations
than a number whose exponent is smaller. The smallest possible approximation exponent is two: even the
hardest-to-approximate numbers can be approximated with exponent two using simple continued
fractions.[3][6] Before Roth's work, it was believed that the algebraic numbers could have a larger
approximation exponent, related to the degree of the polynomial defining the number.[2]

In 1955, Roth published what is now known as Roth's theorem, completely settling this question. His
theorem falsified the supposed connection between approximation exponent and degree, and proved that,
in terms of the approximation exponent, the algebraic numbers are the least accurately approximated of
any irrational numbers. More precisely, he proved that for irrational algebraic numbers, the
approximation exponent is always exactly two.[3] In a survey of Roth's work presented by Harold
Davenport to the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1958, when Roth was given the Fields
Medal, Davenport called this result Roth's "greatest achievement".[6]

Arithmetic combinatorics
Another result called "Roth's theorem", from 1953, is in arithmetic combinatorics and concerns sequences
of integers with no three in arithmetic progression. These sequences had been studied in 1936 by Paul
Erdős and Pál Turán, who conjectured that they must be sparse.[11][a] However, in 1942, Raphaël Salem
and Donald C. Spencer constructed progression-free subsets of the numbers from to of size
[12]
proportional to , for every .
Roth vindicated Erdős and Turán by proving that it is not possible
for the size of such a set to be proportional to : every dense set of
integers contains a three-term arithmetic progression. His proof
uses techniques from analytic number theory including the Hardy–
Littlewood circle method to estimate the number of progressions
in a given sequence and show that, when the sequence is dense
enough, this number is nonzero.[2][13]

Other authors later strengthened Roth's bound on the size of

progression-free sets.[14] A strengthening in a different direction, The set {1,2,4,5,10,11,13,14} (blue)
has no 3-term arithmetic
Szemerédi's theorem, shows that dense sets of integers contain
progression, as the average of
arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions.[15] every two set members (yellow) falls
outside the set. Roth proved that
every progression-free set must be
Discrepancy sparse.
Although Roth's work on Diophantine approximation led to the
highest recognition for him, it is his research on irregularities of
distribution that (according to an obituary by William Chen and Bob
Vaughan) he was most proud of.[2] His 1954 paper on this topic laid the
foundations for modern discrepancy theory. It concerns the placement of
points in a unit square so that, for every rectangle bounded between
the origin and a point of the square, the area of the rectangle is well-
approximated by the number of points in it.[2]

Roth measured this approximation by the squared difference between the

number of points and times the area, and proved that for a randomly
The Hammersley set, a low-
chosen rectangle the expected value of the squared difference is
discrepancy set of points
logarithmic in . This result is best possible, and significantly improved obtained from the van der
a previous bound on the same problem by Tatyana Pavlovna Corput sequence
Ehrenfest.[16] Despite the prior work of Ehrenfest and Johannes van der
Corput on the same problem, Roth was known for boasting that this
result "started a subject".[2]

Other topics
Some of Roth's earliest works included a 1949 paper on sums of powers, showing that almost all positive
integers could be represented as a sum of a square, a cube, and a fourth power, and a 1951 paper on the
gaps between squarefree numbers, describes as "quite sensational" and "of considerable importance"
respectively by Chen and Vaughan.[2] His inaugural lecture at Imperial College concerned the large sieve:
bounding the size of sets of integers from which many congruence classes of numbers modulo prime
numbers have been forbidden.[17] Roth had previously published a paper on this problem in 1965.

