WAKANKAR GROUP TUITIONS

Ch.-01- Similarity
THEORY 1.1 Basic Concept
1
Area of a triangle = Base × Height
2
Condition 1:
The ratio of the areas of two triangles is equal to the ratio of the products of their bases and
corresponding heights.
Base of a triangle is b1 and height is h1. Base of another triangle is b2 and height is h2. Then the
A1 b × h1
ratio of their areas i.e. = 1 .
A2 b2 × h2
Condition 2:
If the heights of both triangles are equal then–

A(ΔABC) b1
 =
A(ΔPQR) b2
Property:
The ratio of the areas of two triangles with equal height is equal to the ratio of their
corresponding bases.
Condition 3:
If the bases of both triangles are same or equal then
A(ΔABC) h
= 1
A(ΔAPB) h2
Property:
The ratio of the areas of two triangles with equal bases is equal to the ratio of their
corresponding heights.
Theory 1.2 Basic proportionally theorem
Theorem : If a line parallel to a side of a triangle intersects the remaining sides in two
distinct points, then the line divides the sides in the same proportion.
Given : In ABC line l || line BC and line l
intersects AB and AC in point P and Q respectively
AP AQ
To prove: =
PB QC
Construction : Draw seg PC and seg BQ

Proof: APQ and PQB have equal heights.

A(ΔAPQ) AP
 = …. (I) (areas proportionate to bases)
A(ΔPQB) PB

1
 WAKANKAR GROUP TUITIONS
A(ΔAPQ) AQ
and = …. (II) (areas proportionate to bases)
A(ΔPQC) QC
seg PQ is common base of PQB and PQC. seg PQ || seg BC,
hence PQB and PQC have equal heights.
A(PQB) = A(PQC) …. (III)
A(ΔAPQ) A(ΔAPQ)
= …. [from (I), (II) and (III)]
A(ΔPQB) A(ΔPQC)
AP AQ
 = …. [from (I) and (II)]
PB QC
Converse of Basic proportionality theorem
Theorem : If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same
ratio, then the line is parallel to the third side. In
figure, line l intersects the side AB and side AC of
ABC in the points P and Q respectively and
AP AQ
= , hence line l || seg BC.
PB QC

Property of an angle bisector of a triangle

Theorem : The bisector of an angle of a triangle divides the side opposite to the angle in the
ratio of the remaining sides.
Given : In ABC, bisector of C intersects seg AB in the point E.
AE CA
To prove : =
EB CB
Construction : Draw a line parallel to ray CE, passing through the point B.
Extend AC so as to intersect it at point D.
Proof : Ray CE || ray BD and AD is transversal,
 ACE = CDB …. (corresponding
angles) ….(I)
Now taking BC as transversal
ECB = CBD …. (alternate angle)
….(II)
But ACE  ECB …. (given) ….(III)
 CBD  CDB …. [from (I), (II) and (III)]
In CBD, side CB  side CD …. (sides opposite to congruent angles)
 CB = CD …. (IV)
Now in ABD, seg EC || seg BD …. (construction)
AE AC
 = …. (Basic proportionality theorem) ….(V)
EB CD
AE AC
 = …. [from (IV) and (V)]
EB CB

2
 WAKANKAR GROUP TUITIONS
Converse of angle bisector theorem
AB BD
If in ABC, point D on side BC such that = ,
AC DC
then ray AD bisects BAC.

Intercept made by three parallel lines

Theorem : The ratio of the intercepts made on a transversal by three parallel lines is equal
to the ratio of the corresponding intercepts made on any other transversal by the
same parallel lines.
Given : line l || line m || line n
t1 and t2 transversals.
Transversals t1 intersects the lines in points A, B, C
and t2 intersects the lines in points P, Q, R.
AB PQ
To prove : =
BC QR
Proof : Draw seg PC, which intersects line m at point D.
In ACP, BD || AP
AB PD
 = … (I) (Basic proportionality theorem)
BC DC
In CPR, DQ || CR
PD PQ
 = … (II) (Basic proportionality theorem)
DC QR
AB PD PQ
 = = … from (I) and (II).
BC DC QR
AB PQ
 =
BC QR
Theory 1.3 Similar triangles

