Chemistry

Aldehydes , Ketones
and Carboxylic Acid

In One Shot Om Pandey, IIT Delhi

Topics
1 Complete Chapter with 50-60 PYQs

FOR NOTES & DPP CHECK DESCRIPTION

 Class 12th

Oxidation of Alcohol Strong O. A. Weak O. A.

CrO3 / H+ CrO3 / Inert solvent
( CS2 / CCl4 )
CH3 — CH2 — OH H2CrO4
K2Cr2O7 / H+

PCC → Pyridinium Chloro

H Chromate
Jones Reagent
CH3 — C — OH
CrO3 / aq. H2SO4
CH3 /Acetone

PDC → Pyridinium Di-

KMnO4 / H+/ Δ chromate
CH3

CH3 — C — OH KMnO4 / OH–/ Δ

CH3

Formation of Carboxylic acid

CH3

KMnO4 / OH– / Δ
KMnO4 / H+ / Δ
CrO3 / H+ / Δ

O
C — CH3
 Hydrolysis
O
H3O+
R — C — NH2

H3O+
R—C N

O
H2O
R — C — Cl

O
H3O+
R — C — OEt

O O
H3O+
R—C—O—C—R

Reduction H2 / Pd

Ph— CH CH2 R—C C—R

O
R—C—H R—C—N
O
R — NO2
R—C—R

O
R — C — Cl

Note : Generally RCOOH , RCOOR , RCONH2 groups are not reduced by catalytic
hydrogenation .

Reduction LiAlH4

Reagent LiAlH4 LiAlH4 LiAlH4/Excess LiAlH4/Excess LiAlH4 LiAlH4 LiAlH4 LiAlH4 LiAlH4 LiAlH4

Reactant Aldehyde Ketone Acid Anhydride Acid chloride Ester Cyanide Amide Isocyanide Nitro

Product 1° alcohol 2° alcohol 1° alcohol 1° alcohol 1° alcohol 1° alcohol 1° amide 1° amide 2° amide 1° amide

Note : Alkene, alkyne, benzene rings are not reduced by LiAlH4 in ether .
(i) LiAlH4 – THF
Ph – CH = CH – CHO (ii) H2O
JEE Main-11 Jan, 2019 Shift-II

The major product obtained in the following reaction is :

O OH LiAlH 4
(excess)

CH3
NO2 O
O OH OH

A CH3 B CH3
NO2 OH NH2 OH
OH OH

C CH3 D CH3
NH2 OH NO2 OH

NaBH4 B2H6
O
O
R—C—H
R—C—H
O
R—C—R O
O R—C—R
R — C — Cl
O
(i) B2H6
R — C — OH
LiBH4 (ii) H2O

O
R — C — OR

JEE Main-08 April, 2023 Shift-

I
The major product formed in the following reaction is :
CO2H (i) LiBH4/EtOH
(ii) H3O+
Major product
CO2Et

A OH OH
B CO2Et
OH

CO2H CO2H
C D CO2H
OH
 JEE Main-08 Jan, 2020 Shift-I

The most suitable reagent for the given conversion is :

CH3
CONH2 CONH2
C=O ? COCH3

HO2C HOH2C
CN CN

A H2/Pd

B NaBH4

C LiAlH4

D B2H6

QUESTION (12 Jan, 2019 / Shift-II)

The major product of the following reaction is

O

NaBH4
EtOH

OH OH

A B

OEt
OH OH

C D

DIBAL-H

1) AIH(iBu)2
R—C N
2) H2O

O
1) DIBAL -78 0C
C2H5 — C — OC2H5
2) H2O

O
1) DIBAL 25 0C
C2H5 — C — OC2H5
2) H2O
QUESTION (27 July, 2021 / Shift-II)

(i) DiBAI-H
R – CN R–Y
(ii) H2O

Consider the above reaction and identify (Y) :

A –CH2NH2

B –CONH2

C –CHO

D –COOH

JEE Main-16 March, 2021 Shift-I

The product “P” in the above reaction is :

O
O
(i) DiBAL-H, Toluene, -78°C
“P”
(ii) H3O+
(Major Product)

A CHO B COOH

O
O–C–H OH

C D CHO

Hydration of Alkyne
HgSO4, H2SO4
Me — C CH
H2O

(1) BH3 + THF

Me — C CH
(2) H2O2 + OH–

Wacker Process
CuCl2
R — CH CH2 + H2O + PdCl2
air or O2
Ozonolysis Reductive Ozonolysis Oxidative Ozonolysis

CH3 CH CH CH3

CH3 — C C — CH3

NOTE : KMnO4 / H+ or alkaline KMnO4 with Heat gives same product as in Oxidative
Ozonolysis with alkene and alkyne

Dry distillation of calcium salt of acid

O

CH3 — C — O
Ca Δ
H3C — C — O
O

Rosenmund’s reduction

O
Pd-BaSO4
R — C — Cl + H2 Boiling Xylene

Stephen’s reduction
SnCl2 + HCl
R—C N

Sn / HCl
R—C N

Etard Reaction

(i) CrO2Cl2/ CS2

CH3
(ii) H3O+

(i) CrO3 / (CH3COO)2O

(ii) H3O+
 Gatterman-Koch reaction

CO + HCl / AlCl3

(i) HCN + HCl / AlCl3

(ii) H3O+
Gattermann formylation

Rh
Oxo Process R — CH CH2 + CO + H2
Catalyst

QUESTION (27 July, 2022 / Shift-II)

