Unit I

Hazard

✓ A hazard is the potential of a substance, activity or process to cause harm.

✓ Hazards generally fall into six broad groups;

For example: Physical, Chemical, Ergonomic, Biological & Workload

✓ However, most accidents at work happen because people haven’t noticed a

hazard or they underestimated how hazardous the situation really is.

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 Types of Hazards

Physical hazards
✓ Physical hazards can affect those who work in extreme weather conditions or in
harmful environments.

✓ Workers that are exposed to continuous loud noise, radiation, sun rays and
ultraviolet rays could be at risk.

✓ Physical hazards most commonly affect individuals who work outside in the
sun for long periods of time.

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Safety Hazards
✓ Safety hazards can affect any employee but these are more likely to affect those
who work with machinery or on a construction site.

✓ Safety hazards include slips, trips and falls, operating dangerous machinery and
electrical hazards.

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Biological hazards
✓ Biological hazards are extremely dangerous.

✓ These include exposure to dangerous substances and diseases associated with

working amongst animals, people, or infectious plant materials.

✓ Employees who work in hospitals, laboratories or various other outdoor

occupations are at risk from biological hazards.

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Ergonomic hazards
✓ Ergonomic hazards affect individuals whose work puts a strain on their body.

✓ Manual roles that require lifting or sitting for long periods can cause damage
over time.

✓ These hazards may not be noticeable at first which makes them much harder to
identify.

✓ If your staff use improperly adjusted workstations or have poor posture when
performing manual roles and heavy lifting, they may be at risk of injury.

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Chemical hazards

✓ Chemical hazards mainly threaten employees whose roles expose them to

dangerous liquids, solvents or flammable gases.

✓ Individuals who are most likely to be affected are those working in cleaning
facilities, engineers and employees in field based roles.

✓ Exposure to harmful chemicals can cause illness, skin irritation, breathing

problems and, in extreme cases, death.

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Workload hazards

✓ Workload hazards include issues that could cause stress or strain, such as
workload, violence or aggression.

✓ These hazards can be experienced in any job role, however, lone workers may
struggle to voice concerns due to their isolated work environment.

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 Hazard Identification – Construction Site

Walk around audit Identified Hazards

(Direct observation) 1. Underground utilities
2. Soil collapse
Methods Checklist 3. Ground water seepage
4. Slips and trips
5. Poor access
Previous safety reports 6. Fall from height
7. Struck by object
8. Entanglement
9. Noise
Physical (Manual handling, 10. Improper work posture
Classification ergonomics, fire) 11. Unskilled operation
Mechanical (Machineries) 12. Stack collapse
13. Overhead powerlines
Chemical (Flammables) 14. Poor maintenance
15. Inhalation of dust
Electrical 16. Fall of objects
17. Vibration

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 Risk

Risk is the combination of the likelihood of a hazardous event and the

consequence of the event. A risk can be reduced and the hazard controlled by good
management.

Risk = likelihood x consequence

✓ The likelihood is the chance that the hazardous event will occur.

✓ Consequence is the outcome of the hazardous event.

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 Safety Terminology
Hazard - Something with the potential to cause harm.

Risk - The likelihood that a hazard will cause harm in combination with the
severity of injury damage or loss that might occur.

Accident - An unplanned, unwanted event which leads to injury damage or loss

Near Miss - An unplanned, unwanted event that had the potential to lead to injury
damage loss but did not in fact do so.

Dangerous Occurrence - A specific event that has to be reported to the relevant

authority by statue of law.

Health - The absence of disease.

Safety - The absence of risk of serious personal injury.

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Major Accident Hazard (MAH) is a source of danger that has the potential to cause
a major incident, whether that involves multiple fatalities and/or significant
damage to plant, equipment or the environment. Managing MAH is vital to safe
operations.

Error’s can be of different types viz, human error, design error, planning,
production, operation and maintenance error.

Confined space is enclosed from all sides except one for entering inside and
coming our from the same. Eg., manhole or open top. Possible risk in the confined
space are reduced oxygen level, toxic gas, high temperature, sudden flow or
pressure.

Unsafe act negative act i.e., omission to perform an act which a prudent man
should not have done and which result in hazard, accident or injury.

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Unsafe condition means an existence of a physical, mechanical, chemical or
environmental condition which may cause hazard or accident.