In ABC and DEF, if A  D, B  E,

C  F
AB BC AC
and = =
DE EF DF
then ABC and DEF are similar triangles.
‘ABC and DEF are similar’ is expressed as ‘ABC ~ DEF’
Proof of AAA test
Given : In ABC and PQR, A  P, B  Q, C  R.
To prove : ABC ~ PQR
Let us assume that ABC is bigger than PQR. Mark point  on AB, and point N on AC such
that AM = PQ and AN = PR.
In AMN & PQR
AM = PQ 
 construction
AN = PR 

3
 WAKANKAR GROUP TUITIONS
MAN  QPR given
 AMN  PQR …… SAS test
 M  Q 
 c.a.c.t ……(I)
& N  R 
B  Q 
But  given ……(II)
& C  R 
 M  B 
 from (I) & (II)
& N  C 
 MN || BC
AM AN
Now using basic proportionality theorem, =
MB NC
MB NC
That is= …… (by invertendo)
AM AN
MB + AM NC + AN
= …… (by componendo)
AM AN
AB AC
 =
AM AN
AB AC
 =
PQ PR
AB BC
Similarly it can be shown that =
PQ QR
AB BC AC
 =   ABC ~  PQR
PQ QR PR
AAA test of similarity of triangles
For a given corresponding of vertices, when corresponding angles of two triangle are
congruent, then the two triangle are similar.
In  ABC and  PQR, in the
correspondence ABC  PQR if
A  P, B  Q and C  R then 
ABC ~ PQR.
SAS test of similarity of triangles
For a given correspondence of vertices of two triangles, if two pairs of corresponding sides are
in the same proportion and the angles between them are congruent, then the two triangles are
similar.
For example, if in KLM and RST,
KLM  RST
KL LM
=
RS ST
Therefore, KLM ~ RST ….. by SAS test

4
 WAKANKAR GROUP TUITIONS
SSS test for similarity of triangles
For a given correspondence of vertices of two
triangles, when three sides of a triangle are in
proportion to corresponding three sides of
another triangle, then the two triangles are
similar.
For example, if in PQR and XYZ,
PQ QR PR
If = =
YZ XY XZ
then PQR ~ ZYX
Properties of similar triangles :
(1) ABC ~ ABC – Reflexivity
(2) If ABC ~ DEF then DEF ~ ABC – Symmetry
(3) If ABC ~ DEF and DEF ~ GHI, then ABC ~ GHI – Symmetry

Theory 1.4 Theorem of areas of similar triangles

Theorem : When two triangles are similar, the ratio of areas of those triangles is
equal to the ratio of the squares of their corresponding sides.

Given : ABC ~ PQR, AD  BC, PS  QR

2 2
A(ΔABC) AB BC AC2
To prove : = = =
A(ΔPQR) PQ 2 QR 2 PR 2
A(ΔABC) BC × AD BC AD
Proof : = = × …. (I)
A(ΔPQR) QR × PS QR PS
In ABD and PQS,
B = Q …. given
ADB = PSQ = 90o
 According to AA test ABD ~ PQS
AD AB
 = …. (II)
PS PQ
But ABC ~ PQR
AB BC
 = …. (III)
PQ QR
From (I), (II) and (III)
2 2
A(ΔABC) BC AD BC BC BC AB AC2
= × = × = 2 = =
A(ΔPQR) QR PS QR QR QR PQ 2 PR 2

Write the theory related to worksheet before solving the problems.

5
 WAKANKAR GROUP TUITIONS

Ch.-02- Pythagoras Theorem

THEORY 2.1 Pythagoras Triplet
In a triplet of natural numbers, if the square of the largest number is equal to the sum of the
squares of the remaining two numbers then the triplet is called Pythagorean triplet.
Formula for Pythagorean triplet:
If a, b, c are natural numbers and a > b, then [(a2 + b2), (a2  b2), (2ab)] is Pythagorean triplet.
 (a2 + b2)2 = a4 + 2a2b2 + b4 ……. (I)
(a2  b2)2 = a4  2a2b2 + b4 ……. (II)
(2ab)2 = 4a2b2 ……(III)
 by (I), (II) and (III), (a + b ) = (a  b ) + (2ab)2
2 2 2 2 2 2

 [(a2 + b2), (a2  b2), (2ab)] is Pythagorean Triplet.

