EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF WINDOW

AIR CONDITIONING COP WITH AND WITHOUT

DIFFUSERS AT COMPRESSOR INLET

A Project Work report submitted to

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, KAKINADA

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted by

Y.SAI RANJITH (19AJ5A0343)

CH.BHAVANI SHANKER (19AJ5A0305)
P.NABIN BASHA (19AJ5A0326)
P.KRANTHI KUMAR (19AJ5A0331)
M.VAMSI KRISHNA (18AJ1A0318)

Under the Guidance of

Sri. B.SAI RAM KRISHNA, M.Tech
Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

AMRITA SAI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE &TECHNOLOGY
(AUTONOMOUS)
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Permanently Affiliated to JNTU, Kakinada, SBTET,
Recognized by UGC Under 2(f) & 12(B) of 1956 Act.
ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution, Accredited by NAAC WITH “A” GRADE
Paritala, Kanchikacherla, Krishna D.T – 521 180 (A. P.)
www.amritasai.edu.in, Phone: 0866 2428399.
2021-2022
 AMRITA SAI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE &TECHNOLOGY
(AUTONOMOUS)
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Permanently Affiliated to JNTU, Kakinada, SBTET,
Recognized by UGC Under 2(f) & 12(B) of 1956 Act.
ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution, Accredited by NAAC WITH “A” GRADE
Paritala, Kanchikacherla, Krishna D.T – 521 180 (A. P.)
www.amritasai.edu.in, Phone: 0866 2428399.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that project entitled “EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF

WINDOW AIR CONDITIONING COP WITH AND WITHOUT DIFFUSER AT
COMPRESSOR INLET” is being submitted for the partial fulfillment B.Tech degree in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, is a Bonafide work done by the below mentioned students
during the academic year 2021-2022 and it has been founded worthy of acceptance according to
the requirement of the university
Submitted by

Y.SAI RANJITH (19AJ5A0343)

CH.BHAVANI SHANKER (19AJ5A0305)
P.NABIN BASHA (19AJ5A0326)
P.KRANTHI KUMAR (19AJ5A0331)
M.VAMSI KRISHNA (18AJ1A0318)

SRI.B.SAI RAM KRISHNA SRI.B.PRANEETH

Project supervisor Head of the Department

External Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are highly thankful to Sri B.SAI RAM KRISHNA, Assistant. Prof, Department
of Mechanical for his precious guidance, for providing background knowledge, valuable
encouragement and timely suggestions throughout the project.
We have the immense and great pleasure expressing my thanks and deep sense of
gratitude to Sri B.PRANEETH, Head of Department, Mechanical Engineering for
extending necessary facilities for the completion of the project.
We are expressing our heart full thanks and sincere gratitude to Dr.M.SASIDHAR,
Principal, AMRITA SAI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY for giving
me the opportunity for the successfully completion of my degree. I would also like thank all
the teaching and non-teaching staff members of mechanical department who have extended
their full co-operation during course of my project
We are also thankful to Dr. K. SAI MANOJ, Honoarable C.E.O, and we express our
sincere gratitude and deep sense of respect for making us available with all the required
assistance and for his support and inspiration to carry out this project in the institute.
Finally we thank one and all who directly and indirectly helped us to complete our
project successfully.

Project Associates

Y.SAI RANJITH (19AJ5A0343)

CH.BHAVANI SHANKER (19AJ5A0305)
P.NABIN BASHA (19AJ5A0326)
P.KRANTHI KUMAR (19AJ5A0331)
M.VAMSI KRISHNA (18AJ1A0318)
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work presented in this dissertation report titled “EXPERIMENTAL
INVESTIGATION OF WINDOW AIR CONDITIONING COP WITH AND WITHOUT
DIFFUSER AT COMPRESSOR INLET” is Submitted Towards completion of thesis work in
B.Tech (Mechanical Engineering) Amrita Sai Institute of Science and Technology Paritala. It is an
authentic record of my original work pursued under the supervision of, Mr. B.SAI RAM KRISHNA.
I have not submitted the matter embodied in this dissertation for the award of any other degree.

Project Associates

Y.SAI RANJITH (19AJ5A0343)

CH.BHAVANI SHANKER (19AJ5A0305)
P.NABIN BASHA (19AJ5A0326)
P.KRANTHI KUMAR (19AJ5A0331)
M.VAMSI KRISHNA (18AJ1A0318)
 CONTENTS
TOPICS: PAGE NO:

ABSTRACT i
LIST OF FIGURES ii
LIST OF GRAPHS iii
LIST OF TABLES iii
NOMENCLATURE iv
ABBREVIATIONS AND SUBSCRIPTS v

I. INTRODUCTION: 1-20
1.1 Introduction to window air conditioning 1-2
1.2 Indoor side components 2-6
1.3 Outdoor side components 6-9
1.4 Window air conditioning system working principle 10
1.5 Air circuit of window air conditioning system 10-12
1.6 Refrigerant 12
1.7 Classification of refrigerants 13-14
1.8 Selection of good refrigerants 14
1.9 Requirements of refrigerants 15
1.10 Properties of refrigerants 15-16
1.11 Commonly used refrigerants 16-18
1.12 Designation of refrigerant 19
1.13 Introduction to diffuser 19-20
II. LITERATURE REVIEW: 21-23
2.1 Literature survey 21-23
2.2 Scope of present work 23
III. ORGANISATION OF THESIS: 24
3.1 Flow chat for thesis organization 24
IV. DESIGN PROCEDURE & FABRICATION 25-31
4.1 Design procedure of window air conditioning test rig 25
4.2 Design of diffuser 26-27
4.3 Experimental setup with diffuser at compressor inlet 28-30
V. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 32-33
5.1 Experimental procedure of window air conditioning test rig without diffuser 32
5.2 Experimental procedure of window air conditioning test rig with 120 diffuser 33
5.3 Experimental procedure of window air conditioning test rig with 140 diffuser 33
VI. OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS 34- 43
6.1 Specifications of window air conditioning test rig 34
6.2 Standard values 34
6.3 Calculations of test rig without diffuser at compressor inlet 39-40
6.4 Calculations of test rig with 120 diffuser at compressor inlet 40-41
6.5 Calculations of test rig with 140 diffuser at compressor inlet 42-43
VII. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 44- 48
VIII. CONCLUSION 49
IX. FUTURE SCOPE 50
X. REFERENCES 51
 ABSTRACT

Window air conditioning system is widely used in domestic as well as in

large scale industry to produce a refrigeration effect of cool air. Present days there is an
increase in global demand for energy. We should find another way to minimize the
energy consumption without disturbing the needs of human beings. In a refrigeration
system, we can reduce the power consumption by improving the COP of the system.
The diffuser is a passive device that will increase the pressure energy by converting the
available kinetic energy at the inlets. The velocity of refrigerant is subsonic in vapor
compression refrigeration systems. Diffuser smoothly slows down the incoming
refrigerant flow and achieves minimum stagnation pressure losses and maximizes static
pressure recovery.