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 Unsafe Acts - Examples

✓ Unauthorized use or operation of equipment.

✓ Failure to secure or tie down, or stacking/loading in an unbalanced manner
against unexpected movement.
✓ Working at an unsafe speed. This includes running and jumping or taking
shortcuts.
✓ Failure to warn or signal when moving carts or other equipment around corners
and in blind spots to alert others to your location.
✓ Removing or making safety devices inoperative
✓ Using defective tools or equipment.
✓ Using tools or equipment in an unsafe manner.
✓ Standing in an unsafe place or assuming an unsafe posture.
✓ Servicing moving or working equipment.
✓ Failure to wear personal protective equipment.

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 Unsafe Conditions - Examples

✓ Lack of adequate guards or safety devices.

✓ Lack of adequate warning systems (e.g. fire alarms, etc.)

✓ Fire and explosion hazards.

✓ Poor housekeeping, especially slippery surfaces.

✓ Hazardous atmospheric conditions (e.g. ice, snow, rain, heat, sun).

✓ Hazardous arrangement, placement, storage.

✓ Hazardous defects in tools, equipment, etc.

✓ Inadequate illumination, intense noise.

✓ Hazardous personal attire.

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 Student Activity
Identify the type of activity shown in the figures below (unsafe acts, unsafe
conditions, accidents, injury, near miss)

Figure 1 Figure 2

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 Figure 3

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 Figure 4

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 Figure 5

Fig 5 (a) Fig 5 (b) Fig 5 (c) Fig 5 (d )

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 Concept of Safety
✓ Safety is a state in which hazards and conditions leading to physical,
psychological or material harm are controlled in order to preserve the health
and well-being of individuals and the community.

✓ The concept of safety has been developed as a basic need of human protection.

✓ It is obviously and essentially necessary to protect lives of human beings and

all living creature from natural and manmade hazards and to prevent the
property losses.

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✓ For this purpose, the concept includes various methods of

1. Hazard detection & inspection

2. Measurement, assessment and application of safety measures

3. Prevention and control

4. Occupational health & hygiene and environmental protection

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Sources of information for health and safety:
✓ When anybody, whether a health and safety professional, a manager or an
employee, is met with a health and safety problem, they will need to consult
various sources of information.

✓ The sources of this information may be internal to the organization and/ or

external to it.

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Internal sources - which should be available within the organization include:

✓ accident and ill-health records and investigation reports

✓ absentee records

✓ inspection and audit reports undertaken by the organization

✓ maintenance, risk assessment and training records

✓ documents which provide information to workers

✓ any equipment examination or test reports.

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External sources - which are available outside the organization include:

✓ health and safety legislation

✓ HSE publications, such as approved codes of practice, guidance documents,

leaflets, journals, books and their website

✓ health and safety magazines and journals

✓ specialist technical and legal publications

✓ information and data from manufacturers and suppliers

✓ the internet and encyclopaedias.

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The framework for health and safety

✓ Commercially successful organizations usually have good health and safety

management systems in place.

✓ The principles of good and effective management provide a sound basis for the
improvement of health and safety performance.

✓ We can identify five key elements involved in a successful health and safety
management system.

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1. Policy – a clear health and safety policy contributes to business efficiency and
continuous improvement throughout the operation.

2. Organizing – A well-defined health and safety organization offering a shared

understanding of the organization’s values and beliefs.

3. Planning and implementing – A clear health and safety plan involves the
setting and implementation of performance standards, targets and procedures

4. Measure – This includes both active (sometimes called proactive) and reactive
monitoring to check the effectiveness.

5. Review– The results of monitoring and independent audits should be

systematically reviewed to evaluate the performance of the management system
against the objectives and targets.

6. Auditing – An independent and structured audit of all parts of the health and
safety management system reinforces the review process.
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 Disasters

Disasters are the hazards that cause destruction or environmental changes

Types

✓ Natural disaster

✓ Man made disaster

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 Natural Disaster

A natural disaster is the effect of a natural hazard (e.g., flood, tornado, hurricane,
volcanic eruption, earthquake, landslide

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 Top 10 natural disaster

✓ Cyclone

✓ Earthquake

✓ Tornado

✓ Volcanic eruption

✓ Tsunami

✓ Flood

✓ Drought

✓ Avalanche

✓ Landslide

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 Cyclone
✓ In meteorology, a cyclone is a
large scale air mass that rotates
around a strong center of low
atmospheric pressure, counter
clockwise in the Northern
Hemisphere and clockwise in the
Southern Hemisphere as viewed
from above (opposite to an
anticyclone).