(I) Property of 30o  60o  90o triangle.
If acute angles of a right angled triangle are 30o and 60o, then side opposite 30o angle is half of
3
the hypotenuse and the side opposite to 60o angle is times the hypotenuse.
2
(II) Property of 45o  45o  90o
If the acute angles of a right angled triangle are 45o and 45o, then each of the perpendicular
1
sides is times the hypotenuse.
2
Similarity and right angled triangle
Theorem : In a right angled triangle, if the altitude is drawn to the hypotenuse, then the two
triangles formed are similar to the original triangle and to each other.
Given : In ABC, ABC = 90o, seg BD  seg AC, ADC
To prove : ADB ~ ABC
BDC ~ ABC
ADB ~ BDC
Proof : In ADB and ABC
DAB  BAC …
(common angle)
ADB  ABC … (each 90o)
ADB ~ ABC … (AA test)
… (I)
In BDC and ABC
BCD  ACB … (common angle)
BDC  ABC … (each 90o)
BDC ~ ABC … (AA test) … (II)
ADB ~ BDC from (I) and (II) … (III)
 from (I) , (II) and (II), ADB ~ BDC ~ ABC … (transitivity)

6
 WAKANKAR GROUP TUITIONS
Theorem of geometric mean
In a right angled triangle, the perpendicular segment to the hypotenuse from the opposite
vertex, is the geometric mean of the segments into which the hypotenuse is divided.
Proof : In right angled triangle PQR, seg QS  hypotenuse PR
QSR ~ PSQ …. (similarity of right
triangles)
QS SR
=
PS SQ
QS SR
=
PS QS
QS = PS  SR
2

seg QS is the ‘geometric mean’ of seg PS and SR.

Pythagoras Theorem
In a right angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the
sum of the squares of remaining two sides.
Given : In ABC, ABC = 90o
To prove : AC2 = AB2 + BC2
Construction : Draw perpendicular seg BD on side AC.
ADC.
Proof : In right angled ABC, seg BD  hypotenuse AC
 ABC ~ ADB ~ BDC …. (similarity of right
angled triangles)
ABC ~ ADB
AB BC AC
= =  corresponding sides
AD DB AB
AB AC
=
AD AB
AB = AD  AC
2
…. (I)
Similarly, ABC ~ BDC
AB BC AC
= =  corresponding sides
BD DC BC
BC AC
=
DC BC
BC = DC  AC
2
…. (II)
Adding (I) and (II)
AB2 + BC2 = AD  AC + DC  AC
= AC (AD + DC)
= AC  AC ……… (ADC)
 AB + BC = AC
2 2 2

 AC2 = AB2 + BC2

Converse of Pythagoras theorem
In a triangle if the square of one side is equal to the sum of the squares of the remaining two
sides, then the triangle is a right angled triangle.
Given : In ABC, AC2 = AB2 + BC2

7
 WAKANKAR GROUP TUITIONS
To prove : ABC = 90o

Construction : Draw PQR such that, AB = PQ, BC = QR, PQR = 90o.

Proof : In PQR, Q = 90o
PR2 = PQ2 + QR2 …. (Pythagoras theorem)
2 2
= AB + BC …. (construction) ……(I)
= AC2 …. (given)
……(II)
 PR2 = AC2
 PR = AC …. (III)
ABC  PQR …. (SSS test)
 ABC  PQR = 90 o

THEORY 2.2 Application of by Pythagoras theorem

1. In ABC, C is an acute angle, seg AD  seg BC.
Prove that:
AB2 = BC2 + AC2  2BC  DC
In the given figure let AB = c, AC = b, AD = p, BC
= a, DC = x,
 BD = a  x
In ADB, by Pythagoras theorem
c2 = (a  x)2 + p 2

c2 = a 2  2ax + x 2 + p 2 .… (I)
In ADC, by Pythagoras theorem
b2 = p 2 + x 2

p2 = b2  x2 …. (II)
2
Substituting value of p from (II) in (I),
c2 = a2  2ax + x2 + b2  x2
 c2 = a2 + b2  2ax
 AB2 = BC2 + AC2  2BC  DC
2. In ABC, ACB is obtuse angle, seg AD  seg BC. Prove that:
AB2 = BC2 + AC2 + 2BC  CD
In the figure seg AD  seg BC
Let AD = p, AC = b, AB = c,
BC = a and DC = x.
DB = a + x
In ADB, by Pythagoras theorem,
c2 = (a + x)2 + p2
c2 = a2 + 2ax + x2 + p2 .… (I)