The main objective of this project work is to design a window air

conditioning test rig system with two different angled diffusers of divergence angle of
12°, 14° are designed for the same inlet and outlet diameters. The diffusers are used
with inlet diameter equal to discharging tube diameter of compressor and outlet
diameter is equal to suction tube diameter of the condenser. In this project we are
evaluating the various parameters such as refrigeration effect & coefficient of
performance (COP) with and without diffusers at compressor inlet.

One of the diffuser gives maximum cop, which will fixed at compressor inlet.
Diffusers at compressor inlet 12° divergence angle of diffuser, 14° divergence angle of
diffuser given the better coefficient of performance. But 14° divergence angle of
diffuser is given the higher coefficient of performance than the 14° divergence angle of
diffuser. The 14° divergence angle of diffuser is fixed at compressor inlet. At
compressor inlet 14° divergence angle of diffuser given the maximum cop (2.13).

i
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Figure Name Page

Number number
1.1 Window air conditioning 1
1.2 Cooling coil 3
1.3 Blower 4
1.4 Capillary tube 5
1.5 Operation panel 5
1.6 Filter drier 5
1.7 Drain pan 6
1.8 Rotary compressor 7
1.9 Air cooled condenser 8
1.10 Propeller fan 9
1.11 Fan motor 9
1.12 Air circuit of window air conditioning 10
1.13 Simple window air conditioning test rig 11
1.14 P-h diagram of simple VCR 12
1.15 Schematic diagram of diffuser 19
1.16 Diffuser line diagram 20
4.1 Diffuser line diagram 26
4.2 Making of diffuser on lathe machine 27
4.3 Top view of diffuser 27
4.4 Side view of diffuser 27
4.5 Schematic diagram of window air conditioning 28
test rig with diffuser at compressor inlet
4.6 Experimental test rig with and without diffuser at 30
compressor inlet
5.1 Experimental test rig with and without diffuser at 32
compressor inlet
5.2 12° Diffuser at compressor inlet 33
5.3 14° Diffuser at compressor inlet 33
6.1 Refrigeration table of R-22 37
6.2 p-h chart of R-22 37
6.3 Psychrometric chart 38

ii
 LIST OF GRAPHS
Graph No. Graph Name Page No.

7.1 Variations of cop without and with diffuser 44

7.2 Variations of temperature without and with diffuser 45

7.3 Variations of pressure without and with diffuser 46

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TABLE NAME PAGE

NUMBER NUMBER

1.1 Specifications of cooling coil 3

1.2 Specifications of compressor 7

4.1 Components used for window air conditioning test rig 31

6.1 Pressure and temperature readings of window air conditioning 35

test rig without diffuser
6.2 Pressure and temperature readings of 120diffuser 36

6.3 Pressure and temperature readings of 140diffuser 37

6.4 Refrigeration effect and cop for without and without diffuser 43
condition at compressor inlet

iii
 NOMENCLATURE

T Temperature [0c]
T1 inlet temperature at compressor inlet [0c]

T1 1 outlet temperature at compressor inlet [0c]

T2 inlet temperature at condenser inlet [0c]

T1 2 outlet temperature at condenser inlet [0c]

T3 Temperature after condenser[0c]

T4 Temperature before evaporator [0c]

P1 Suction pressure at inlet[bar]

P1 1 Suction pressure at outlet [bar]

P2 Delivery pressure at inlet[bar]

P1 2 Delivery pressure at outlet[bar]

P3 Pressure at condenser inlet

P4 Pressure at before evaporator

P pressure [bar]

V voltage [volts]

A current [amps]

iv
 ABBREVIATIONS AND SUBSCRIPTS

VCR Vapour compression refrigeration

COP Coefficient of performance

HFC Hydrofluorocarbon

R134a 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane

TOR Tone of refrigeration

CFC Chlorofluorocarbon

HCFC Hydrochlorofluorocarbon

ODP Ozone depletion potential

v
 CHAPTER-I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction to window air conditioning:

Window air conditioner is sometimes referred to as room air

conditioner as well. It is the simplest form of an air conditioning system and is mounted on windows
or walls. It is a single unit that is assembled in a casing where all the components are located.

This refrigeration unit has a double shaft fan motor with fans mounted on both sides of the motor.
One at the evaporator side and the other at the condenser side.

The evaporator side is located facing the room for cooling of the space and the condenser side
outdoor for heat rejection. There is an insulated partition separating these two sides within the same
casing.

Fig 1.1: Window Air Conditioning

1
Front Panel

The front panel is the one that is seen by the user from inside the room where it is installed
and has a user interfaced control be it electronically or mechanically. Older unit usually are of
mechanical control type with rotary knobs to control the temperature and fan speed of the air
conditioner.

The newer units come with electronic control system where the functions are controlled using remote
control and touch panel with digital display.

The front panel has adjustable horizontal and vertical louvers where the direction of air flow is
adjustable to suit the comfort of the users.

The fresh intake of air called VENT (ventilation) is provided at the panel in the event that user would
like to have a certain amount of fresh air from the outside.

1.2 Indoor Side Components:

The indoor parts of a window air conditioner include Cooling Coil, Fan Blower, Capillary, Filter

EVAPORATOR:

Evaporator is nothing but the part which can produce a refrigerant effect. Here heat will
be taken from the load area almost at constant pressure. Large amount of heat is taken by the
refrigerant due to latent heat addition. The evaporator which was used in experimental setup as
shown below in Fig 1.2

Classification of Evaporators:

Evaporators are mainly classified as follows:

(a) According to type of construction:
1. Bare tube coil evaporator 2. Finned tube evaporator 3. Plate evaporator
4. Shell and coil evaporator 5. Shell and tube evaporator 6. Tube-in-tube evaporator

(b) According to manner of refrigerant flow:

1. Dry-expansion Evaporators 2. Flooded Evaporator

2
(c) According to operating conditions:
1. Frosting evaporator. 2. De Frosting evaporator. 3. non-frosting evaporator.

▪ Cooling Coil is a finned tube evaporator with a air filter mounted on it. The cooling coil is where
the heat exchange happens between the refrigerant in the system and the air in the room.

Fig .1.2 Cooling Coil

Table 1.1 Specifications of Cooling Coil

S.no Description Specification

1. Fin Material Copper

2. Internal diameter of tube 7 mm

3. Outer diameter of tube 9.52mm

4. Length(mm) 15X15
Packing Type Box
5 Outer Material Stainless Steel

6 Voltage 220-380 V

7 Frequency 50Hz

3
▪ Fan Blower is a centrifugal evaporator blower to discharge the cool air to the room.

Fig .1.3 Blower

EXPANSION VALVE:
After the condenser, refrigerant will be sent to the expansion valve (capillary tube). In
this process heat and pressure both reduce by isenthalpic process. Here capillary tube inner and outer
diameters are 0.5mm, 1.5mm. The capillary tube used in this experimental setup as shown below in
Fig 1.4

Types of Expansion Devices:

Different types of expansion devices used in the present refrigeration systems.
1. Constant-Restrictive Type Expansion Devices: Capillary Tube in which it is merely along
tube with a narrow diameter bore.
(a) Capillary tube.

