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ISBN: 978-93-91505-59-2
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Book Code: DIP228EN reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
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Fundamentals of Electrical and electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
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Electronics Engineering by
permission of the publisher.
Susan S. Mathew, Saji T. Chacko
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 Acknowledgement

T he author(s) are grateful to AICTE for their meticulous planning and execution to publish the technical book for Diploma
students.
We sincerely acknowledge the valuable contributions of the reviewer of the book Prof. Akole Kishor Pralhad, for making
it students’ friendly and giving a better shape in an artistic manner.
This book is an outcome of various suggestions of AICTE members, experts and authors who shared their opinion and
thoughts to further develop the engineering education in our country.
It is also with great honour that we state that this book is aligned to the AICTE Model Curriculum and in line with the
guidelines of National Education Policy (NEP) -2020. Towards promoting education in regional languages, this book is being
translated in scheduled Indian regional languages.
Acknowledgements are due to the contributors and different workers in this field whose published books, review articles,
papers, photographs, footnotes, references and other valuable information enriched us at the time of writing the book.
Finally, we like to express our sincere thanks to the publishing house, M/s. Khanna Book Publishing Company Private
Limited, New Delhi, whose entire team was always ready to cooperate on all the aspects of publishing to make it a wonderful
experience.

Susan S. Mathew &

Saji T. Chacko

(v)
 Preface

The book entitled “Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering” is an outcome of the rich experience of our
teaching of Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering courses. The initiation of writing this book is to expose to the students
of polytechnic, the fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering as well as enable them to get an insight of the
course and develop related practical outcomes. Keeping in mind the purpose of wide coverage as well as to provide essential
supplementary information, we have included the topics recommended by AICTE, in a very systematic and orderly manner
throughout the book. Efforts have been made to explain the fundamental concepts of the course in the simplest possible way.
During the process of preparation of the manuscript, we have considered the various standard text books and
accordingly we have developed sections like critical questions, solved and supplementary problems etc. While preparing the
different sections emphasis has also been laid on definitions and laws and also on comprehensive synopsis of formulae for a
quick revision of the basic principles. The book covers all types of medium and advanced level problems and these have been
presented in a very logical and systematic manner. The gradations of those problems have been tested over many years of
teaching a wide variety of students.
Apart from illustrations and examples as required, we have enriched the book with numerous solved problems in
every unit for proper understanding of the related topics. It is important to note that in all the books, we have included the
relevant laboratory practical. In addition, besides some essential information for the users under the heading “Know More” we
have clarified some essential basic information in the appendix and annexure section.
As far as the present book is concerned, “Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering ” is meant to
prepare students to apply the knowledge of to tackle the challenges and address the related aroused questions that students and
diploma holders will face ahead. The course contents are presented in a constructive manner so that an Engineering diploma
will prepare the students to work in different sectors.
We sincerely hope that the book will inspire the students to understand the concepts and will surely contribute to the
development of a solid foundation of the course. Although all care has been taken to check for mistakes and misprints in this
text book and laboratory manual, yet it is impossible to claim perfection especially as this is the first edition. Any such errors,
mistakes, omissions, suggestions for improvement are highly welcome and can be brought to our notice, which will contribute
to the improvement of the future editions of the book.
It was indeed a big pleasure to work on different aspects culminating in the form of this book and we do hope that it
will be helpful to understand the basic concepts of the vast and interesting field of Electrical and Electronics Engineering and
will be a useful learning aid to develop the expected learning outcomes.
Susan S. Mathew
Saji T. Chacko

(vii)
 Outcome Based Education

Outcome based education comprises of outcome based curriculum, outcome based teaching-learning process and outcome
based assessment to achieve targeted learning outcomes. As per National Board of Accreditation, after completion of diploma
program in engineering and technology the graduate will be able to:
PO1. Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, science and engineering
fundamentals and engineering specialization to solve the engineering problems.
PO2. Problem analysis: Identify and analyse well-defined engineering problems using codified standard methods.
PO3. Design/ development of solutions: Design solutions for well-defined technical problems and assist with the design
of sys tems components or processes to meet specified needs.
PO4. Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern engineering tools and appropriate technique to
conduct standard tests and measurements.
PO5. Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment: Apply appropriate technology in context of
society, sustainability, environment and ethical practices.
PO6. Project Management: Use engineering management principles individually, as a team member or a leader to manage
projects and effectively communicate about well-defined engineering activities.
PO7. Life-long learning: Ability to analyse individual needs and engage in updating in the context of tecnological changes