8
 WAKANKAR GROUP TUITIONS
Similarly, in ADC
b2 = x2 + p2
 p2 = b2  x2 …. (II)
 substituting the value of p from (II) in (I)
2

 c2 = a2 + 2ax + b2
 AB2 = BC2 + AC2 + 2BC  CD

Apollonius theorem
In ABC, if M is the midpoint of side BC, then AB2 + AC2 = 2AM2 + 2BM2
Given : In ABC, M is the midpoint of side BC.
To prove: AB2 + AC2 = 2AM2 + 2BM2
Construction: Draw seg AD  seg BC
Proof : If seg AM is not perpendicular to seg BC then out of
AMB and AMC one is obtuse angle and the other is acute
angle
In the figure, AMB is obtuse angle and AMC is acute angle.
From examples (I) and (II) above,
AB2 = AM2 + MB2 + 2BM  MD …… (I)
and AC2 = AM2 + MC2  2MC  MD
 AC2 = AM2 + MB2  2BM  MD ( BM = MC) …… (II)
 adding (I) and (II)
AB2 + AC2 = 2AM2 + 2BM2
Write the proof yourself if seg AM  seg BC.
From this example we can see the relation among the sides and medians of a
triangle.
This is known as Apollonius theorem.
Write the theory related to worksheet before solving the problems.

9
 WAKANKAR GROUP TUITIONS

Ch.-03- Circle
THEORY 3.1 Circles passing through one, two, three points

(1) Infinite circles pass through one point.

(2) Infinite circles pass through two distinct points.
(3) There is a unique circle passing through three non-collinear points.
(4) No circle can pass through 3 collinear points.
Theorem : A tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius at the point of
contact.
There is an indirect proof of this theorem.
Given : Line l is a tangent to the circle with centre O at the point of contact A.
To prove : line l  radius OA.
Proof : Assume that, line l is not perpendicular to seg OA.
Suppose, OB is drawn perpendicular to line l.
Of course B is not same as A.
Now take a point C on line l such that ABC and BA =
BC.
Now in, OBC and OBA
seg BC  seg BA …… (construction)
OBC  OBA …… (each right angle)
seg OB  seg OB
 OBC  OBA …… (SAS test)
 OC = OA
But seg OA is a radius.
 seg OC must also be radius.
C lies on the circle.
That means line l intersects the circles in two
distinct points A and C.
But line l is a tangent. …….. (given)
 it intersects the circle in only one point.
Our assumption that line l is not perpendicular to radius OA is wrong.
 line l  radius OA.
Converse of tangent theorem
Theorem : A line perpendicular to a radius at its point on the circle is a tangent to the
circle.
Given : M is the centre of a circle seg MN is a radius.
Line l  seg MN at N.
To prove : Line l is a tangent to the circle.
Proof : Take any point P, other that N, on the line l. Draw
seg MP.
Now in MNP, N is a right angle.
 seg MP is the hypotenuse.
 seg MP > seg MN.
As seg MN is radius, point P can’t be on the circle.
 no other point, except point N, of line l is on the circle.
 line l intersects the circle in only one point N.

10
 WAKANKAR GROUP TUITIONS
 line l is a tangent to the circle.
Tangent segment theorem
Theorem : Tangent segments drawn from an external point to a circle are congruent.
Observe the adjoining figure. Write ‘given’ and ‘to prove.’
Draw radius AP and radius AQ and complete the following proof of the
theorem.
Proof : In PAD and QAD,
seg PA  seg QA radii of the same circle.
seg AD  seg AD common side
APD = AQD = 90o …… tangent

theorem
 PAD  QAD Hypogenous side test
 seg DP  seg DQ c.s.c.t.
THEORY 3.2 Theorem of touching circles
Theorem : If two circles touch each other, their point of contact lies on the line joining
their centres.

Given : C is point is contact of the two circles with centers A, B.

To prove : Point C lies on the line AB.
Proof : Let line l be the common tangent passing through C, of the two touching circles.
line l  seg AC, line l  seg BC.
 seg AC  line l and seg BC  line l.
Through C, only one line perpendicular to line l can be drawn.
 points C, A, B are collinear.

(1) If the circles touch each other externally, distance between their centres is equal to
the sum of their radii.
(2) The distance between the centres of the circles touching internally is equal to the
difference of their radii.