2. Variable Restrictive Type Expansion Devices: In this, the extent of opening area of flow keeps
on changing depending on the type of control.

Three common types are:

A. Automatic Expansion Valve (Pressure Control)

B. Thermostatic Expansion Valve

C. Float Valves

i) High side Float valve in this it maintains the liquid at a constant level in the condenser.

ii) Low side Float valve in this maintains the liquid at constant level in the Evaporator.

4
▪ Capillary Tube is used as an expansion device. It can be noisy during operation if installed too

near the evaporator.

Fig .1.4 Capillary Tube

▪ Operation Panel is used to control the temperature and speed of the blower fan. A thermostat is

used to sense the return air temperature and another one to monitor the temperature of the coil. Type
of control can be mechanical or electronic type.

Fig .1.5 Operation Panel

▪ Filter Drier is used to remove the moisture from the refrigerant. A filter-drier in a refrigeration or

air conditioning system has two essential functions: one, to adsorb system contaminants, such as
water, which can create acids, and two, to provide physical filtration.

Fig .1.6 Filter Drier

5
▪ Drain Pan is used to contain the water that condensate from the cooling coil and is discharged

out to the outdoor by gravity.

Fig .1.7 Drain Pan

1.3 Outdoor Side Components:

The outdoor side parts include:

Compressor is used to compress the refrigerant. Compressor used in the refrigeration system is a
hermetically sealed compressor which can produce 250 PSI pressure and rotates at 1400 RPM.

And this compressor capacity is 1.5 TOR capacity Pressure can be increased isentropically here by
compressing the refrigerant. The hermetically sealed compressor as shown below in Fig1.8

Types of Compressors:

1 According to the method of compression

(a) Reciprocating compressors. (b) Rotary compressors. (c) Centrifugal compressors.

2 According to the number of working strokes

(a) Single acting compressors. (b) Double acting compressors.

3 According to the number of stages

(a) Single stage compressors. (b) Multi-stage compressors.

6
4 According to the method of drive employed
(a) Belt drive compressors. (b) Direct drive compressors.

5 According to the location of the Prime mover

(a) Hermetically sealed compressors. (b) Semi-hermetic compressors.

Fig .1.8 Rotary Compressor

The specifications of the Hermetically sealed compressor which is used in the window air
conditioning test rig system is noted in the below Table 1.1.

Table 1.2 Specifications of the compressor

Sr. Description Specifications

no
1. Name of manufacture LG
2. Frequency 50-60Hz
3. Voltage 220,240
4. Suction pressure 95F
5. Discharge pressure 250 psi
6. Max. RPM 1200
7. cooling capacity 18000 BTU/hr

7
Types of Condensers:

Condensers are classified based on the cooling medium used for condensation of refrigerant as
follows:

1. Air Cooled Condensers:

(a) Natural convection air cooled condenser.

(b) Forced convection air cooled condenser.
(c) Finned tube air cooled condenser.

2. Water Cooled Condensers:

(a) Shell and coil condenser.

(b) Shell and tube condenser.
(c) Double tube condenser.

3. Evaporative condensers

▪ Air Cooled Condenser Coil is used to reject heat from the refrigeration to the outside air. In this
system air type condensers are used. Then the refrigerant will be sent to the condenser by the copper
tubes. Here high-pressure refrigerants can reject heat to the surroundings isobarically. A fan is placed
behind the condenser for the forced heat convection process to cool the refrigerant. The air-cooled
type of condenser as shown below in Fig1.9

Fig .1.9 Air Cooled Condenser

8
▪ Propeller Fan is used in air-cooled condenser to help move the air molecules over the surface of

the condensing coil.

Fig .1.10 Propeller Fan

▪ Fan Motor is located here. It has a double shaft where the indoor blower and outdoor propeller
fan are connected together.

Fig .1.11 Fan Motor

Specifications of Fan Motor:

• Power: 125 Watt | 1/6 HP | 1-Ph

• Rotation: CW || Speed: 910/830/750 RPM
• Frequency: 230V | 50Hz | Cap: 6MFD/440VAC

9
1.4 Window air conditioning system working principle:

Refrigeration system works upon the Clausius statement of the

second law of thermodynamics. According to this statement, “It is impossible to construct a device
which, operating in a cycle, will produce no effect other than the transfer of heat from a cooler body
to a hotter body.

High pressure, high temperature vapour refrigerant coming out of compressor is condensed in
condenser using outside (atmospheric) air as cooling medium. The liquid refrigerant is further passed
through capillary tube to reduce its own pressure and then passed over evaporator, where it absorbs
heat from air to cool it. Due to absorption of heat, the liquid refrigerant gets converted into vapour
refrigerant and these vapours are drawn into the compressor and cycle is repeated again and again.

1.5 Air Circuit of Window Air Conditioning System:

The function of window air conditioner is to provide comfort to the occupants in the room by,

1. Cleaning the air,

2. Dehumidifying the air, and
3. Cooling the air,
4. Distributing the air to each and every corner of room.

Fig.1.12 Air Circuit of Window Air Conditioner

10
The air circuit of a window air conditioner consists of 3 major air circulation systems.
Room air
The air from the room is drawn over the evaporator fan (also called as indoor fan) through a filter,
which removes dirt, dust, impurities etc. The fan used may be propeller type or centrifugal type. The
air is cooled while passing over the evaporator tubes by giving its heat to the refrigerant circulating
inside the evaporator. thermostat (in control panel) is provided at the evaporator to measure the
temperature of air coming from the room. If the temperature is above the set or desired value, it
makes the compressor to switch “ON”. If the temperature is below the set value or desired value,
it makes the compressor to switch “OFF”.
Outside air
The outside (atmospheric) is drawn over the condenser fan. The vapour refrigerant circulating inside
the condenser coil gives up its heat to the air and gets condensed and cooled. The fan used here is of
propeller type.
Fresh air from outside
To maintain the purity of air inside the room, fresh outdoor air is made to enter into the room through
air damper. The fresh air is cooled by evaporator coils, while coming from damper. This cooled fresh
air is then mixed with the room air.

Fig.1.13. Simple window air conditioning test rig system

11
 Fig.1.14 p-h Diagram of Simple VCR

The pressure-enthalpy (p-h) diagram is a thermodynamic property diagram commonly used in the
refrigeration field.

Process 1 - 2: Isentropic compression in the compressor.

Process 2 - 3: Constant pressure heat rejection in condenser.
Process 3 - 4: Isenthalpic expansion in expansion device.
Process 4 - 1: Constant pressure heat absorption in the evaporator

1.6 Refrigerant:

Refrigerant is defined as "the working fluid used to remove the heat from the space or products to
be cooled in a refrigerating system".

Refrigerant produces a cooling effect by absorbing heat from the products or space to be cooled in
the refrigerating system.

Refrigerant absorbs heat at a lower temperature and pressure in the evaporator and changes its state
from liquid to vapour during evaporation. Refrigerant rejects heat at high temperature and pressure
in the condenser and changes its state from vapour to liquid during condensation.