✓ Cyclones are characterized by

inward-spiraling winds that rotate
about a zone of low pressure.
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✓ The centre of the storm is called the eye and it has the calmest water and the
lowest pressure

✓ The biggest cyclone recorded is the Bhola cyclone. It hit coast of today’s
Bangladesh in 1970 with a death of 3,00,000 people.

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 Earthquakes

✓ It is the result of sudden release of energy from the earth’s crust that creates
seismic waves

✓ They are measured using seismograph

✓ The Valdivia earthquake is the biggest earthquake ever recorded. It hit Chile on
May 22, 1960 with a magnitude of 9.5 Richter scale & death of around 6000

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 Tornados (Twisters)

✓ A tornado is a violently rotating

column of air that is touching both the
ground and a cumulonimbus cloud.

✓ Tornado conditions are caused when

different temperatures and humidity
meet to form thunder clouds
✓ Twisters can attain speed upto 100 miles an hour
✓ The deadliest tornado recorded in Daultipur and Salturia, Bangladesh on April
26th, 1989. Death – 1300 & injured – 12,000

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 Volcanic Eruption
✓ A Volcano is an opening in a
planet’s surface which allows
hot magma to escape from the
surface.

✓ Study of volcano is called

volcanology and volcanic
eruptions are measured using
volcanic explosivity index.

✓ The biggest volcanic eruption

is Mount Tambora, Indonesia
on April 10, 1815. Death –
71,000
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 Tsunami

✓ A tsunami 'harbour wave’, is a

series of waves in a water body
caused by the displacement of a
large volume of water, generally
in an ocean or a large lake.

✓ The tsunami caused by 2004 in

Indian ocean by earthquake is
the deadliest natural disaster
with a dead of 2,80,000

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 Floods

✓ Floods are caused when water

overflows from a water body

✓ One of the biggest flood in the

world is the Yellow river flood
in China in 1887 which killed
around 9,00,000

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 Drought

✓ Drought is a prolonged dry period

in the natural climate cycle that can
occur anywhere in the world.

✓ It is a slow-onset disaster
characterized by the lack of
precipitation, resulting in a water
shortage.

✓ Drought can have a serious impact

on health, agriculture, economies,
energy and the environment.

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 Avalanches

✓ An avalanche is a rapid flow of

snow down a hill or mountainside.

✓ Although avalanches can occur on

any slope given the right
conditions, certain times of the
year and certain locations are
naturally more dangerous than
others.

✓ Wintertime, particularly from ✓ The biggest avalanche happened in

December to April, is when most Mt. Huascaran, Peru killing 20,000
avalanches tend to happen. people

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 Landslide

✓ A landslide is the movement of rock,

earth, or debris down a sloped section
of land.

✓ Landslides are caused by rain,

earthquakes, volcanoes, or other
factors that make the slope unstable.

✓ Geologists, scientists who study the

physical formations of the Earth,
sometimes describe landslides as one
type of mass wasting.

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 CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS

UNSAFE ACTS

Not following

❖ Safety norms applicable to them.

❖ Standing orders of the company.

❖ Plant safety rules.

❖ Safety instructions.

❖ Safety tips.

❖ Accident prevention instructions.

 CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS

Not using:

❖ Safety guards.

❖ Safety gadgets (PPEs)

❖ Recommended speeds & feeds.

❖ Not using right tool for right job/ use of worn-out/ non-standard tools.
 CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS

Other misc. causes:

❖ Horse play at the Shop floor.

❖ Disturbing the concentration of others by throwing items, talking.

❖ Operating dangerous machines without training, without knowing, without

orders etc.

❖ Short-cuts methods.
❖ Not reporting in-time and. defects noticed

❖ Bad house keeping.

❖ Improper cleaning of tool/ job.

❖ Not using proper and suitable PPE.

 CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS

PERSONAL FACTORS

❖ Faulty attitudes like lack of attention, irresponsibility, recklessness

❖ Defective vision

❖ Lack of sleep

❖ Risk taking tendency

❖ Alcohol/ drug habits

❖ Worry and emotion

❖ Physical fitness
UNSAFE CONDITIONS

❖ Faulty Mechanical Conditions

❖ No provision of guards

❖ Improper ventilations

❖ Poor illumination

❖ No caution boards/ notice boards

❖ Improper maintenance & periodical maintenance inspection

 CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS

NATURAL CALAMITIES

❖ Lightening

❖ Floods

❖ Collapsing of building

❖ Earthquake
 THE TRAINED & ALERT WORKER

IS SAFER
IN AN
UNSAFE CONDITION

UNTRAINED & UNALERT IS UNSAFE

WORKER IN A
SAFE CONDITION
 ACCIDENT ASSESSMENT METHOD IN YOUR SHOP (Example)

Activity:Scrap lifting from shop floor

Hazard: Falling of heavy scrap from low height

Risk: Injury to men

Controlled by: PPE (safety shoe, hand gloves) and Safety Work Instruction
 OH&S Management System - ISO 45001

✓ An occupational health & safety management system is a coordinated and

systematic approach to manage health & safety risk.

What is ISO 45001?

✓ ISO 45001 is a global standard for occupational health and safety management
systems

✓ Specifies requirements for an OHS MS

✓ Applies to all types and sizes of organization

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 Development of ISO 45001

✓ OHSAS 18001:1999 (1st issue)

✓ OHSAS 18001:2007 (2nd issue)

✓ ISO 45001:2018 (1st issue)

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 ISO 45001:2018

✓ ISO 45001:2018 replaces OHSAS 18001:2007 as the globally recognized

occupational health and safety management system certification standard.

✓ ISO 45001:2018 is a key driver for any organization managing occupational

health and safety in the workplace.

✓ The standard sets out key requirements for managing occupational health and
safety and is a tool for facilitating improvement in overall health and safety
performance.

✓ It encourages more internal and external stakeholder focus as part of the

adoption of a risk-based approach to health and safety management.

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 Objectives of ISO 45001:2018

✓ Help organization to minimize the risk of harm to all those working under their
control

✓ Provide a platform for continual improvement in OH&S performance

✓ Integrate OH&S within an organization’s overall business management system

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 PDCA Cycle

All ISO management system standards use the same, simple concept : Plan, Do,
Check, Act. This is often referred to as the “ PDCA cycle ”.

When you implement an OH&S management system you must understand your

context — who you are, what you do, where you do it and who could get ill or

hurt.

You must also take the lead on making your workplace healthy and safe

and get the workers involved.

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1. Plan - plan what you need to do to prevent workplace ill health and injuries
and how you are going to do it

2. Do - do what you say you are going to do

3. Check - check how well it is working

4. Act - fix problems and look for ways to make what you are doing even more
effective

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Migrating from OHSAS 18001 to ISO 45001
✓ If your organization currently holds accredited OHSAS 18001 certification,
you will have three years from the formal publication of the new standard in
which to migrate to the new ISO 45001 standard.

To best prepare for this, holders of OHSAS 18001 are advised to work through the
following steps:

✓ Obtain a copy of the new standard

✓ Set your company's strategy and engage stakeholders

✓ Develop an implementation plan

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✓ Ensure any new competency requirements are met and create awareness for all
parties that have an impact on the effectiveness of the Occupational Health and
Safety Management System (OHSMS)

✓ Review and confirm leadership roles, responsibilities and accountabilities

✓ Review systems for the management of outsourced products and services

✓ Review and understand the requirements for risks and opportunities

✓ Ensure that the requirements for "Documented Information" are understood

✓ Update the existing OHSMS to meet the new requirements and provide
verification of its effectiveness

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 Why ISO 45001 developed?

✓ Growing demand for a management system based standard for OH&S

✓ Need for health and safety management system that could be audited and
certified

✓ Rising health and safety costs

✓ Increased regulation

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 Benefits to an Organization for implementing an OH & S
Management System
✓ Improved OH&S Performance – Prevent health & safety hazard

✓ Reduced liability

✓ Fewer accidents

✓ Reduced costs – Prevent ill health in the first place

✓ Improved public image – Enhanced customer trust, Competitive advantage

✓ Better access to capital

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