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 Learning Objectives

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 Stem-and-Leaf Display

•Easy to find percentiles of the data; see page 43

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 Plot of Data in Time Order
Marginal plot
produced by
MINITAB

•Also called a run chart

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Histograms – Useful for large data sets

•Group values of the variable into bins, then count the number
of observations that fall into each bin
•Plot frequency (or relative frequency) versus the values of
the variable

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 Histogram
for discrete
data

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 Numerical Summary of Data

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 The Box Plot
(or Box-and-Whisker Plot)

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 Comparative Box Plots

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 Probability Distributions

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 Sometimes called a Sometimes called a
probability mass function probability density function

Will see many examples in the text

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 The Hypergeometric Distribution

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The Binomial Distribution

Basis is in Bernoulli trials

The random variable x is the number of successes out of n

Bernoulli trials with constant probability of success p on each trial

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The Poisson Distribution

Frequently used as a model for count data

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The Pascal Distribution

The random variable x is the number of Bernoulli trials upon

which the rth success occurs

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 • When r = 1 the Pascal distribution is known as
the geometric distribution

• The geometric distribution has many useful

applications in SQC

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The Normal Distribution

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 Original normal
distribution

Standard normal
distribution

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 • Practical interpretation – the sum of independent random
variables is approximately normally distributed regardless of
the distribution of each individual random variable in the sum

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The Lognormal Distribution

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The Exponential Distribution

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 Relationship between the Poisson and exponential distributions

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The Gamma Distribution

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 • When r is an integer, the gamma distribution is the result of
summing r independently and identically exponential random
variables each with parameter λ

• The gamma distribution has many applications in reliability

engineering; see Example 2-121, text page 71

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The Weibull Distribution

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 • When β = 1, the Weibull distribution reduces to
the exponential distribution

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• Determining if a sample of data might reasonably be
assumed to come from a specific distribution
• Probability plots are available for various
distributions
• Easy to construct with computer software
(MINITAB)
• Subjective interpretation

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 Normal Probability Plot

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 Other Probability Plots

• What is a reasonable choice as a probability model

for these data?

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 Learning Objectives

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