THEORY 3.3 Arc of a circle

A secant divides a circle in two parts. Any one of these two parts
and the common points of the circle and the secant constitute an arc of the circle.
The points of intersection of circle and secant are called the end points of
the arcs.
If the centre of a circle is on one side of the secant then the arc on the
side of the centre is called ‘major arc’ the arc which is on the other side
of the centre is called ‘minor arc’.
Central angle

11
 WAKANKAR GROUP TUITIONS
When the vertex of an angle is the centre of a circle, it is called
a central angle.
(1) Measure of a minor arc is equal to the measure of its
corresponding central angle. in figure measure of
central AOB is   measure of minor arc APB is also

(2) Measure of major arc = 360o  measure of
corresponding minor arc. In figure measure of major arc AQB = 360o measure of
minor arc
APB = 360o  
(3) Measure of a semi circular arc, that is of a semi circle is 180o.
(4) Measure of a complete circle is 360o.
Two arcs are congruent if their measures and radii are equal.
Theorem : The chords corresponding to congruent arcs of a circle (or congruent circles) arc
congruent.
Given : In a circle with centre B arc APC  arc DQE
To prove : Chord AC  chord DE
Proof : (Fill in the blanks and complete the proof.)
In ABC and DEF,
side AB  side DB (radii of same circle)
side BC  side BE (radii of same circle)
ABC  DBE measures of congruent arcs
 ABC  DBE (SAS test)
 chord AC  chord DE (c.s.c.t)

Theorem : Corresponding arcs of congruent chords of a circle (or congruent circles) arc
congruent.
Given : O is the centre of a circle chord PQ  chord RS.
To prove : Arc PMQ  arc RNS
Proof : Consider the following statements and write the proof.
Two arcs are congruent if their measures and radii are
equal.
Arc PMQ and arc RNS are arcs of the same circle, hence
have equal radii.
In POQ & SOR
seg OP  seg OR ……. radii of same circle
seg OQ  seg OS ……. radii of same circle
chord PQ  chord RS ……. given
 POQ  SOR ……. SAS test
 POQ  SOR …… c.a.c.t
 arc PMQ  arc SNR corresponding arcs of congruent angles

12
 WAKANKAR GROUP TUITIONS
THEORY 3.4 Inscribed angle
C is the centre of a circle. The vertex D, of PDQ
lies on the circle. The arms of PDQ intersect the circle
at A and B. Such an angle is called an angle inscribed
in the circle or in the arc.

Inscribed angle theorem

The measure of an inscribed angle is half of the measure of the arc intercepted by it.
Given : In a circle with centre O, BAC is inscribed arc BAC.
Arc BDC is intercepted by the angle.
1
To prove : BAC = m(arc BDC)
2
Construction: Draw ray AO. It intersects the circle at E. Draw
radius OC.
Proof : In AOC,
side OA  side OC ……… radii of the same circle.
 OAC = OCA ……… theorem of isosceles triangle.
Let OAC = OCA = x ……… (I)
Now, EOC = OAC + OCA ….. exterior angle theorem of a triangle.
= xo + xo = 2xo
But EOC is a central angle.
 m(arc EC) = 2xo …. definition of measure of an arc ……. (II)
1
 from (I) and (II). OAC = EAC = m(arc EC) …… (III)
2
1
Similarly, drawing seg OB, we can prove EAB = m(arc BE) ……. (IV)
2
1 1
 EAC + EAB = m(arc EC) + m(arc BE) .... from (III) and (IV)
2 2
1 1
 BAC = m(arc EC) + m(arc BE)
2 2
1
= [m(arc BEC)]
2
1
= [m(arc BDC)] …… (V)
2
Note that we have to consider three cases regarding the position of the centre of the
circle and the inscribed angle. The centre of the circle lies (i) on one of the arms of the
angle (ii) in the interior of the angle (iii) in the exterior of the angle. Out of these, first two
are proved in (III) and (V). We will prove now the third one.
In figure,
BAC = BAE  CAE
1 1
= m(arc BCE)  m(arc CE) ….. from (III)
2 2
1
= [m(arc BCE)  m(arc CE)]
2
1
= [m(arc BC)] ……. (VI)
2
The above theorem can also be stated as follows.