Examples of Refrigerants: Ice, Dry ice, Ice-Salt mixture, Sulphur dioxide, Ammonia, Carl dioxide,
Water, brines and freons.

12
1.7 CLASSIFICATION OF REFRIGERANTS:

Based on the heat absorbing capacity refrigerants are classified into two categories:

1. Primary refrigerants.

2. Secondary refrigerants.

Primary Refrigerants: The refrigerants which are capable of absorbing latent heat from the
refrigerating system are called "Primary Refrigerants".

The primary refrigerant cools the products directly in the refrigerating system. They change from
liquid state to vapour state during evaporation in the evaporator and again from vapour state to liquid
state during condensation in the condenser. These refrigerants are mostly used in Vapour
Compression Refrigeration systems.

Examples: Ammonia (NH3), Carbon dioxide (CO₂), Sulphur dioxide (SO₂), Methyl chloride, Aqua
Ammonia and Freons.

Primary refrigerants are further classified as follows:

1. Halo Carbon Compounds: These contain halogens (chlorine, fluorine and bromine) as one of
the main elements. They are available in the market under trade names denoted as Freons or CFCs
(Chloro-Fluoro-Carbons). These are used in domestic refrigerators, commercial and industrial
purposes.
Example:
Freon-11 or F-11: Trichloromonofluoromethane - CCl3F.
Freon-12 or F-12: Dichlorodifluoromethane - CCl2F2.
Freon-22 or F-22: Monochlorodifluoro methane - CHClF2.

2. Azeotropes: These are stable mixtures of various refrigerants. They evaporate and condense as
a single substance and do not separate into individual constituents.
Example: Refrigerant-500 is a mixture of 73.8% of F-12 and 26.2% of F-152.

13
3. Hydrocarbons: Refrigerants containing organic compounds come under this group The
refrigerants possess good thermodynamic properties but are highly flammable. They are used in
industrial and commercial applications like petroleum and petrochemical industries
Example: Methane -CH4, Ethane- C2H6, Propane - C2H8

4. Inorganic Compounds: They process excellent thermodynamic and physical properties and are
widely used in domestic, commercial and industrial applications.
Example: Ammonia-NH3: Water- H2O, Air, Carbon Dioxide -CO2, Sulphur dioxide - SO2

5. Unsaturated Organic Compounds: Refrigerants containing organic compounds with ethylene

and propylene base come under this group.
Example: Ethylene C2H4, Propylene- C3H6, Trichloroethylene- C2H4Cl3

Secondary Refrigerants:
The refrigerants which are capable of absorbing sensible heat from the refrigerating system are called
"Secondary Refrigerants". The secondary refrigerants carry heat from the products and are cooled
by the primary refrigerant circulated in the evaporator. They indirectly cool the products in the
refrigerating system. They do not undergo any phase changes during the cycle. The secondary
refrigerant circuits are very much useful in all major commercial and industrial refrigeration plants.
Examples: Air, Water, Brine solution of Sodium Chloride, Calcium Chloride and Propylene
glycol.

1.8 Selection of good Refrigerants:

The following factors to be considered for the selection of proper refrigerant for the given
application:

1. Thermodynamic, physical, chemical and safety properties.

2. Operating pressure ratio.
3. Oil miscibility.
4. Temperature required in the evaporator.
5. Space limitations.
6. Type of application i.e., industrial, commercial or domestic.

14
1.9 REQUIREMENTS OF REFRIGERANTS:
The refrigerants used for refrigeration purpose must meet the following requirements
1. The refrigerant should have a low boiling point.
2. The refrigerant should have a low freezing point.
3. The refrigerant must have low specific heat
4. The refrigerant must possess high latent heat of evaporation
5. The refrigerant must give high COP
6. The refrigerant must have a high critical temperature and pressure.
7. The refrigerant should have low specific volume.
8. The refrigerant must have high thermal conductivity.
9. The refrigerant should not be toxic, corrosive, flammable and explosive.
10. The refrigerant must be cheap and readily available.

1.10 PROPERTIES OF REFRIGERANTS:

An ideal refrigerant should give a high coefficient of performance and must be safe to use for the
given operating conditions.
The desired properties of an ideal refrigerant are:
1. Thermodynamic properties
2. Physical properties
3. Chemical and Safety properties

Thermodynamic Properties:
1. Boiling Point: The refrigerant should have a low boiling point. It increases the capacity of the
refrigerating system.
2. Freezing Point: The refrigerant should have a low freezing point. It prevents choking of refrigerant
in the pipes and valves.
3. Evaporator and condenser pressure: The evaporator pressure and condenser pressure should be
above the atmospheric pressure to avoid air leakages into the system from the surroundings.
4. Latent heat of vaporization: The Latent heat of vaporization should be high to minimize the
quantity of refrigerant used and also to get maximum refrigeration effect.
5. Critical temperature and pressure: The critical temperature of the refrigerant should be high for
easy condensation of the vapour refrigerant.

15
Physical Properties:
1. Specific volume: The specific volume should be low to reduce the size of the compressor.
2. Specific heat: The specific heat should be low for liquid refrigerant to increase the refrigerating
effect per kg of refrigerant circulated in the system.
3. Thermal conductivity: The refrigerant must have high thermal conductivity as it reduces the mass
flow rate of refrigerant and area of heat transfer in the condenser and evaporator
4. Viscosity: The viscosity must be low for better heat transfer and low pumping power.
5. Dielectric Strength: High Dielectric strength is desirable to provide effective insulation against
electricity leakages

Chemical & Safety Properties:

1. The refrigerant should be chemically inert.
2. High coefficient of performance.
3. Low consumption per ton of refrigeration
4. Nonflammable and non-explosive.
5. Nonpoisonous and non-toxic.
6. Should not affect the stored food stuff.
7. Should not have any disagreeable odor.
8. Low leakage tendency to prevent loss of refrigerant.
9. Should be non- corrosive.
10. Must be cheap and readily available

1.11 COMMONLY USED REFRIGERANTS:

The properties of important and commonly used refrigerants in domestic, commercial and industrial
purposes are as follows:
Ammonia (R-134a)
Properties: Highly exit, flammable, irritating, spools food stuff on mixing: highly volatile and
explosive
Low running cost, Leak detection is easy, Refrigerant cost is low, Small pipelines are sufficient,
Low weight of liquid refrigerant, High efficiency. High COP
Boiling point is-33.3°C: Freezing point is - 77.8°C. Used for evaporator temperatures up to: 70°C.
Applications: Ice factories, Cold storages, Beverage plants.

16
Carbon dioxide (R-744)
Properties: Non-toxic, non-flammable, odorless, chemically stable, non-corrosive and non-
explosive, highly safe in operation, requires robust condenser and evaporator, High power
consumption, Low Cop.
Boiling point is 78.6°C., Freezing point is 56.6°C.
Applications: Air conditioning of hostels, theaters, hospitals and manufacturing of dry ice.

