Transmission Lines and Antennas

Review of EM Theory

Javier Leonardo Araque Quijano

Of: 453 – 204 Microwaves find application in
Ext. 14083 communications, radar, remote
[email protected] sensing and medical systems.
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Intro - phasors
Prerequisites Phasors provide a compact way to represent and operate
● Vector algebra with time-harmonic quantities
● Coordinate transformations 2
v(t ) v0 cos(t  )  2f
● Vector calculus T
v(t ) v0 cos(t  ) [v0 cos  ] cos t  [v0 sin  ] sin t
● Maxwell's equations
● Mathematical software (MATLAB, OCTAVE, v(t 0) v(t T / 4)
SCILAB, etc) t 0 t  / 2
“In-phase” (I) “quadrature” (Q)

v(t ) ReV exp( jt ), V v0 exp( j ) =complex n.

=“Phasor”
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 Intro – Maxwell's equations Intro – Maxwell's equations (2)

Description of electromagnetic phenomena at the Presence of material media modify constitutive relations (isotropic case
considered). Electric and magnetic susceptibilities affect fields.
microscopic level: linear dimensions and charge
magnitudes are large compared to that of single atoms. Dielectric Conducting
media media
(1)
Magnetic
(2) media
(3)
Constitutive relations and For dielectric conducting media Ampère-Maxwell equation becomes:
(4) continuity equation

Frequency-domain Maxwell's equations

(differential form)

Not independent: (3) and (4) suffice Loss is described by the loss
tangent (frequency dependent)
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Intro – field at interfaces

Intro – The wave equation
Integral form of Maxwell's equations can be used to obtain Consider Maxwell's curl equations in a source-free medium
boundary conditions at media interfaces:
(5)

(6)
Curl[(5)] → (6)

Using identity:

At PEC (perfect
Dielectric
electric conductor) This is the Helmholtz equation, that describes wave
Interfaces
surfaces:
propagation in linear isotropic and source-free media.
Note that an identical equation may be obtained for H.
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 Intro – Plane waves in lossless media
Intro – Plane waves ● Lossless media are characterized by a real wave number k. For
● In order to solve for a particular case, assume that real amplitude constants the time domain expression of
electric field is oriented along x and constant in the electric field is:
xy plane:
● Total field is the superposition of waves propagating along
+z and -z. For one of these, a fixed-phase point (e.g. 0
radians) travels at a velocity called phase velocity:
Wave number (1/m)
● This second-order linear scalar equation with
constant coefficients has two independent solutions
with arbitrary amplitude constants: In free space:

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Intro – plane waves in lossless media (2) Intro – plane waves in lossy media
● Form of solution is the same as above with the
● Wavelength: distance between two successive difference that the wave number is complex.
minima for fixed t (can use maxima or any other
phase reference)
Conducting
material
● Maxwell's curl equation (Faraday's law) gives
magnetic field intensity H: Lossy
dielectric

 Time-domain form is modified accordingly:

● Both E and H are perpendicular to the direction of
propagation: TEM wave. E and H are related by the wave
impedance . 11/21 12/21
 Intro – plane waves in lossy media (2)
Wave Interaction with Matter
Magnetic vector can be computed as before Reflection/transmission: occurs in presence of
large material discontinuities.
● For plane waves/interfaces,
the Fresnel coefficients relate
For a good conductor: Et, Er with Ei.
● According to interface
roughness, reflection may be
specular or diffuse.
Skin depth tells the distance at which wave amplitude has decreased
to 37% (power to 13%)

Wave impedance →
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Reflection/Transmission (Smooth Interface) Example

● Reflected wave amplitude depends on:
● Reflection from a lossy brick wall (epsr=4-j0.1)
– Incidence angle with 30cm thickness @ 4GHz
– Media impedance
● Separate cases for analysis: TE (perpendicular)
and TM (parallel)

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 Intro - Wave polarization Poynting Theorem – Poynting Vector
● Polarization expresses the time behavior of the electric
field vector at a fixed point in space. According to the
curve described by the E arrow tip it may be:
– Linear
– Elliptical (general case), may be LH or RH
– Circular, may be LH or RH
● A general E field in the frequency domain is expressed
in terms of a complex vector: Js Ms
ds E, H
m e

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Solution
Using Snell's law: Compute wave vector (complex):
Example
● ●

sin(theta_t) = 0.1971 + 0.0066i k = sqrtme-ŷ sin(qt) + ẑcos(qt))

why is this complex? In medium 2, phase
increase and attenuation must occur in k = k0[-ŷ 0.34 + ẑ (1.7 – j5.9e-2)]
● A TE wave with amplitude 1V/m and f = 1GHz going different directions in order to satisfy the re → phase / im → attenuation
through free-space impinges on a dielectric interface boundary conditions, see k later.
with theta_i = 20°. The dielectric half space has ● Using 4th eq in slide 15 (note that
● Compute real part of Poynting vector:
epsilon_r = 3- j0.2. Compute the power lost per unit cos^2+sin^2=1 works also in the Sr = re(E x (-E* x k*) / m
area. complex field):
Sr = re(k*) |Et|^2/m
ki Et = 0.7119 + 0.0159i
This has only x component (TE wave) Sr=[ -ŷ 0.34 + ẑ1.7]|Et|^2 /(120
er Integrate on a convenient surface, a
E = x^ Et ●

qi slanted cylinder with 1m^2 cross

qt
y section. Only integral on front cap (on
qi kt interface) is non-zero: sides are
tangent to Sr, while attenuation
kr makes it negligible on back cap.
z
● dP/dA = <Sr| ẑ>/2 = 1.1mW/m^2
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 References
[1] D. M. Pozar, “Microwave Engineering”, John
Wiley & sons, 1998, Chapter 1.
[2] C. T. Johnk, “Engineering Electromagnetic
Fields and Waves” , 2nd ed. Wiley, 1988.

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