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5 views

computer 4

Uploaded by

fahadaliscribd
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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### 2.5.

Motherboard and Expansion Cards

The motherboard is the main circuit board that connects all the components of a computer. It provides
communication paths between the CPU, memory, storage devices, and input/output devices.

Expansion cards, such as graphics cards (GPUs) and sound cards, are used to enhance the capabilities of
a computer, especially in areas like video rendering and gaming.

## 3. Software: The Soul of the Computer

While hardware provides the foundation for a computer, it is the software that enables it to perform
useful tasks. Software can be classified into two main types: system software and application software.

### 3.1. System Software

System software is responsible for managing the computer’s hardware and providing a platform for
running application software. The most important system software is the **operating system (OS)**,
which controls the computer’s resources and provides an interface for users and programs to interact
with the hardware.

Common operating systems include:

- **Windows:** A family of operating systems developed by Microsoft, widely used in personal


computers.

- **macOS:** An operating system developed by Apple, known for its smooth user interface and
integration with Apple’s hardware.

- **Linux:** An open-source, Unix-like operating system known for its flexibility and security. Linux is
popular among developers and server administrators.

- **Android and iOS:** Operating systems for mobile devices.

Other system software includes device drivers, utility programs (like antivirus software and disk
management tools), and firmware.
### 3.2. Application Software

Application software refers to programs designed to perform specific tasks for the user. These can range
from productivity tools, like word processors and spreadsheets, to specialized software for tasks like
video editing, gaming, or scientific simulations. Examples of application software include:

- **Microsoft Office**: A suite of productivity tools, including Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and Outlook.

- **Adobe Photoshop**: A powerful image editing software used by professionals in photography,


graphic design, and digital art.

- **Google Chrome**: A web browser used for accessing the Internet.

- **Video games**: Software designed for entertainment, ranging from simple mobile games to
complex, high-fidelity 3D games.

## 4. The Impact of Computers on Society

The widespread adoption of computers has had profound effects on nearly every aspect of human life.
Some of the most notable impacts include:

### 4.1. Communication and Connectivity

Computers, especially when combined with the Internet, have revolutionized communication. Email,
instant messaging, video conferencing, and social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram
have transformed the way people interact. The ability to communicate instantly with anyone, anywhere
in the world, has reshaped personal relationships, businesses, and even politics.

### 4.2. Education

Computers have become integral to modern education. Online learning platforms like Coursera, edX,
and Khan Academy provide access to knowledge from top

institutions worldwide. Students can collaborate and learn together in digital environments, and
teachers can use computers to create engaging lessons, grade assignments, and track progress.
### 4.3. Healthcare

Computers have greatly improved healthcare delivery. Electronic health records (EHRs) allow for more
efficient management of patient information, while telemedicine has made healthcare more accessible
to remote populations. Computers are also used in medical research, drug development, and advanced
diagnostics, enabling healthcare providers to deliver better care and improve outcomes.

### 4.4. The Economy

The economy has been transformed by the advent of computers, particularly through e-commerce,
automation, and digital finance. Online retailers like Amazon and eBay have created new business
models, while digital payment systems like PayPal and cryptocurrency have revolutionized how people
transfer money. Computers have also enabled significant advances in manufacturing, with automation
and robotics improving efficiency and reducing costs.

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