13
 WAKANKAR GROUP TUITIONS
The measure of an angle subtended by an arc at a point on the circle is half of the measure of
the angle subtended by the arc at the centre.
Corollaries of inscribed angle theorem
1. Given : In a circle with centre C. PQR & PSR arc inscribed in the arc PQR
To prove : PQR  PSR
1
Proof : (1) PQR = m(arc PTR) …… Inscribed angle theorem
2
1
(2) PSR = m(arc PTR)
2
(3)  PQR  PSR ….. from (1) and (2)

2. Given : In a circle with centre M. ABC inscribed in the arc ABC

To prove : mABC = 90o
1
Proof : (1) mABC = m(arc AXC) …… Inscribed angle theorem
2
(2) m(arc AXC) = 180o … measure of semicircle is 180o
1
(3)  mABC = × 180o from (1) and (2)
2
= 90o
Cyclic quadrilateral
If all vertices of a quadrilateral lie on the same circle then it is called a cyclic quadrilateral.
Theorem of cyclic quadrilateral
Theorem : Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.
Fill in the blanks and complete the following proof:
Given :  ABCD is cyclic.
To prove : B = D = 180o
A + C = 180o
Proof : Arc ABC is intercepted by the inscribed angle ADC.
1
 ADC = m(arc ABC) ……(I)
2
Similarly, ABC is an inscribed angle. It intercepts arc ADC.
1
 ABC = m(arc ADC) …… (II)
2
1 1
 mADC + mABC = m(arc ABC) + m(arc ADC) .… from (I) & (II)
2 2
1
=  m(arc ABC) + m(arc ADC) 
2
1 o
= × 360 ……. Arc ABC and arc ADC constitute a complete circle.
2
= 180o
Similarly we can prove, A + C = 180o .

14
 WAKANKAR GROUP TUITIONS
Corollary of cyclic quadrilateral theorem
An exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is congruent to the angle opposite to its adjacent
interior angle.
Converse of cyclic quadrilateral theorem
Theorem : If a pair of opposite angles of a quadrilateral is supplementary, the quadrilateral
is cyclic.
Theorem : If two points on a given line subtend equal
angles at two distinct points which lie on the
same side of the line, then the four points are
concyclic.
Given : Points B and C lie on the same side of line
AD. ABD  ACD
To prove : Points A, B, C, D are concyclic.
1
(1) In figure, (i) AEC = [m (arc AC) + m (arc DB)]
2
1
(ii) CEB = [m (arc AD) + m (arc CB)]
2
1
(2) In figure, BED = [m (arc BD)  m (arc AC)]
2

THEORY 3.5 Theorem of angle between tangent and secant

If an angle has its vertex on the circle, its one side touches the circle and the other intersects the
circle in one more point, then the measure of the angle is half the measure of its intercepted arc.

Given: Let ABC be an angle, where vertex B lies on a circle with centre M.
Its side BC touches the circle at B and side BA intersects the circle at A. Arc ADB is
intercepted by ABC.
1
To prove: ABC = m (arc ADB)
2
Proof: Consider three cases.
(1) In figure, (i) the centre M lies on the arm BA of ABC,
ABC = MBC = 90o…. tangent theorem (I)
arc ADB is a semicircle.
 m(arc ADB) = 180o ….definition of measure of arc (II)
From (I) and (II)
1
ABC = m (arc ADB)
2

15
 WAKANKAR GROUP TUITIONS

(2) In figure, (ii) centre M lies in the exterior of ABC,

Draw radii MA and MB.
Now, MBA = MAB isosceles triangle theorem
MBC = 90o …… tangent theorem …… (I)
Let MBA = MAB = x and ABC = y.
AMB = 180  (x + x) = 180  2x
MBC = MBA + ABC = x + y
 x + y = 90o
 2x + 2y = 180o
In AMB, 2x + AMB = 180o
 2x + 2y = 2x + AMB
 2y = AMB
1 1
 y = ABC = AMB = m (arc ADB)
2 2
(3) With the help of figure, (iii)
Fill in the blanks and write proof.
Ray is the opposite ray of ray BC.

Now, ABE =
1
2
m  
…… proved in (ii).