(ix)
 Course Outcomes

After completion of the course the students will be able to:

CO-1: Suggest electrical/electronic component for given engineering application.
CO-2: Test basic analogue circuits consist of OP-AMP.
CO-3: Interpret the working of the digital circuits.
CO-4: Use principles of electric and magnetic circuits in engineering applications.
CO-5: Interpret the working of the A.C. circuits.
CO-6: Operate transformers and electric motors for specific requirements safely.

Expected Mapping with Programme Outcomes

Course
(1- Weak Correlation; 2- Medium correlation; 3- Strong Correlation)
Outcomes
PO-1 PO-2 PO-3 PO-4 PO-5 PO-6 PO-7
CO-1 3 2 2 3 1 1 1
CO-2 3 1 1 2 1 1 1
CO-3 3 1 1 - 1 1 1
CO-4 3 2 1 1 1 1 1
CO-5 3 2 1 2 1 1 1
CO-6 3 2 1 2 1 1 1

(xi)
 Abbreviations and Symbols

List of Abbreviations
Abbreviation Fullform Abbreviation Fullform
Acm Common mode gain JFET Junction Field Effect transistor

Ad Differential mode gain KCL Kirchhoff ’s Current Law

AC Alternating Current KVL Kirchhoff ’s Voltage Law
B Magnetic flux density LED Light Emitting Diode
BJT Bipolar Junction Transistor LSB Least Significant Bit
BW Band Width LV Low Voltage
C Coulomb M Mutual Inductance
CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide MOSFET Metal Oxide Field Effect Transistor
Semiconductor

CB Common Base MSB Most Significant Bit

CC Common Collector OL Open loop
CE Common Emitter OP-Amp Operational Amplifier
CL Closed loop P Power
CMRR Common Mode Rejection Ratio PIV Peak Inverse Voltage

CO Course Outcome PO Program Outcome

DC/ D.C./dc Direct Current PSRR Power Supply Rejection Ratio
AC/ A.C./ac Alternating Current PVC Poly Vinyl Chloride
emf electro motive force Q Quality factor
FB Forward Biased R, L, C Resistor, Inductor, Capacitor
FF FlipFlop RF DC or static resistance
G Conductance RMS Root Mean Square Value
Ge Germanium S, R Set, Reset
H Magnetic field intensity Si Silicon
HV High Voltage T Time period
Hz Hertz t Time
I Current TTL Transistor Transistor Logic
i Instantaneous value of current UO Unit Outcome

(xiii)
 IB Base current V Voltage
IC Integrated Circuit VA Volt Ampere
IC Collector current VAR Reactive Power
IE Emitter current W Watt
If Forward current Wb Weber
IM Induction motor Y Admittance
J Current density Z Impedance

List of Symbols

Symbol Description Symbol Description

Ω SI unit of resistance, ohm αdc Current gain in CB configuration of a transistor
µo Absolute permeability βdc Current gain in CE configuration of a transistor
µr Relative permeability µ Permeability of a material
Cf Feedback capacitor Α Temperature coefficient of resistance
RC Reluctance of the magnetic core Θ Phase angle

Rag Air gap reluctance Λ Flux linkage

Rf Feedback resistor Ρ Specific resistance or resistivity
fr Resonant frequency Σ Specific conductance or conductivity
K Transformer turns ratio Φ Mutual flux
Ø DC motor flux Ω Angular velocity