Another of Roth's interests was the Heilbronn triangle problem, of placing points in a square to avoid
triangles of small area. His 1951 paper on the problem was the first to prove a nontrivial upper bound on
the area that can be achieved. He eventually published four papers on this problem, the latest in 1976.[18]
Roth also made significant progress on square packing in a square. If unit squares are packed into an
square in the obvious, axis-parallel way, then for values of that are just below an integer, nearly
 area can be left uncovered. After Paul Erdős and Ronald Graham proved that
a more clever tilted packing could leave a significantly smaller area, only
,[19] Roth and Bob Vaughan responded with a 1978 paper proving the
first nontrivial lower bound on the problem. As they showed, for some values of
, the uncovered area must be at least proportional to .[2][20]

In 1966, Heini Halberstam and Roth published their book Sequences, on integer
The optimal square
sequences. Initially planned to be the first of a two-volume set, its topics
packing in a square
included the densities of sums of sequences, bounds on the number of
can sometimes
representations of integers as sums of members of sequences, density of involve tilted
sequences whose sums represent all integers, sieve theory and the probabilistic squares; Roth and
method, and sequences in which no element is a multiple of another.[21] A Bob Vaughan
second edition was published in 1983.[22] showed that non-
constant area must
be left uncovered

Recognition
Roth won the Fields Medal in 1958 for his work on Diophantine
approximation. He was the first British Fields medallist.[1] He was
elected to the Royal Society in 1960, and later became an Honorary
Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Fellow of University College
London, Fellow of Imperial College London, and Honorary Fellow of
Peterhouse.[1] It was a source of amusement to him that his Fields
Medal, election to the Royal Society, and professorial chair came to him
in the reverse order of their prestige.[2]

The London Mathematical Society gave Roth the De Morgan Medal in The Fields Medal
[3]
1983. In 1991, the Royal Society gave him their Sylvester Medal "for
his many contributions to number theory and in particular his solution of
the famous problem concerning approximating algebraic numbers by rationals."[23]

A festschrift of 32 essays on topics related to Roth's research was published in 2009, in honour of Roth's
80th birthday,[24] and in 2017 the editors of the University College London journal Mathematika
dedicated a special issue to Roth.[25] After Roth's death, the Imperial College Department of Mathematics
instituted the Roth Scholarship in his honour.[26]

Selected publications

Journal papers
Roth, K. F. (1949). "Proof that almost all positive integers are sums of a square, a positive
cube and a fourth power". Journal of the London Mathematical Society. Second Series. 24:
4–13. doi:10.1112/jlms/s1-24.1.4 (https://doi.org/10.1112%2Fjlms%2Fs1-24.1.4).
MR 0028336 (https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0028336). Zbl 0032.01401
(https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0032.01401).
 Roth, K. F. (1951a). "On a problem of Heilbronn". Journal of the London Mathematical
Society. Second Series. 26 (3): 198–204. doi:10.1112/jlms/s1-26.3.198 (https://doi.org/10.11
12%2Fjlms%2Fs1-26.3.198). MR 0041889 (https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?
mr=0041889). Zbl 0043.16303 (https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0043.16303).
Roth, K. F. (1951b). "On the gaps between squarefree numbers". Journal of the London
Mathematical Society. Second Series. 26 (4): 263–268. doi:10.1112/jlms/s1-26.4.263 (http
s://doi.org/10.1112%2Fjlms%2Fs1-26.4.263). MR 0043119 (https://mathscinet.ams.org/mat
hscinet-getitem?mr=0043119). Zbl 0043.04802 (https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=a
n:0043.04802).
Roth, K. F. (1953). "On certain sets of integers". Journal of the London Mathematical
Society. Second Series. 28: 104–109. doi:10.1112/jlms/s1-28.1.104 (https://doi.org/10.111
2%2Fjlms%2Fs1-28.1.104). MR 0051853 (https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?m
r=0051853). Zbl 0050.04002 (https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0050.04002).
Roth, K. F. (1954). "On irregularities of distribution". Mathematika. 1 (2): 73–79.
doi:10.1112/S0025579300000541 (https://doi.org/10.1112%2FS0025579300000541).
MR 0066435 (https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0066435). Zbl 0057.28604
(https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0057.28604).
Roth, K. F. (1955). "Rational approximations to algebraic numbers". Mathematika. 2: 1–20,
168. doi:10.1112/S0025579300000644 (https://doi.org/10.1112%2FS0025579300000644).
MR 0072182 (https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0072182). Zbl 0064.28501
(https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0064.28501).
Roth, K. F. (1965). "On the large sieves of Linnik and Rényi". Mathematika. 12: 1–9.
doi:10.1112/S0025579300005088 (https://doi.org/10.1112%2FS0025579300005088).
MR 0197424 (https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0197424). Zbl 0137.25904
(https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0137.25904).
Roth, K. F. (1976). "Developments in Heilbronn's triangle problem" (https://doi.org/10.1016%
2F0001-8708%2876%2990100-6). Advances in Mathematics. 22 (3): 364–385.
doi:10.1016/0001-8708(76)90100-6 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0001-8708%2876%299010
0-6). MR 0429761 (https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0429761).
Zbl 0338.52005 (https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0338.52005).
Roth, K. F.; Vaughan, R. C. (1978). "Inefficiency in packing squares with unit squares" (http
s://doi.org/10.1016%2F0097-3165%2878%2990005-5). Journal of Combinatorial Theory.
Series A. 24 (2): 170–186. doi:10.1016/0097-3165(78)90005-5 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0
097-3165%2878%2990005-5). MR 0487806 (https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getite
m?mr=0487806). Zbl 0373.05026 (https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0373.0502
6).