Sulphur dioxide (R-764)

Properties: Colourless, Suffocating. highly toxic, irritating: Non-flammable, non-corrosive to all
metals in the absence of water but highly corrosive with all metals in the presence of water or air,
Low COP, Suitable for both reciprocating and rotary compressors, Low operating pressures.
Boiling point is -10°C, Freezing point is - 75.5°C.
Applications: Domestic refrigerators but now are replaced completely with freons.

Freon-11 (F-11)
Chemically known as Trichloromonofluoromethane-CCl3F.
Properties: Non-toxic, Non-flammable, Non-corrosive. Low Operating pressures; Suitable for
centrifugal compressors.
Boiling point is 23.3°C, Freezing point is -111°C.
Applications: Air conditioning of hotels, theaters, departmental stores

Freon-12 (F-12)
Chemically known as Dichlorodifluoromethane methane -CC/2F2.
Properties: Highly stable; non-toxic; non-flammable, non-corrosive, non-explosive; colourless and
odourless liquid, Good miscibility, Suitable for reciprocating, rotary and centrifugal compressors.
Boiling point is - 29.8°C, Freezing point is 157.8°C.
Applications: Most popular and widely used refrigerant - all refrigeration purposes, like domestic
refrigerators, water coolers, freezers, and air conditioning plants.

Freon-22 (F-22)
Chemically known as Monochlorodifluoro methane - CHC/F2. Properties: Non-toxic: non-
flammable, non-corrosive, non-explosive.
More refrigerating effect and less power consumption than F-12. Suitable for reciprocating

17
compressors with the temperature requirements up to 900C
Boiling point is-41.3°C: Freezing point is 160°C.
Applications: All condensing units, all refrigeration applications especially in fast frea units at low
temperatures.

Refrigerant- 500 (R-500)

An Azeotropic mixture of 73.8% of F-12 and 26,2% of F-152, commercially known a carrenb-7.
Properties: Highly soluble in water.18% more refrigerating effect than F-12 Suitable with
reciprocating compressors.
Boiling point is 33.3°C Freezing point is - 159°C.
Applications: Commercial and industrial applications, petroleum industries.

Water
Water is used as a secondary refrigerant if the temperature to be maintained is above 0°C in the
refrigerated space. Water is first cooled by the primary refrigerant and then the chilled water is used
for cooling purposes.
Boiling point is - 100°C, Freezing point is 0°C.
Applications: Air conditioning plants and industrial cooling installations.

Brines
Brines are salt solutions used as secondary refrigerants These are used when the temperature to be
maintained in the refrigerated space is below freezing point of the water.
Example:
1. Sodium chloride brine (NaCl) is a solution of sodium chloride salt and water. It Freezes at -21°C
at a salt concentration of 23% by weight.
2. Calcium chloride brine (CaCl₂) is a solution of calcium chloride salt and water. It freezes at -55°C
at a salt concentration of 30% by weight. Applications: freezing of fish, meat, ice plants and chemical
plants.

18
1.12 Designation of Refrigerant:
Refrigerants are internationally designated as "R" followed by certain numbers such as R-11,R-12,
R-114 etc.
Refrigerants followed by a two-digit number indicates that a refrigerant is derived from methane
base.
Refrigerants followed by a three-digit number indicates that refrigerant is derived from ethane base.
Chemical Formula CmHn ClpFq
Chemical Formula is correct, when: n+p+q=2m+2
Complete Numerical Designation: R(m-1)(n+l)(q)

DESIGNATION OF R-22

Chemical Formula for R-22 is “CHClF2”.

Here, m=1; n=1; q=2; p=1
Chemical formula correction:(1+1+2) = ((2*1) + 2)
:4=4
Numerical designation = R(1-1)(1+1)(2)=R22

1.13 Introduction to diffuser:

Diffuser is the static device. It will raise the pressure of fluid (refrigerant) by
means of converting the kinetic energy. In vapour compression refrigeration system, to solve the
problems of high-speed refrigerant, to use diffuser at compressor inlet and condenser inlet. It raises
the some pressure and temperature of refrigerant before enters the compressor. It reduces the
compressor work. Diffuser at condenser inlet, it smoothly decelerates the incoming refrigerant float
attaining minimum stagnation pressure losses and maximizes static pressure recovery. Due to
pressure recovery, for same refrigerating effect, compressor has to do less work this results
improvement in system efficiency. The diagram of diffuser is shown below fig 1.15

Fig.1.15 Schematic Diagram of Diffuser

19
Use of diffuser at compressor inlet

In the present cycle, initially testing the two diffusers at compressor inlet. Diffuser raises pressure
and temperature of refrigerant before enter the compressor. It reduces the compressor work. Due to
this reduction of the compressor work, system performance will increase. One of the diffuser gives
maximum cop, which will fixed at compressor inlet.

DIMENSIONS OF A DIFFUSER:
Length of diffuser (L) = 20 mm
Entrance outer diameter (d1) = 10 mm
Entrance inner diameter (d2) = 6 mm
Exit outer diameter (D1) = 14 mm
Exit inner diameter (D2) = 10mm
Divergence angles of four diffusers (θ) =12°, 14°

Fig 1.16 Diffuser line diagram

Use of diffuser at compressor inlet

In the present cycle, initially testing the two diffusers at compressor

inlet. Diffuser raises pressure and temperature of refrigerant before entering the compressor. It
reduces the compressor work. Due to this reduction of the compressor work, system performance
will increase. One of the diffuser gives maximum cop, which will fixed at compressor inlet.

20
 CHAPTER-II
LITERATURE REVIEW

A broad variety of research is already being performed to study the coefficient of performance of
the window air conditioning test rig system. The diffuser which is placed before the compressor inlet
is responsible for increasing the coefficient of performance in the window air conditioning test rig.
In this literature to make the project at the lowest cost and get more COP.

JOURNAL BY: Nurul Seraj et al. have studied in this paper the coefficient of performance of the
vapour compression refrigeration system is enhanced by using the diffuser at inlet of the condenser.
For enhancement of coefficient of performance of the system is required if you increase the
refrigeration effect or decrease the power consumption of the compressor input. Basically these two
are the parameters to enhance the COP of the refrigeration system. In this experiment the COP of
the refrigeration system increases by decreasing the compressor work by using a diffuser at the
condenser inlet. The diffuser was placed in between the compressor and condenser. The inlet
diameter of the diffuser is equal to the discharging tube diameter of the compressor and outer
diameter of the diffuser is equal to the inlet tube diameter of the condenser. The diffuser cross
sectional area profile increases. So the COP of the vapour compression refrigeration system is
enhanced.

JOURNAL BY: C. Lokesh et al. to study the experimental data to analyze the performance of the
refrigeration system with and without nozzle at condenser outlet. Due to the nozzle further reduction
of pressure of refrigerant before entering into the evaporator. This improves the refrigerating effect
and cop of the refrigeration system.