(xiv)
 List of Figures

Unit 1: Overview of Electronic Components and Signals

Fig. 1.1: A basic circuit
Fig. 1.2: Symbol of Resistors
Fig. 1.3: Colour Coding of Resistors
Fig. 1.4: Classification of Resistors
Fig. 1.5: Parts of an inductor
Fig. 1.6: Symbol of inductors
Fig. 1.7: Symbol of a Capacitor
Fig. 1.8: Series circuit
Fig. 1.9: Parallel circuit
Fig. 1.10: P N Junction
Fig. 1.11: P N Junction Diode symbol
Fig. 1.12: Diode-Forward bias
Fig. 1.13: Diode-Reverse bias
Fig. 1.14: Diode V–I characteristics
Fig. 1.15: Structural diagram of NPN BJT
Fig. 1.16: Schematic symbol of NPN and PNP BJT
Fig. 1.17: FET Symbols
Fig. 1.18: Depletion type MOSFET
Fig. 1.19: Enhancement type MOSFET’s
Fig. 1.20: CMOS device
Fig. 1.21: Continuous time signal
Fig. 1.22: Discrete time signal
Fig. 1.23: Deterministic signal
Fig. 1.24: Non-deterministic signal
Fig. 1.25: Alternating Current signal
Fig. 1.26: Direct Current signal
Fig. 1.27: AC Voltage Sine waveform
Fig. 1.28: Circuit representation of ideal voltage source
Fig. 1.29: V-I characteristic of ideal voltage source
Fig. 1.30: Circuit representation of ideal current source
Fig. 1.31: V-I characteristic of ideal current source
Fig. 1.32: Circuit representation of practical voltage source
Fig. 1.33: V-I characteristics of practical voltage source
Fig. 1.34: Circuit representation of current source
Fig. 1.35: V-I characteristic of current source
Fig. 1.36: Symbol of dependent voltage source
Fig. 1.37: Symbol of dependent current source

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 Unit 2: Overview of Analog Circuits
Fig. 2.1: Symbol of Op Amp
Fig. 2.2: Pin out diagram of IC μA 741
Fig. 2.3: Various IC packages of 741 Op Amp
Fig. 2.4: Input bias currents IB1 and IB2 and offset voltage Vio
Fig. 2.5: Ideal Op Amp
Fig. 2.6: Op Amp closed loop configuration
Fig. 2.7: Block diagram of Op Amp with feedback
Fig. 2.8: Inverting Amplifier
Fig. 2.9: Op Amp with negative feedback
Fig. 2.10: Non-inverting Amplifier
Fig. 2.11: Op Amp as an Adder circuit
Fig. 2.12: Op Amp differentiator circuit
Fig. 2.13: Ideal output waveforms using square and sine wave
Fig. 2.14: Op Amp Integrator circuit
Fig. 2.15: Ideal output waveforms using square and sine wave

Unit 3: Overview of Digital Electronics

Fig. 3.1: Logic signals
Fig. 3.2: AND Gate
Fig. 3.3: OR Gate
Fig. 3.4: NOT Gate
Fig. 3.5: NOR and NAND Gate
Fig. 3.6: S-R latch using NAND gates
Fig. 3.7: Clocked S-R Flip flop
Fig. 3.8: D–Flip flop
Fig. 3.9: J-K Flip flop
Fig. 3.10: T-Flip flop
Fig. 3.11: State Diagram
Fig. 3.12: 2-bit UP Asynchronous counter
Fig. 3.13: 2-bit DOWN Asynchronous counter
Fig. 3.14: 4-bit Decade counter
Fig. 3.15: Two input TTL logic NAND gate

Unit 4: Electric and Magnetic Circuits

Fig. 4.1: (a) Representation of voltage difference (b) Alternative representation of voltage Difference
Fig. 4.2: (a) Passive sign convention of power dissipated (b) Passive sign convention of power generated
Fig. 4.3: Node
Fig. 4.4: Mesh
Fig. 4.5: Illustration of KCL
Fig. 4.6: Illustration of reference node
Fig. 4.7: Flux lines produced by a single conductor
Fig. 4.8: B-H curve of different types of magnetic material
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Fig. 4.9: Flux
Fig. 4.10: Ring of ferromagnetic material with exciting coil
Fig. 4.11: Self Inductance
Fig. 4.12: Mutual inductance
Fig. 4.13: (a) Magnetic core with air gap (b) Electric circuit analogy of the magnetic circuit
Fig. 4.14: (a) Magnetic structure with three limbs (b) Electrical analogy of the magnetic circuit

