1.

Discuss your understanding about what it means Artificial Intelligence and the opportunities it
creates for improving societal life style? (2 marks)

Positive Impacts of Artificial Intelligence on Society

Artificial intelligence can dramatically improve the efficiencies of our workplaces and can
augment the work humans can do. When AI takes over repetitive or dangerous tasks, it frees up
the human workforce to do work they are better equipped for—tasks that involve creativity and
empathy among others. If people are doing work that is more engaging for them, it could
increase happiness and job satisfaction.

With better monitoring and diagnostic capabilities, artificial intelligence can dramatically
influence healthcare. By improving the operations of healthcare facilities and medical
organisations, AI can reduce operating costs and save money. One estimate from McKinsey
predicts big data could save medicine and pharma up to $100B annually. The true impact will be
in the care of patients. Potential for personalised treatment plans and drug protocols as well as
giving providers better access to information across medical facilities to help inform patient care
will be life-changing.

Our society will gain countless hours of productivity with just the introduction of autonomous
transportation and AI influencing our traffic congestion issues not to mention the other ways it
will improve on-the-job productivity. Freed up from stressful commutes, humans will be able to
spend their time in a variety of other ways.

The way we uncover criminal activity and solve crimes will be enhanced with artificial
intelligence. Facial recognition technology is becoming just as common as fingerprints. The use
of AI in the justice system also presents many opportunities to figure out how to effectively use
the technology without crossing an individual’s privacy.

Unless you choose to live remotely and never plan to interact with the modern world, your life
will be significantly impacted by artificial intelligence. While there will be many learning
experiences and challenges to be faced as the technology rolls out into new applications, the
expectation will be that artificial intelligence will generally have a more positive than negative
impact on society.
Benefits of AI for people
AI could help people with improved health care, safer cars and other transport systems, tailored,
cheaper and longer-lasting products and services. It can also facilitate access to information,
education and training. The need for distance learning became more important because of the
Covid-19 pandemic. AI can also make workplace safer as robots can be used for dangerous parts
of jobs, and open new job positions as AI-driven industries grow and change.

Opportunities of artificial intelligence for businesses

For businesses, AI can enable the development of a new generation of products and services,
including in sectors where European companies already have strong positions: green and circular
economy, machinery, farming, healthcare, fashion, tourism. It can boost sales, improve machine
maintenance, increase production output and quality, improve customer service, as well as save
energy.
AI opportunities in public services

AI used in public services can reduce costs and offer new possibilities in public transport,
education, energy and waste management and could also improve the sustainability of products.
In this way AI could contribute to achieving the goals of the EU Green Deal.
Strengthening democracy

Democracy could be made stronger by using data-based scrutiny, preventing disinformation and
cyber attacks and ensuring access to quality information . AI could also support diversity and
openness, for example by mitigating the possibility of prejudice in hiring decisions and using
analytical data instead.

AI, security and safety

AI is predicted to be used more in crime prevention and the criminal justice system, as massive
data sets could be processed faster, prisoner flight risks assessed more accurately, crime or even
terrorist attacks predicted and prevented. It is already used by online platforms to detect and react
to unlawful and inappropriate online behaviour.
In military matters, AI could be used for defence and attack strategies in hacking and phishing or
to target key systems in cyberwarfare.

Internet of Things (IoT)

• Internet of Things is a system of interrelated computing devices or objects which

have the ability to transfer the data over a network without requiring any human to
human or human to computer interaction uniquely addressable, based on standard
communication protocol.
• It is a giant network of connected things, capturing the data about the way they are
used and the environment around them.
• When we speak about the “Things” in IoT, these are objects not precisely
identifiable.
• The sensors are used in the devices and objects and these feed the data to various
IoT platforms.
• Further, IoT platforms are used to gather the pinpointed information, detect
patterns.
• Thus, with the above process the IoT helps the organizations and institutions in
reducing the cost through improved processes efficiency, asset utilization and
productivity.
Different Names of IoT
• Internet of Everything • Smarter Planet
• Machine to Machine (M2M) • The Fog
• T-sensors (Trillion Sensors) • The Industrial Internet
• Industry 4.0 • Internet of Things (IoT)
Reasons of IoT