1
 180  = m(arc AFB) ……. linear pair
2
1
= 360  m
2   
 
1
 180  ABC = 180  m(arc ADB) 
2
1
  ABC =  m
2
 
1
 ABC = m(arc ADB)
2
Alternative statement of the above theorem.
In the figure, line AB is a secant and line BC is a tangent.
The arc ADB is intercepted by  ABC. Chord AB divides the circle
in two parts. These are opposite arcs of each other.
1
From the above theorem,  ABC = m  arc ADB =  ATB
2
the angle between a tangent of a circle and a chord drawn from the point of contact is
congruent to the angle inscribed in the arc opposite to the arc intercepted by that angle.
Converse of theorem of the angle between tangent and secant
A line is drawn from one end point of chord of a circle and if the
angle between the chord and the line is half the measure of the arc
intercepted by that angle then that line is a tangent to the circle.
1  1 
If  PQR = m (arc PSQ) , or  PQT = 2 m (arc PUQ)
2
then line TR is a tangent to the circle.

16
 WAKANKAR GROUP TUITIONS
Theorem of internal division of chords
Suppose two chords of a circle intersect each other in the interior of the circle, then the product
of the lengths of the two segments of one chord is equal to the product of the lengths of the two
segments of the other chord.
Given : Chords AB and CD of a circle with centre P intersect at
point E.
To prove : AE  EB = CE  ED
Construction : Draw seg AC and seg DB.
Proof : In CAE and BDE,
AEC  DEB ……. opposite angles
CAE  BDE ……. Angles inscribed in the same arc
 CAE ~ BDE ……. AA test
AE CE
 = ……. corresponding sides of similar triangle
DE BE
 AE  EB = CE  ED
Theorem of external division of chords
If secants containing chords AB and CD of circle
intersect outside the circle in point E, then AE  EB = CE  ED.
Write ‘given’ and ‘to prove’ with the help of the statement
of the theorem and in figure
Construction : Draw seg AD and seg BC.
Fill in the blanks and complete the proof.
Proof : In ADE and CBE,
    AED  CEB ........ common angle
DAE  BCE 
........ angles inscribed in same arc 
 ADE  CEB 
…… A  A test 
(AE) DE
 = ……. corresponding sides of similar triangle
CE BE
 AE × BE = CE  ED

Tangent secant segments theorem

Point E is in the exterior of a circle. A secant through E
intersects the circle at points A and B, and a tangent through E
touches the circle at point T, then EA  EB = ET2.
Write ‘given’ and ‘to prove’ with reference to the statement of the theorem.
Construction : Draw seg TA and seg TB.
Proof : In EAT and ETB,
AET TEB ….. common angle
ETA  EBT ….. tangent secant theorem
 EAT ~ ETB ….. AA similarity
ET EA
 = ….. corresponding sides
EB ET
 EA  EB = ET2
Write the theory related to worksheet before solving the problems.

17
 WAKANKAR GROUP TUITIONS
Ch.-04- Geometric Constructions

Students are expected to see the videos uploaded on Moodle App

Ch.-05- Co-ordinate Geometry

If x1 , x2 are the co-ordinates of points A & B and x2 > x1 then length of seg AB = d (A, B) = x2 x1
Co-ordinates of origin are (0, 0). Hence if co-ordinates of point P are (x, y) then d (O, P) = x2  y 2 .

If points P(x1, y1), Q (x2, y2) lie on the XY plane then d (P, Q) =  x2  x1 2   y2  y1 2
that is, PQ2 = (x2  x1)2 + (y2  y1)2 = (x1  x2)2 + (y1  y2)2

THEORY 5.2
 Section formula
The co-ordinates of a point which divides the line segment joined by two distinct points (x1, y1)
 mx  nx1 my2  ny1 
and (x2, y2) in the ratio m : n are  2 , .
 m n mn 
 Midpoint formula
The co-ordinates of midpoint of a line segment joining two distinct points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are
 x1  x2 y1  y2 
 2 , 2 .
 
 Centroid formula
If (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) are the vertices of a triangle then co-ordinates of the centroid are
 x1  x2  x3 y1  y2  y3 
 , 
 3 3 
THEORY 5.3

 If (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are any two points on line l,
y2  y1
Then the slope is shown by letter m. Slope = m 
x2  x1
 Slopes of parallel lines are equal.
 The slope of X – axis and of any line parallel to X – axis is zero.
 The slope of Y – axis and of any line parallel to Y – axis cannot be determined.
 If ‘’ is given then slope = m = tan 


Write the theory related to worksheet before solving the problems.