Unit 5: AC Circuits
Fig. 5.1: EMF generated in a Coil rotating in a magnetic field
Fig. 5.2: Sinusoidal waveform
Fig. 5.3: Alternating Voltage and Current
Fig. 5.4: AC system and DC system
Fig. 5.5: Three-Phase Sine Wave
Fig. 5.6: Sine wave with phase angle
Fig. 5.7: Phase of rotating coil
Fig. 5.8: Phase Difference
Fig. 5.9: Pure resistive current with AC source
Fig. 5.10: Response of a pure Resistive circuit to AC voltage input
Fig. 5.11: Phasor Diagram of resistive circuit
Fig. 5.12: Pure Inductive circuit with AC input
Fig. 5.13: Response of a pure Inductive circuit to AC voltage input
Fig. 5.14: Phasor Diagram of a pure inductive circuit
Fig. 5.15: Pure Capacitive Circuit with AC input
Fig. 5.16: Response of a pure capacitive circuit to AC voltage input
Fig. 5.17: Phasor Diagram a pure capacitive circuit
Fig. 5.18: R-L Series circuit
Fig. 5.19: Response of R-L series circuit to AC voltage input
Fig. 5.20: R-C series circuit
Fig. 5.21: Response of R-C series circuit to AC voltage input
Fig. 5.22: R-L-C series circuit
Fig. 5.23: Impedance Triangle
Fig. 5.24: R-L-C parallel circuit
Fig. 5.25: Phasor Diagram of parallel RLC Circuit
Fig. 5.26: Star Connection
Fig. 5.27: Delta Connection
Fig. 5.28: Star connection with Voltage and Current
Fig. 5.29: Delta connection with Voltage and Current
Fig. 5.30: Power Triangle

Unit 6: Transformer and Machines

Fig. 6.1: Front View of a Transformer
Fig. 6.2: Sectional view of a single phase core
(xvii)
Fig. 6.3: (a) Core type transformer (b) Shell type transformer
Fig. 6.4: Elementary Transformer
Fig. 6.5: Phasor diagram at No load
Fig. 6.6: Autotransformer
Fig. 6.7: Sectional view of a DC machine
Fig. 6.8: DC Series Motor
Fig. 6.9: DC Shunt Motor
Fig. 6.10: Speed -Torque characteristics of a DC series motor
Fig. 6.11: Speed-Torque characteristics of a DC shunt motor
Fig. 6.12: 3- phase induction motor (a) Squirrel cage (b) Wound rotor
Fig. 6.13: Torque in round rotor machine
Fig. 6.14: Torque-Speed characteristics (a) 3-phase Induction motor (b) 3-phase Synchronous motor
Fig. 6.15: 1-phase capacitor split phase motor (a) Connection diagram (b) Phasor diagram

(xviii)
 List of Tables

Unit 1: Overview of Electronic Components and Signals

Table 1.1 : Formulae for parallel and series connection of elements
Table 1.2 : Type of diodes
Table 1.3 : Comparison of Transistor configuration
Table 1.4 : Operating State and Junction Biasing
Table 1.5 : Comparison between BJT and FET
Table 1.6 : Comparison between passive and active components

Unit 2: Overview of Analog Circuits

Table 2.1 : Prefix Characters and Manufacturer Names for IC741
Table 2.2 : Pin Functions of IC 741
Table 2.3 : IC 741 Parameters

Unit 3: Overview of Digital Electronics

Table 3.1 : Boolean laws
Table 3.2 : Comparison between Synchronous and Asynchronous sequential circuits
Table 3.3 : Comparison of TTL subfamilies
Table 3.4 : Popular Digital TTL IC’s

Unit 4: Electric and Magnetic Circuits

Table 4.1 : Analogy between electrical and magnetic circuits

Unit 6: Transformer and Machines

Table 6.1 : Rotor construction details of 3-phase AC Motor

(xix)
 Guidelines for Teachers
To implement Outcome Based Education (OBE) knowledge level and skill set of the students should be enhanced. Teachers
should take a major responsibility for the proper implementation of OBE. Some of the responsibilities (not limited to) for the
teachers in OBE system may be as follows:
• Within reasonable constraint, they should manipulate time to the best advantage of all students.
• They should assess the students only upon certain defined criterion without considering any other potential ineligibility
to discriminate them.
• They should try to grow the learning abilities of the students to a certain level before they leave the institute.
• They should try to ensure that all the students are equipped with the quality knowledge as well as competence after
they finish their education.
• They should always encourage the students to develop their ultimate performance capabilities.
• They should facilitate and encourage group work and team work to consolidate newer approach.
• They should follow Blooms taxonomy in every part of the assessment.