JOURNAL BY: B.SanhyaRani et al. In this experiment to design and analysis nozzle at outlet to
condenser in the vapour compression refrigeration cycle. In each component the refrigerant passed
through it and undergoes phase change. High pressure is generated at nozzle that high pressure helps
to achieve the high performance in vapour compression refrigeration system. Further the angle of
nozzle was increases from 10 to 14 degrees. The coefficient of performance increases and decreases
thereafter. But the nozzle of 14 degrees divergent angle gives the batter performance compared with
the other nozzles. The refrigeration increased by 7.16% and 2.6% of compression work was reduced.

21
JOURNAL BY: Dr. B. Sachuthananthan, T.Naresh Kumar, A.Muthu Manokar
In this paper, simulation studies of a one TR window air conditioner were carried out with three
different mixtures of R22 and R290 M1 (50-50) %, M2 (25-75) % and M3 (75-25) %. Performance
parameters like refrigerant mass flow rate, refrigerant capacity, compressor power, C.O.P, condenser
inlet temperature, condenser outlet temperature, capillary tube inlet temperature and compressor
shell inlet temperature were analyzed at varying conditions, evaporator temperature varied from 60C
to120C and condenser temperature varied from 400C to 550C and results were analyzed.
Performance parameters of R22 and R290 are compared using CYCLE _D software. Simulation
results show that R290 has a maximum mass flow rate. Only a marginal variation of capacity is
observed with all working fluids. The condenser inlet temperature is minimum for R290 and
maximum for R22. Condenser outlet temperature variation is marginal for all refrigerants. R290 has
a minimum power consumption and maximum C.O.P. The simulation results show that the use of
hydrocarbon refrigerant (R290) improves the performance of window air conditioner.

JOURNAL BY: Vaibhav K. Dongare1, Siddharth Gurav2, Prajyot Jadhav3

This project is related to the future phase-out of hydro chloro fluoro carbons (HCFCs) used in air
conditioning system. Most commonly used refrigerant is R22. In field of refrigeration everyone
trying to find alternative refrigerants for R-22. Because hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
including R-22 is promised to be banned as per the Montreal protocol. Several refrigerants like
R290, R407C, R410A, R134a are emerged as substitutes to replace R-22, the most widely
used Fluoro carbon refrigerant in the world. It is become necessary to replace the R-22 by other
refrigerants which are environmentally friendly. In this project R-290 (hydrocarbon) is selected as
alternative for R22. Because it has zero Ozone Depletion Potential and almost zero Global Warming
Potential. The product is typically at least 97.5% pure with minimal level of critical impurities
including moisture and unsaturated hydrocarbons. This makes it ideal for use in all type of
refrigeration systems.

22
JOURNAL BY: Lal et al. give experimental investigation on the performance of a window air-
conditioner operated with R22 and M20 refrigerant mixture tested at different refrigerant charge
levels. It was concluded that among the mixtures considered M20 (R407C 80% & HC blend 20%)
had the optimal composition in respect of better COP and per day energy consumption.

2.1 SUMMARY OF LIETERATURE SURVEY:

From above literature survey that we have summarized that
window air conditioning had a long history itself and improvements are made on passing years where
it has now come by using it for both commercial and experimental usage. The window air
conditioning has undergone some improvements by adding new components like diffusers and
nozzles in order to increase the pressure of refrigerant.

2.2 Scope of present work:

The scope of this project work is to design a window air conditioning test rig system
with two different angled diffusers of divergence angle of 12°, 14° are designed for the same inlet
and outlet diameters. The diffusers are used with inlet diameter equal to discharging tube diameter
of compressor and outlet diameter is equal to suction tube diameter of the condenser. In this project
we are evaluating the various parameters such as refrigeration effect & coefficient of performance
(COP) with and without diffusers at compressor inlet.

23
 CHAPTER-III

ORGANIZATION OF THESIS

CHAPTER-I

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER-II About diffuser on window air

LITERATURE REVIEW conditioning system

CHAPTER-III
ORGANIZATION OF
THESIS Components and fabrication of window air
conditioning system.

Manfacturing of diffusers
CHAPTER-IV

DESIGN PROCEDURE
Incorporating the diffusers at compressor
inlet

Readings at various components for

window air conditioning with diffusers
CHAPTER-V
and without diffuser
EXPERIMENTAL
PROCEDURE Calculations at various components for
window air conditioning with diffusers and
without diffuser

CHAPTER-VI
OBSERVATIONS AND
CALCULATIONS

CHAPTER-VII
RESULTS AND
DISCUSSIONS

24
 CHAPTER-IV
DESIGN PROCEDURE
4.1 DESIGN PROCEDURE OF WINDOW AIR CONDITIONING TEST RIG:

Fixing of window air conditioning system on

work bench

In between evaporator and compressor starting

and ending coper pipe is extended with bendings
and 4-way junction is placed with 2 diffusers and
3 valves in the junction

Pressure gauges and thermocouples are placed at

inlet and outlet of 4-way junctions to find the
difference between pressures and temperatures.

These are welded by copper brazing rod with gas

welding and filled with refrigerant to take required
readings to perform experimental calculation of the
system.

25
4.2 Design of diffuser:
Diffuser is a passive device; it will increase the pressure energy by converting the available kinetic energy at
the inlets. The velocity of refrigerant is subsonic in window air conditioning systems and the diffuser can be
manufactured with the following dimensions. The diagrams of diffusers as shown below in figures.

Length of diffuser (L) = 20 mm

Entrance outer diameter (d1) = 10 mm

Entrance inner diameter (d2) = 6 mm

Exit outer diameter (D1) = 14 mm

Exit inner diameter (D2) = 10mm

Divergence angles of four diffusers (θ) = 12°, 14°

Fig.4.1 Diffuser line diagram

26
Fig.4.2 Making of diffuser on lathe machine

Fig.4.3 The top view of diffusers

Fig.4.4. The side view of diffusers

27
4.3 Experimental set up with diffuser at compressor inlet:
It mainly consists of the main system. The main loop is
consisting of a compressor, condenser, capillary tube valve (expansion valve) and evaporator. The
compressor used in this one is hermetically sealed reciprocating type compressor and capacity is 1.5
TOR. The condenser and evaporator both are the coppered single tube. In this single flow tube
condenser, inner side refrigerant flows and air is flows outside of the tube. The refrigerant then flows
into the evaporator through expansion valve. The capillary tube is used to control the flow rate of
the refrigerant into the evaporator coil and also to set the difference pressure. In the one flow tube
evaporator, To minimize the heat losses, the tube is insulated. The two diffusers were tested at
compressor inlet by changing one by one diffuser.
The readings were taken with changing the diffuser at compressor inlet. By using the two pressure
gauges, these gauges are incorporated in the system to note down the pressure at various points
(diffuser inlet, outlet, compressor outlet, condenser outlet and inlet of evaporator). By using the
temperature sensors, to measure the temperatures at various points in the system like as pressure
gauges. The voltage and the current in the system are measured by using the voltmeter and ammeter.
Five digital thermometer thermocouple sensors - 50~80°c are used to measure the temperature at
various positions in the system (Diffuser inlet and outlet, compressor outlet, condenser outlet and
evaporator inlet). Temperatures at different positions mentioned in Fig.4.4 are measured. Power
consumption of the system is constant that is 1020 watts.

