7-50 A piston–cylinder device contains 5 kg of steam at 100°C with a quality of 50 percent.

This steam
undergoes two processes as follows: 1-2 Heat is transferred to the steam in a reversible manner while the
temperature is held constant until the steam exists as a saturated vapor. 2-3 The steam expands in an
adiabatic, reversible process until the pressure is 15 kPa.
7-90 An insulated rigid tank contains 4 kg of argon gas at 450 kPa and 30°C. A valve is now opened,
and argon is allowed to escape until the pressure inside drops to 200 kPa. Assuming the argon
remaining inside the tank has undergonea reversible, adiabatic process, determine the final mass in
the tank

9-70 Consider an ideal Ericsson cycle with air as the working fluid executed in a steady-flow system.
Air is at 27°C and 120 kPa at the beginning of the isothermal compression process, during which 150
kJ/kg of heat is rejected. Heat transfer to air occurs at 950 K. Determine (a) the maximum pressure in
the cycle, (b) the net work output per unit mass of air, and (c) the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
7-104 Nitrogen gas is compressed from 80 kPa and 27°C to 480 kPa by a 10-kW compressor.
Determine the mass flow rate of nitrogen through the compressor, assuming the compression
process to be (a) isentropic, (b) polytropic with n = 1.3,(c) isothermal, and (d) ideal two-stage
polytropic with n = 1.3.
 7-142 Liquid water at 200 kPa and 15°C is heated in a chamber by mixing it with superheated steam at
200 kPa and150°C.Liquid water enters the mixing chamber at a rate of 4.3 kg/s, the chamber is estimated
to lose heat to the surrounding air at 20°C at a rate of 1200 kJ/min. If the mixture leaves the mixing
chamber at 200 kPa and 80°C, determine (a) the mass flow rate of the superheated steam and (b) the rate
of entropy generation during this mixing process.
7-161 A piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.43m2 of helium gas at 175 kpa and 20°C. Helium
is now compressed in a polytropic process (PVn = constant) to 500 kpa and 150°C. Determine (a) the
entropy change of helium, (b) the entropy change of the surroundings, and (c) whether this process is
reversible, irreversible, or impossible. Assume the surroundings are at 20°C
7-184Two rigid tanks are connected by a valve. Tank A is insulated and contains 0.3 m3 of steam at
400 kPa and 60 percent quality. Tank B is uninsulated and contains 2 kg of steam at 200 kPa and
250°C. The valve is now opened, and steam flows from tank A to tank B until the pressure in tank A
drops to 200 kPa. During this process 300 kJ of heat is transferred from tank B to the surroundings at
17°C. Assuming the steam remaining inside tank A to have undergone a reversible adiabatic process,
determine (a) the final temperature in each tank and (b) the entropy generated during this process
9-89 A gas-turbine power plant operates on a modified Brayton cycle shown in the figure with an
overall pressure ratio of 8. Air enters the compressor at 0°C and 100 kPa. The maximum cycle
temperature is 1500 K. The compressor and the turbines are isentropic. The high-pressure turbine
develops just enough power to run the compressor. Assume constant properties for air at 300 K with
cv = 0.718 kJ/kg·K, cp = 1.005 kJ/kg·K, R = 0.287 kJ/kg·K, k = 1.4. (a)Sketch the T-s diagram for the
cycle. Label the data states.(b) Determine the temperature and pressure at state 4, the exit of the
high-pressure turbine.(c) If the net power output is 200 MW, determine the mass flow rate of the air
into the compressor in kg/s.
9-97 A gas turbine for an automobile is designed with a regenerator. Air enters the compressor of this
engine at 100 kPa and 30°C. The compressor pressure ratio is 8; the maximum cycle temperature is
800°C; and the cold airstream leaves the regenerator 10°C cooler than the hot airstream at the inlet
of the regenerator. Assuming both the compressor and the turbine to be isentropic, determine the
rates of heat addition and rejection for this cycle when it produces 115 kW. Use constant specific
heats at room temperature.
9-116 Consider an ideal gas-turbine cycle with two stages of compression and two stages of
expansion. The pressure ratio across each stage of the compressor and turbine is 3. The air enters
each stage of the compressor at 300 K and each stage of the turbine at 1200 K. Determine the back
work ratio and the thermal efficiency of the cycle, assuming (a) no regenerator is used and (b) a
regenerator with 75 percent effectiveness is used. Use variable specific heats.