Bloom’s Taxonomy
Student should be Possible Mode of Assess-
Level Teacher should Check able to ment

Creating Students ability to create Design or Create Mini project

Evaluating Students ability to Justify Argue or Defend Assignment

Students ability to Differentiate or

Analysing Project/Lab Methodology
distinguish Distinguish

Students ability to use Technical Presentation/

Applying Operate or Demonstrate
information Demonstration

Students ability to explain

Understanding Explain or Classify Presentation/Seminar
the ideas

Students ability to recall (or

Remembering Define or Recall Quiz
remember)

Guidelines for Students

Students should take equal responsibility for implementing the OBE. Some of the responsibilities (not limited to) for the
students in OBE system are as follows:
• Students should be well aware of each UO before the start of a unit in each and every course.
• Students should be well aware of each CO before the start of the course.
• Students should be well aware of each PO before the start of the programme.
• Students should think critically and reasonably with proper reflection and action.
• Learning of the students should be connected and integrated with practical and real life consequences.
• Students should be well aware of their competency at every level of OBE.

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 Contents

Forward....................................................................................................................................................................................................... iii
Acknowledgment������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ v
Preface ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������vii
Outcome based Education ........................................................................................................................................................................ ix
Course Outcomes ....................................................................................................................................................................................... xi
Abbreviations and Symbols .................................................................................................................................................................... xiii
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................................................................ xv
List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................................................................. xix
Guidelines for Teachers ........................................................................................................................................................................... xxi
Guidelines for Students ........................................................................................................................................................................... xxi

Unit 1: Overview of Electronic Components and Signals ................................................................................................1-64

Unit Specifics................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Rationale .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Pre-requisites .................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
Unit Outcomes................................................................................................................................................................................ 2
1.1 Passive Components ...................................................................................................................................................................... 2
1.1.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................................................................ 2
1.1.2 Types of Circuit Elements................................................................................................................................................. 2
1.1.3 Resistance ............................................................................................................................................................................ 3
1.1.4 Inductors ............................................................................................................................................................................. 5
1.1.5 Capacitors ........................................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.1.6 Series and Parallel Circuits ............................................................................................................................................... 7
Solved Problems ............................................................................................................................................................................. 8
1.2 Active Components........................................................................................................................................................................ 9
1.2.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................................................................ 9
1.2.2 P N Junction Diode............................................................................................................................................................ 9
1.2.3 Transistors ........................................................................................................................................................................ 12
1.2.4 FET ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
1.2.5 MOS Devices .................................................................................................................................................................... 16
1.2.6 CMOS ................................................................................................................................................................................ 17
1.2.7 Comparison between Passive and Active Components ............................................................................................. 18
Activities ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 18
Solved Problems .......................................................................................................................................................................... 18
1.3 Signals and Active Sources .......................................................................................................................................................... 19
1.3.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................................................... 19
1.3.2 Classification of Signals ................................................................................................................................................... 19
1.3.3 Deterministic and Non-Deterministic Signals ............................................................................................................ 19
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 1.3.4 Periodic and Non-periodic Signals................................................................................................................................ 20
1.3.5 Electrical Signals............................................................................................................................................................... 20
1.3.6 Voltage and Current Sources ......................................................................................................................................... 22
1.3.7 Ideal/Non-Ideal Sources ................................................................................................................................................. 22
1.3.8 Dependent Voltage and Current Source ...................................................................................................................... 24
Applications ................................................................................................................................................................................. 24
Activities ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 24
Solved Problems ........................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Unit Summary............................................................................................................................................................................... 26
Exercises ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
Practicals ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Know More.................................................................................................................................................................................... 63
References and Suggested Readings ........................................................................................................................................... 64

Unit 2: Overview of Analog Circuits............................................................................................................................... 65-86