Fig4.5 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF WINDOW AIR CONDITIONING TEST RIG WITH

DIFFUSERS AT COMPRESSOR INLET

28
Where
T1-Temperature at diffuser inlet
T2-Temperature at compressor inlet
T3-Temperature at condenser inlet
T4-Temperature at inlet of expansion valve
T5- Temperature at Evaporator Inlet
P1-Pressure at diffuser inlet
P2-Pressure at compressor inlet
D1-Diffuser with angle 12°
D2-Diffuser with angle 14°

In this experimental work a domestic window air conditioning system has been used. In any
compression refrigeration system, there are two different pressure conditions. One is called the low-
p r e s s u r e side (evaporator), a n d another one is high pressure side (condenser), heat is absorbed
in low pressure side and suction line which is entrance to the compressor suction valve is also on the
low-pressure side. The condenser is in high pressure side where the heat is released from the
refrigerant. The compressor outlet valve, liquid receiver by filter-drier and the refrigerant flows the
high-pressure side. Expansion device connects both pressure sides and it is designed such that no
liquid refrigerant will flow through it until and unless the pressure in the evaporator is reduced by
running of the compressor. Refrigerant is sprayed into the evaporator due to low pressure; it boils
rapidly and absorbs heat. The vaporized refrigerant moves back to compressor through the suction
line and it compressed to high pressure side as super-heated vapour. While through the air-cooled
condenser it is cooled, gives up heat that absorbed in the evaporator and returns to liquid then flows
into liquid receiver ready to repeat the cycle of system. The experimental setup of the Window air
conditioning system test rig as shown below in Fig4.6

29
Fig.4.6 Experimental test rig with and without diffuser at compressor inlet

30
The component used in the Window air conditioning test rig are shown in the below table 4.1

Table 4.1 Components used for window air conditioning test rig

S.NO NAME OF THE IMAGE OF

COMPONENT COMPONENT

1 Flare Nut

2 Gauge Adapter
3
Tee Fitting
4
Valve

5
Pressure Gauge

6
Temperature Gauge

Energy Meter

8
Voltmeter and Ammeter

31
 CHAPTER-V
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
5.1 Experimental procedure of window air conditioning test rig without diffuser:

• Identify each component of window air conditioning test rig.

• Record The values of pressure and temperature after the pressure gauges get stabilized.
• Record the energy meter reading.
• Take the entire enthalpy from pressure gauge Stabilized of given refrigerators.
• Now evaluate the theoretical and actual relative COP.

The experimental setup of the water cooler test rig system with and without diffuser at condenser
inlet is shown in the below in Fig.5.1

Fig 5.1 Experimental test rig with and without diffuser at compressor inlet

32
5.2 Experimental procedure of window air conditioning test rig with 12° diffuser
• Identify each component of window air conditioning test rig.
• Record The values of pressure and temperature after the pressure gauges get stabilized.
• Record the energy meter reading.
• Take the entire enthalpy from pressure gauge Stabilized of given refrigerators.
• Now evaluate the theoretical and actual relative COP.

12° Diffuser

Fig.5.2 12° diffuser at compressor inlet

5.3 Experimental procedure of window air conditioning test rig with 14 ° diffuser:
• Identify each component of window air conditioning test rig.
• Record The values of pressure and temperature after the pressure gauges get stabilized.
• Record the energy meter reading.
• Take the entire enthalpy from pressure gauge Stabilized of given refrigerators.
• Now evaluate the theoretical and actual relative COP.

14° Diffuser

Fig.5.3 14° diffuser at compressor inlet

33
 CHAPTER-VI
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

6.1 SPECIFICTIONS OF WINDOW AIR CONDITIONING TEST RIG

1. Refrigerant : R-22
2. Compressor : Hermetically Sealed Type
3. Condenser : Forced Convention
4. Expansion Valve : Forced Convention

6.2 STANDARD VALUES:

Standard barometric pressure = 1.013 bars (OR) 1013*103 N/mm2
Gas Constant of air = 0.287 Kj/Kg K
1.5 Ton of refrigerant effect = 4.517 Kj/ sec

6.1 OBSERVATION TABLE

Observations At Without With With
Diffuser Diffuser Diffuser
At 120 At 140
Manometer Reading L (mm) 2 2 2
Energy meter reading (kwhr) 49.25 49.6 50.30
After compression(T1) 75.3 77 83
R-22 After condensation(T2) 35.8 37 40
REFREGERENT After expansion (T3) 10.5 10.5 11
TEMPERATURE After suction (T4) 35.9 37 17
Suction pressure (p1) 47 52 57
Discharge pressure (p2) 212 222 247
Inlet air temperature DBT1 33 33 33
WBT1 28 28 28
Out let air temperature DBT2 28 27 26
WBT2 25 22 20
Time 12 22 32

34
 CALCULATIONS

Refrigeration table of R-22

The Values for calculation are taken from below table

35
36
Fig6.1 Refrigeration table of R-22

Fig 6.2 P-h chart of R-22

37
CALCULATIONS
A. tonnage capacity = ma(h1 –h2) /3.517 TR
B. manometric head (hf) = L sinƟ
C. density of manometric fluid (ρf) =810 kg / m3
D. Air density (ρa) = pa /Ra Ta
E. Find manometric head (ha): ρaha = ρfhf
F. Find velocity of air (va) = √(2 x g x ha)
G. Discharge (Qa) = Aa x va
H. Mass flow rate of air (ma)
I. Refrigerating effect (React) = ma x (h1 – h2)
J. Tonnage capacity = R.E.act/3.517
K. ACTUAL COP Compressor work = (Final reading – Initial reading) / Time in hour
L. Actual cop = RE/Work
M. Theoretical COP = RE/

Fig.6.3 Psychrometric chart

38
6.3 Calculations of test rig without diffuser at compressor inlet
1. Inlet condition: DBT = 33 0c & WBT = 280c
2. Outlet conditions: DBT = 280c & WBT = 250c
h1 = 82.5 kj/kg
h2 = 53 kj/kg
3. Manometric head (hf)
hf = L sin Ɵ
hf = 2 x sin (5.71)
= 0.1989 mm
4. density of manometric fluid ((ρf)
ρf = density of fluid = 812 kg/ m3

5. Air density (ρa) = pa /Ra Ta

(ρa) = 0.97 x 100000/(289 x 33+275)
= 9.885 kg/m3
6. Find manometric head (ha): ρaha = ρfhf
ha = ρfhf / ρa
= 812 x 0.191 x12-3
ha = 0.089 m
7. Find velocity of air (va) = √(2 x g x ha)
= √(2 x 9.3 x 0.1483)
=1.7050 m/s
8. Discharge (Qa) = Aa x va
=0.0531 x 1.7050
=0.0903 m3/s
9. Mass flow rate of air (ma)
= Qa x ρa 0.0903 x 1.090
=0.0983
10. Refrigerating effect (React) = ma x (h1 – h2 )
=0.0983x 8.5-51
=2.8947