 Data deluge: The explosion of the amount of data collected and exchanged is one of the major
reason why IoT came in existence. Forecasts indicate that in the year 2015 more than 220
Exabytes
of data are stored. So we need novel mechanisms to find, fetch, and transmit data.
 There is decrease in energy required to operate intelligent devices. The search will be for a
zero
level of entropy where the device or system will have to harvest its own energy.
 Miniaturization of devices: the devices are becoming increasingly smaller.
 Autonomic management: the devices/systems of future will have self-management, self-
healing,
and self-configuration capabilities.
 IPv6 as an integration layer: allows to exploit the potential of IPv6 and related standards.
Internet of Things Enablers

• Energy • Intelligence • Communication

• Integration • Interoperability • Standards
• Internet for Devices • Internet for Non Human
• Internet for M2M communication

Major Components of IOT

The following are the core components of IoT.

1. Sensor device:
 They are mainly input components
 Use of sensors such as accelerometers, GPS, etc and collect surrounding information
from multiple sources.
 typically measures or identifies a particular physical quantity.
 convert the physical properties to electrical signals understandable by machines.
 are ubiquitous.
 Basically, three types:
 Passive, omnidirectional (e.g. mic)
 Passive, narrow-beam sensor (e.g. PIR)
 Active sensors (e.g. sonar, radar, etc.)
 Challenged by power consumption, security, interoperability
2. Networks (Connectivity):
 data is collected and sent to cloud storage.
 Use of cellular, satellite, Wi-Fi Networks, WAN, Bluetooth to promote a gateway for
connection.
 Challenged by the enormous growth in number of connected devices; availability of
networks coverage; security and power consumption
3. Standards(processing):
software performs big data analytics for the collected data;
helps to detect unauthorized activity; sends an alert notification to end-user
4. Intelligent Analysis (User interface): provides detailed processed information of the data
provided via dashboards
Sensors
– They are mainly input components
– They sense and collect surrounding information
– Basically, three types:
• Passive, omnidirectional (e.g. mic)
• Passive, narrow-beam sensor (e.g. PIR)
• Active sensors (e.g. sonar, radar, etc.)
IoT Threats
• Default, weak, and hardcoded credentials
• Firmware and OS are difficult to update
• Lack of vendor support for repairing vulnerabilities
• Web interface vulnerability
• Open ports can be vulnerable
• Error in Coding
• Distributed Denial-of-Service
• Physical theft and tampering

Q2. IoT is revolutionizing industries by connecting devices and enabling real-time data-driven decisions.
In key industries like smart cities, healthcare, agriculture, and logistics, IoT technology is driving
efficiency and innovation. An IoT application is a system that connects everyday devices — like sensors,
machines, or gadgets — to the internet or wireless connection, allowing them to collect and share data.

These applications help monitor, automate, and improve various tasks, from tracking your health to
managing city traffic. By gathering real-time information, IoT applications make everything work more
smoothly and efficiently, whether it’s on a farm, in a hospital, or in a smart home.
Implementing IoT products brings exciting benefits that can completely transform the way businesses
operate:

Boost Efficiency: IoT automates routine tasks and optimizes resources, meaning faster operations with
less waste.

Real-Time Control: IoT gives businesses instant access to valuable big data, helping them solve problems
as they happen.

Cut Costs: Predictive maintenance and smarter energy use keep expenses low.

Greater Security: IoT tracks everything in real time, improving safety for assets and employees.

Personalized Experiences: For customers, IoT offers tailored services, making interactions smoother and
more engaging.

Give some real-world application of IoT in Ethiopia

1. On Agriculture: In Ethiopia collecting information like fertility of the soil, rainfall, growth of
crops, temperature, downfall and information regarding colony of seeds, etc. can be collected
with the help of IOT. It helps the growers to gain information regarding all farming conditions.
With the help of internet technology, farming processes can be covered through detectors, smart
cameras, mobile operations and bias like mini chips. Through IOT the automated internet
technology, farmers can utilize farming resource efficiently.
2. ON defense force
3. ON Education
4. On Healthcare
5. Medical
6. Smart cities