Unit Specifies................................................................................................................................................................................. 65
Rationale ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 65
Pre-requisites ................................................................................................................................................................................ 65
Unit Outcomes.............................................................................................................................................................................. 65
2.1 Fundamentals of Operational Amplifiers ................................................................................................................................. 66
2.1.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................................................... 66
2.1.2 Basics of Op Amp............................................................................................................................................................. 66
2.1.3 Ideal Op Amp ................................................................................................................................................................... 70
2.1.4 Op Amp Configurations ................................................................................................................................................. 71
2.1.5 Op Amp Operating Modes ............................................................................................................................................. 72
Solved Problems ........................................................................................................................................................................... 75
2.2 Applications of Operational Amplifiers ................................................................................................................................... 76
2.2.1 Op Amp as an Adder ....................................................................................................................................................... 76
2.2.2 Op Amp as a Differentiator ............................................................................................................................................ 77
2.2.3 Op Amp as an Integrator ................................................................................................................................................ 78
Applications .................................................................................................................................................................................. 80
Activity for Inquisitiveness and Curiosity ................................................................................................................................ 80
Solved Problems .......................................................................................................................................................................... 80
Unit Summary............................................................................................................................................................................... 81
Exercises ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 81
Practical.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 82
Know More.................................................................................................................................................................................... 85
References and Suggested Readings ........................................................................................................................................... 86

(xxiv)
Unit 3: Overview of Digital Electronics ....................................................................................................................... 87-104
Unit Specifies................................................................................................................................................................................. 87
Rationale ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 87
Pre-requisites ................................................................................................................................................................................ 87
Unit Outcomes.............................................................................................................................................................................. 87
3.1 Boolean Operation and Boolean Algebra.................................................................................................................................. 88
3.1.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................................................... 88
3.1.2 Number System ................................................................................................................................................................ 88
3.1.3 Number Conversion ........................................................................................................................................................ 89
3.1.4 Binary Arithmetic ............................................................................................................................................................ 90
3.1.5 Boolean Laws and Theorems .......................................................................................................................................... 90
Activity ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 91
Solved Problems .......................................................................................................................................................................... 91
3.2 Logic Gates .................................................................................................................................................................................... 92
3.2.1 Positive and Negative Logic............................................................................................................................................ 92
3.2.2 Types of Logic Gates ........................................................................................................................................................ 92
Activity ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 94
Solved Problems ........................................................................................................................................................................... 94
3.3 Flip Flops and Counters .............................................................................................................................................................. 95
3.3.1 Types of Flip-Flops .......................................................................................................................................................... 95
3.3.2 Counters ........................................................................................................................................................................... 97
Activities ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 98
Solved Problems .......................................................................................................................................................................... 98
3.4 Digital Integrated Circuits........................................................................................................................................................... 99
3.4.1 Introduction to Integrated Circuits ............................................................................................................................... 99
3.4.2 Digital IC Specification Terminology ........................................................................................................................... 99
3.4.3 Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL) ................................................................................................................................ 99
3.4.4 TTL Sub families ............................................................................................................................................................ 100
3.4.5 Digital IC’s applications ................................................................................................................................................ 101
Activities ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 101
Solved Problem ........................................................................................................................................................................... 101
Unit Summary............................................................................................................................................................................. 101
Exercises ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 102
Know More.................................................................................................................................................................................. 103
References and Suggested Readings ......................................................................................................................................... 104

Unit 4: Electric and Magnetic Circuits ....................................................................................................................... 105-122

Unit Specifies............................................................................................................................................................................... 105
Rationale ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 105

(xxv)
 Pre-requisites .............................................................................................................................................................................. 105
Unit Outcomes............................................................................................................................................................................ 105
4.1 Parameters of an Electric Circuit ............................................................................................................................................. 106
4.1.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................... 106
4.1.2 Current /Voltage and Power/Energy .......................................................................................................................... 106
4.1.3 Electric Circuit Terminology........................................................................................................................................ 107
4.1.4 Circuit Analysis ............................................................................................................................................................. 108
Activity ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 110
Solved Problem ........................................................................................................................................................................... 110
4.2 Parameters of a Magnetic Circuit............................................................................................................................................. 110
4.2.1 Magnetic Effect of Electric Current ............................................................................................................................. 110
4.2.2 Magnetic Circuits ........................................................................................................................................................... 112
Activity ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 113
Solved Problems ........................................................................................................................................................................ 113
4.3 Electromagnetic Induction........................................................................................................................................................ 113
4.3.1 Faradays law.................................................................................................................................................................... 113
4.3.2 Self and Mutual Inductance.......................................................................................................................................... 114
Activity ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 115
Solved Problem ........................................................................................................................................................................... 115
4.4 Analogy between Electrical and Magnetic Circuits ............................................................................................................... 116
Activities ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 117
Solved Problem .......................................................................................................................................................................... 117
Exercises ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 118
Practical........................................................................................................................................................................................ 120
Know More.................................................................................................................................................................................. 122
References and Suggested Readings ......................................................................................................................................... 122