39
 11. Tonnage capacity = R.E.act/3.517
=2.8917/3.517
=0.8232
12. ACTUAL COP Compressor work
= (Final reading – Initial reading) / Time in hour
= 52.30-49.25/30/60
= 3.1 kw

13. Actual cop = RE/Work

=30.8945/2.1
=1.47
14. Theoretical COP = RE/W (or) h4-h3/h1-h4
= 482-252/462-420
=5
6.4 Calculations of test rig with 120 diffuser at compressor inlet

Inlet condition: DBT = 33 0c & WBT = 270c

1. Outlet conditions: DBT = 280c & WBT = 220c
h1 = 82.5 kj/kg
h2 = 55.5 kj/kg
2. Manometric head (hf)
hf= L sin Ɵ
hf = 2 x sin (12)
=0.415 mm
3. density of manometric fluid ((ρf)
ρf = density of fluied = 812 kg/ m3
4. Air density (ρa) = pa /Ra Ta
(ρa) = 0.97 x 100000/(289 x 33+275)
= 2.088 kg/m3
5. Find manometric head (ha) : ρaha = ρfhf
ha = ρfhf / ρa
= 812 x 0.417 x12-3 /2.088
ha = 0.1862 m

40
6. Find velocity of air (va) = √(2 x g x ha)
= √(2 x 9.83 x 0.1862)
=3.38 m/s
7. Discharge (Qa) = Aa x va
=0.0531 x 3.38
=0.126 m3/s
8. Mass flow rate of air (ma)
= Qa x ρa 0.126 x 2.088
=0.238

9. Refrigerating effect (React) = ma x (h1 – h2)

=0.238x 82.5-55.5
=7.27
10. Tonnage capacity = R.E.act/3.517
=7.27/3.517
=2.50
11. ACTUAL COP Compressor work
= (Final reading – Initial reading) / Time in hour
= 52.30-51.25/20/60
= 4.1 kw
12. Actual cop = RE/Work
=7.27/4.1
=1.77
13. Theoretical COP = RE/W (or) h4-h3/h1-h4
= 482-252/462-420
= 5

41
6.5 Calculations of test rig with 140 diffuser at compressor inlet

Inlet condition: DBT = 33 0c & WBT = 260c

1. Outlet conditions: DBT = 280c & WBT = 200c
h1 = 75.5 kj/kg
h2 = 57 kj/kg
2. Manometric head (hf)
hf = L sin Ɵ
hf = 2 x sin (14)
=0.4840 mm
3. density of manometric fluid ((ρf)
ρf = density of fluid = 812 kg/ m3
4. Air density (ρa) = pa /Ra Ta
(ρa) = 0.97 x 100000/(289 x 33+275)
= 3.090 kg/m3
5. Find manometric head (ha) : ρaha = ρfhf
ha = ρfhf / ρa
= 812 x 0.417 x12-3 /3.090
ha = 0.228 m
6. Find velocity of air (va) = √(2 x g x ha)
= √(2 x 9.83 x 0.228)
=3.12 m/s
7. Discharge (Qa) = Aa x va
=0.0531 x 3.12
=1.1113547m3/s
8. Mass flow rate of air (ma)
= Qa x ρa 0.126 x 1.090
=7.7

9. Refrigerating effect (React) = ma x (h1 – h2 )

= 7.37x 75.5-53
= 4.7

42
10. Tonnage capacity = R.E.act/3.517
=4.7/3.517
=2.82
11. ACTUAL COP Compressor work
= (Final reading – Initial reading) / Time in hour
= 52.30-51.25/30/60
= 3.3 kw
12. Actual cop = RE/Work
=4.7/3.3
=2.13
13. Theoretical COP = RE/W (or) h4-h3/h1-h4
= 480-250/460-418
=5

43
 CHAPTER-VII
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Diffuser at compressor inlet Table 6.1 summarizes pressure and temperature readings of
refrigerant at various state points as shown in table 6.1 summarizes refrigerating effect, reduction
in compressor work and coefficient of performance without and with diffuser conditions.

Fig. 7.1 variation of cop without and with diffuser

Figure 7.1 shows the variation of cop with respect to divergence angles. It is observed that
maximum gain in COP at diffuser with divergence angle 14°at pressure of 2.5 bars. Applying first
law thermodynamics to diffuser. It was observed that increase in enthalpy proportional to kinetic
energy of the refrigerant. The rise in enthalpy is without consumption of power from system.
Hence, the compression work is reduced for some refrigerating effect, COP of the system is
increased. During a process through diffuser, pressure and temperature of refrigerant increases.
Due to this variation in pressure and temperature of refrigerant flows through compressor. Hence,
some compression work is reduced

44
 Fig.7.2 Variation of temperature without and with diffuser

Figure 7.2 shows the variation of temperature with divergence angle. Initially temperature at 36°
without using the diffuser. When using diffusers, the temperature decreasing first at 12° divergence
angle and then increases up to certain temperature (37°). This is the maximum temperature at 14°
divergence angle of diffuser is (40°)

Chart Title
60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Pressure At Without Pressure At Diffuser Pressure At Diffuser
Diffuser Angle12° Angle14°

fig 7.3 variation of pressure without and with diffuser

45
Figure 7.3 shows the effect of divergence angles on the diffuser pressure. It is find out that, initially
the pressure at 48 bar without any diffuser(zero degrees). When using the 12° divergence angle of
diffuser pressure is increases to 52 bar and then starts to increases 0.55 bar at 14° and 57 bar at 14°
divergence angle. Then pressure decreases up to 0.34 bar when using the 14° diffuser. At 14°
divergence angle the system given by maximum pressure.

46
 CHAPTER VIII
CONCLUSION

• Experimental investigation has been carried out to place and test the effect of two diffusers
of divergence angle 12° 14° at compressor inlets on water cooler test rig systems.
• The 12°,14° divergence angled diffusers are fixed at the compressor inlet.
• Diffusers at the compressor inlet with 14° divergence angle gives higher coefficient of
performance than the 12° divergence angle diffuser and then normal procedure.
• Diffuser with divergence angle of 14° given the maximum cop (2.13) as compared to 12°
diffuser
• The pressure increases from 47 to 57 bars and the compressor work is reduced by 4%.
Percentage of increase in COP is approximately 4%

47
 CHAPTER-IX
FUTURE SCOPE

The present work on the Window air conditioning test rig system which has been carried out by
our batch has provided an efficient novel refrigeration system. Many operation and design
parameters have been considered in this research. However, there are still many other areas that
can be investigated. Recommended future studies are as follows:

● For different application areas, the cycle may be analyzed for different types of refrigerants.
● Research can be done on finding the optimum size of the diffuser by varying the shape and size so
that it gives its best results.
● Research can be done on the finding coefficient of performance of combined diffusers placed at
compressor inlet.
● In the cycle the capillary is replaced with a Solenoidal valve to increase its performance.
● In this cycle the diffuser is replaced with heat exchangers to find the COP.
● In this cycle the diffuser is replaced with nozzles to increase the COP.

48
 CHAPTER-X
REFERENCES
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