9-138 A gas-turbine power plant operates on the regenerative Brayton cycle between the pressure
limits of 100 and 700 kPa. Air enters the compressor at 30°C at a rate of 12.6 kg/s and leaves at
260°C. It is then heated in a regenerator to 400°C by the hot combustion gases leaving the turbine. A
diesel fuel with a heating value of 42,000 kJ/kg is burned in the combustion chamber with a
combustion efficiency of 97 percent. The combustion gases leave the combustion chamber at 871°C
and enter the turbine, whose isentropic efficiency is 85 percent. Treating combustion gases as air and
using constant specific heats at 500°C, determine (a) the isentropic efficiency of the compressor, (b)
the effectiveness of the regenerator, (c) the air–fuel ratio in the combustion chamber, (d) the net
power output and the back work ratio, (e) the thermal efficiency, and (f) the second law efficiency of
the plant. Also determine (g) the second-law efficiencies of the compressor, the turbine, and the
regenerator, and (h) the rate of the exergy flow with the combustion gases at the regenerator exit.
11-18 A refrigerator uses refrigerant-134a as the working fluid and operates on the vapor-
compression refrigeration cycle. The evaporator and condenser pressures are 200 kPa and 1400 kPa,
respectively. The isentropic efficiency of the compressor is 88 percent. The refrigerant enters the
compressor at a rate of 0.025 kg/s superheated by 10.1°C and leaves the condenser subcooled by
4.4°C. Determine (a) the rate of cooling provided by the evaporator, the power input, and the COP.
Determine (b) the same parameters if the cycle operated on the ideal vapor-compression refrigerat
ion cycle between the same pressure limits.
11-16 A refrigerator uses refrigerant-134a as the working fluid and operates on the ideal vapor-
compression refrigeration cycle except for the compression process. The refrigerant enters the
evaporator at 120 kPa with a quality of 34 percent and leaves the compressor at 70°C. If the
compressor consumes 450 W of power, determine (a) the mass flow rate of the refrigerant, (b) the
condenser pressure, and (c) the COP of the refrigerator.
11-28 A room is kept at −5°C by a vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R-134a as the
refrigerant. Heat is rejected to cooling water that enters the condenser at 20°C at a rate of 0.13 kg/s
and leaves at 28°C. The refrigerant enters the condenser at 1.2 MPa and 50°C and leaves as a
saturated liquid. If the compressor consumes 1.9 kW of power, determine (a) the refrigeration load, in
Btu/h and the COP, (b) the second-law efficiency of the refrigerator and the total exergy destruction
in the cycle, and (c) the exergy destruction in the condenser. Take T0 = 20°C and cp,water = 4.18
kJ/kg·°C
11-39 Refrigerant-134a enters the condenser of a residential heat pump at 800 kPa and 50°C at a
rate of 0.022 kg/s and leaves at 750 kPa subcooled by 3°C. The refrigerant enters the compressor at
200 kPa superheated by 4°C. Determine (a) the isentropic efficiency of the compressor, (b) the rate of
heat supplied to the heated room, and (c) the COP of the heat pump. Also, determine (d) the COP and
the rate of heat supplied to the heated room if this heat pump operated on the ideal vapor-
compression cycle between the pressure limits of 200 and 800 kPa.
10-17 Consider a 210-MW steam power plant that operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle. Steam
enters the turbine at 10 MPa and 500°C and is cooled in the condenser at a pressure of 10 kPa. Show
the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines, and determine (a) the quality of the steam
at the turbine exit, (b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle, and (c) the mass flow rate of the steam.
10-18 Repeat Prob. 10–17 assuming an isentropic efficiency of 85 percent for both the turbine and
the pump
10-23 The net work output and the thermal efficiency for the Carnot and the simple ideal Rankine
cycles with steam as the working fluid are to be calculated and compared. Steam enters the turbine
in both cases at 5 MPa as a saturated vapor, and the condenser pressure is 50 kPa. In the Rankine
cycle, the condenser exit state is saturated liquid and in the Carnot cycle, the boiler inlet state is
saturated liquid. Draw the T-s diagrams for both cycles.
10-30 Consider a steam power plant that operates on the ideal reheat Rankine cycle. The plant
maintains the boiler at 17.5 MPa, the reheater at 2 MPa, and the condenser at 50 kPa. The
temperature is 550°C at the entrance of the high-pressure turbine, and 300°C at the entrance of the
low-pressure turbine. Determine the thermal efficiency of this system.
10-46 A steam power plant operates on an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle. Steam enters the
turbine at 6 MPa and 450°C and is condensed in the condenser at 20 kPa. Steam is extracted from
the turbine at 0.4 MPa to heat the feedwater in an open feedwater heater. Water leaves the
feedwater heater as a saturated liquid. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram, and determine (a) the net
work output per kilogram of steam flowing through the boiler and (b) the thermal efficiency of the
cycle.
10-51 Consider a steam power plant that operates on the ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with a closed feedwater
heater as shown in the figure. The plant maintains the turbine inlet at 3000 kPa and 350°C and operates the
condenser at 20 kPa. Steam is extracted at 1000 kPa to serve the closed feedwater heater, which discharges into the
condenser after being throttled to condenser pressure. Calculate the work produced by the turbine, the work
consumed by the pump, and the heat supply in the boiler for this cycle per unit of boiler flow rate