Unit 5: AC Circuits ..................................................................................................................................................... 123-148

Unit Specifies............................................................................................................................................................................... 123
Rationale ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 123
Pre-requisites .............................................................................................................................................................................. 123
Unit Outcomes............................................................................................................................................................................ 123
5.1 Alternating Current Fundamentals ......................................................................................................................................... 124
5.1.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................... 124
5.1.2 Alternating Quantity .................................................................................................................................................... 124
5.1.3 Important terms related with an Alternating Quantity ........................................................................................... 125
5.1.4 Phase, Phase Difference and Power Factor ............................................................................................................... 128
5.1.5 Phasor .............................................................................................................................................................................. 129
5.1.6 AC in Pure Resistors, Inductors and Capacitors ....................................................................................................... 129
Applications ............................................................................................................................................................................... 131

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 Solved Problem ........................................................................................................................................................................... 131
5.2 AC Series and Parallel Circuits ................................................................................................................................................. 132
5.2.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................... 132
5.2.2 Resistance - Inductance (R-L) Circuit......................................................................................................................... 132
5.2.3 Resistance - Capacitance (R-C) Circuit ...................................................................................................................... 133
5.2.4 Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance Circuit (R.L.C.) Circuit .......................................................................... 134
Solved Problems ......................................................................................................................................................................... 136
5.3 AC Power and Three Phase Circuit ........................................................................................................................................ 137
5.3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................... 137
5.3.2 Advantages of Three Phase System.............................................................................................................................. 137
5.3.3 Star and Delta Connection ........................................................................................................................................... 138
5.3.4 Relationship between Line and Phase Values of Voltages and Currents ............................................................... 138
5.3.5 Electric Power ................................................................................................................................................................. 139
5.3.6 Power Triangle ............................................................................................................................................................... 139
5.3.7 Power in Three Phase Connection .............................................................................................................................. 140
Activity ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 140
Solved Problems ........................................................................................................................................................................ 140
Unit Summary............................................................................................................................................................................. 141
Exercises ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 141
Practicals ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 143
Know More ................................................................................................................................................................................ 148
References and Suggested Readings ......................................................................................................................................... 148

Unit 6: Transformer and Machines ........................................................................................................................... 149-174

Unit Specifies............................................................................................................................................................................... 149
Rationale ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 149
Pre-requisites .............................................................................................................................................................................. 149
Unit Outcomes............................................................................................................................................................................ 149
6.1 Transformer ................................................................................................................................................................................ 150
6.1.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................... 150
6.1.2 Parts of a Transformer .................................................................................................................................................. 150
6.1.3 Types of Transformers .................................................................................................................................................. 152
6.1.4 Autotransformer ............................................................................................................................................................ 155
Activities ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 156
Solved Problems ......................................................................................................................................................................... 156
6.2 Electric Motors............................................................................................................................................................................ 157
6.2.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................... 157
6.2.2 DC Motor ........................................................................................................................................................................ 157
6.2.3 AC Motors ...................................................................................................................................................................... 161
6.2.4 Single phase AC Motor ................................................................................................................................................. 163

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 Activities ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 164
Solved Problems ......................................................................................................................................................................... 164
Unit Summary............................................................................................................................................................................. 165
Exercises ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 165
Practical........................................................................................................................................................................................ 166
Know More: Micro-project(s), Activities, Video Resources ................................................................................................ 174
References and Suggested Readings ......................................................................................................................................... 174

Appendices ......................................................................................................................................................................... 175

Appendix - A: Lab Assessment Record ................................................................................................................................... 175
Appendix - B: Instructions when working in the Laboratory ............................................................................................. 176
Appendix - C: Indicative Evaluation Guidelines for Practicals .......................................................................................... 177
Answers to Objective Questions ....................................................................................................................................... 178
References for Further Learning........................................................................................................................................ 179
CO and PO Attainment Table ........................................................................................................................................... 180
Index ............................................................................................................................................................................ 181-183

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