18
 WAKANKAR GROUP TUITIONS
Ch.-06- Trigonometry
CHAPTER 8: Introduction to Trigonometry and Trigonometric Identities

There are six different trigonometric ratios as follows:

Opp.side BC
1) Sine A = =
Hypotenuse AC
Adj.side AB
2) Cosine A = =
Hypotenuse AC
Opp.side BC
3) Tangent A = =
Adj.side AB
Hypotenuse AC
4) Cosecant A = =
Opp.side BC
Hypotenuse AC
5) Secant A = =
Adj.side AB
Adj.side AB
6) Cotangent A = =
Opp.side BC

1 1
122) Relation between cosec A and sinA is cosec A = or sin A =
sin A cosec A
or cosec A.sin A = 1

1 1
123) Relation between cos A and secA is sec A = or cos A = or cos A.sec A = 1
cos A sec A

1 1
124) Relation between cot A and tanA is cot A = or tan A = or cot A.tan A = 1
tan A cot A

sin A
125) Relation between sin A ,cosA and tanA is = tan A
cos A

cos A
126) Relation between sin A ,cosA and cotA is = cot A
sin A

127) Relation between sin2 A and cos2A

a) sin2A + cos2A = 1 b) sin2A = 1 cos2A c) cos2A = 1 sin2A

128) Relation between sec2 A and tan2A

a) 1+ tan2A = sec2A b) tan2A = 1 sec2A 1 c) 1 = sec2A  tan2A

129) Relation between sec2 A and tan2A

a) 1+ cot2A = cosec2A b) cot2A = cosec2A 1 c) 1 = cosec2A  cot2A

19
 WAKANKAR GROUP TUITIONS

130) Entire Trigonometric table

USING TRIGONOMETRIC TABLES
Table Showing T-Ratios of 0o, 30o, 45o, 60o and 90o
A sin A cos A tan A cosec A sec A cot A
o
0 0 1 0 not defined 1 not defined
o
30 1 3 1 2 2 3
2 2 3 3
o
45 1 1 1 2 2 1
2 2
60o 3 1 3 2 2 1
2 2 3 3
90o 1 0 not 1 not 0
defined defined

1)Angle of Elevation:

2)Angle of Depression:

3) For and angle of elevation or angle of depression its one side is horizontal line.

20
 WAKANKAR GROUP TUITIONS
CHAPTER 7: Mensuration

Fundamentals:
1) Circumference = 2r
2)Area of the Circle = r2
3)

4) Length of Arc: When sector angle AOB = . & ‘O’ is centre.( is called central angle)
θ
l(arc ) = 2 r 
360o
θ 1
5) Area (sector )= r2 × o
or Area of Sector = × l × r (l = length of arc)
360 2
6) Perimeter of sector = 2r + l(arc )

1) Cylinder : Radius = r , Height = h

i) Curved surface area = 2 π rh.
ii) Total surface area = 2 π r (h + r)
iii) Volume : π r2h.

2) Hollow cyclinder Outer Radius – R, Inner radius = r , Height = h

ii) Total curved surface area = 2 π (R + r) h
iii) Total surface area = 2 π (R + r) h + 2 π (R2 – r2)
iii) Volume = π (R2 – r2) h
Where R is the radius of outer circle and r is the radius of inner circle

3) Cone – Radius = r , Height = h , Slant Height = l

i) l = r 2  h2
ii) Curved surface area : π r
iii) Total surface area = π r (l + r)
1
iv) Volume : π r2h.
3

4) Sphere Radius = r
4
i) Volume : π r3 ii) Surface area = 4 π r2
3

21
 WAKANKAR GROUP TUITIONS

(b) For a spherical shell with External Radius = R & Internal Radius = r,
(i) Thickness of shell = (R r) units ;
4
(ii) Volume of the material = π (R 3  r 3 ) cubic units.
3

5) Hemi-sphere : Rdius = r
i) Curved surface area = 2 π r2
ii) Total suface area = 3 π r2
2
iii) Volume : π r3
3
6) Spherical shell Outer Radius =R , Inner Radius =r
4
i) Volume : π (R3 – r3)
3
Mass
7)Density =
Volume
8)1m = 1000 L i.e. 1m3 = 1 kL
3

9)1L = 1000 cm3

Distance
10)Speed =
Time
11)1 hectare = 10000 m2

22