Book
Halberstam, Heini; Roth, Klaus Friedrich (1966). Sequences. London: Clarendon Press.[21]
A second edition was published in 1983 by Springer-Verlag.[22]

Notes
a. Davenport (1960) gives the date of the Erdős–Turán conjecture as 1935, but states that it "is
believed to be older". He states the conjecture in the form that the natural density of a
progression-free sequence should be zero, which Roth proved. However, the form of the
conjecture actually published by Erdős & Turán (1936) is much stronger, stating that the
 number of elements from to in such a sequence should be for some exponent
. In this form, the conjecture was falsified by Salem & Spencer (1942).

References
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Roth-mathematician-obituary.html). Obituaries. The Daily Telegraph. 24 February 2016.
2. Chen, William; Vaughan, Robert (14 June 2017). "Klaus Friedrich Roth. 29 October 1925 –
10 November 2015" (https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.2017.0014). Biographical Memoirs of
Fellows of the Royal Society. 63: 487–525. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2017.0014 (https://doi.org/10.
1098%2Frsbm.2017.0014). ISSN 0080-4606 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0080-4606).
See also Chen, William; Larman, David; Stuart, Trevor; Vaughan, Robert (January 2016).
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3. Jing, Jessie; Servini, Pietro (24 March 2015). "A Fields Medal at UCL: Klaus Roth" (http://ch
alkdustmagazine.com/biographies/a-fields-medal-at-ucl-klaus-roth/). Chalkdust.
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6. Davenport, H. (1960). "The work of K. F. Roth" (https://www.mathunion.org/fileadmin/ICM/Pr
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k-patients-in-inverness-1-4111648). The Scotsman.
11. Erdős, Paul; Turán, Paul (1936). "On some sequences of integers" (https://users.renyi.hu/~p
_erdos/1936-05.pdf) (PDF). Journal of the London Mathematical Society. 11 (4): 261–264.
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Math. 1: 264–269. MR 0032717 (https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=003271
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17. Vaughan, Robert C. (December 2017). Diamond, Harold G. (ed.). "Heini Halberstam: some
personal remarks" (https://doi.org/10.1112%2Fblms.12115). Heini Halberstam, 1926–2014.
Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society. 49 (6). Wiley: 1127–1131.
doi:10.1112/blms.12115 (https://doi.org/10.1112%2Fblms.12115). See page 1127: "I had
attended Roth's inaugural lecture on the large sieve at Imperial College in January 1968,
and as a result had started to take an interest in sieve theory."
18. Barequet, Gill (2001). "A lower bound for Heilbronn's triangle problem in d dimensions".
SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics. 14 (2): 230–236. doi:10.1137/S0895480100365859
(https://doi.org/10.1137%2FS0895480100365859). MR 1856009 (https://mathscinet.ams.or
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