List – I List-II
COCl CHO
(A) H2 (I) Gatterman Koch reaction
Pd-BaSO4
SnCl2/HCl
(B) CH3 – CN CH3 – CHO (II) Etard reaction
H3O+
CH3 CHO

(C) CrO2Cl2 (III) Stephen reaction

H3O+
CHO

(D) CO, CH2Cl2 (IV) Rosenmund reaction

AlCl3(Anhyd)

A (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I) B (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)

C (A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(IV), (D)-(I) D (A)-(III), (B)-(II), (C)-(I), (D)-(IV)

JEE Main-26 June, 2022 Shift-II

Oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde can be easily carried out with which of the
following reagents ?

A CrO3/acetic acid , H3O+

B CrO3/acetic anhydride , H3O+

C KMnO4/HCl, H3O+

D CO/HCl, anhydrous AlCl3

 JEE Main-25 Feb, 2021 Shift-II

The major product of the following reaction is:

H /CO
CH3CH2CH = CH2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 →
Rh catalyst

A CH3CH2CH2CH2CHO

B CH3CH2C = CH2
CHO
C CH3CH2CH2CHO

D CH3CH2CH = CH – CHO

JEE Main-25 Feb, 2021 Shift-I

Which one of the following reactions will not form acetaldehyde?

Pd II / Cu II
A CH2 = CH2 + O2
Cu
B CH2CH2OH ⎯⎯⎯→
573 K

CrO3 −H2 SO4

C CH3CH2OH
Cu
D CH3CN ⎯⎯⎯
573 K
→

JEE Main-02 Sept, 2020 Shift-I

The major aromatic product C in the following reaction sequence will be

O HBr
(excess) (i) KOH (Alc.) O3

A (ii) H+
B Zn/H3O+
C

OH OH
A B CO2H
CHO

Br OH
C D
CO2H
CHO
 Preparation of Ketones
ether
CH3 — CH2 — C N + PhMgBr

JEE Main-16 March, 2021 Shift-II

(i) C6H5MgBr,
CN dry Ether (1.0 equivalent)
(X)
(ii) H3O+
Major Product
OCH3
The structure of (X) is:

NH2 NH2
A B

C6H5 OCH3
O O
C6H5 C6H5
C D
C6H5

OCH3

JEE Main-24 Feb, 2021 Shift-I

Which of the following reagent is used for the following reaction?

?
CH3CH2CH3 CH3CH2CHO
A Manganese acetate

B Molybdenum oxide

C Potassium Permanganate

D Copper at high temperature and pressure

 Clemmensen Reduction Wolff - Kishner Reduction
Zn-Hg HCl N2H4
O O
OH-

O O

Cl

(a) Zn – Hg / HCl

O
(b) NH2 – NH2 / KOH

HO
(c) HI / P 

QUESTION (26 Feb, 2021 / Shift-I)

(1) Zn/HCl
(2) Cr2O3, 773K
O 10-20 atm

Considering the above reaction, the major product among the following is :

CH3 CH2CH3
CH3
A B

COCH2CH3 CH2CH2CH3

C D

JEE Main-11 April, 2023 Shift-II

Assertion (A) : can be subjected to Wolff-Kishner reduction to give

Cl O Cl
Reason (R) : Wolff-Kishner reduction is used to convert into CH2
C

A Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is NOT the correct explanation (A).

B (A) is true but (R) is false.

C (A) Is false but (R) is true.

D Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
JEE Main-30 Jan, 2023 Shift-II

O
Assertion (A) : can be easily reduced using Zn-Hg/HCl to
OH OH

Reason (R) : Zn-Hg/HCl is used to reduce carbonyl group to –CH2 – group.

A (A) Is false but (R) is true.

B (A) Is true but (R) is false.

C Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

D Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

JEE Main-11 April, 2023 Shift-I

O
R
KMnO4 (i) NH2 – NH2, KOH
‘A’ ( Major Product ) ‘B’ ( Major Product )
(ii) H3O+
( R = alkyl )

CO2H
O
CHO = A,
A R
CO2H B R CHO = A,

CH3 B =R CH3
B =R

CO2H O
CO2H =A,
C R D R CO2H = A
O
O NHNH2
C – NH – NH2 B= R CO2H
B=R

Nucleophilic addition reactions

O
ENu
R—C—R

Order of Reactivity O O O CH3

1. Steric factor CH3 — C — H CH3 — C — CH3 CH3 — C — C — CH3
CH3
O

C—H O
2. +ve charge density on carbonyl carbon
CH3 — C — H
 O
R Mg Br
R—C—H

O
R Mg Br
R—C—R

O
R Mg Br
R — C — OH

QUESTION (03 Sept, 2020 / Shift-II)

The increasing order of the reactivity of the following compounds in nucleophilic

addition reaction is :
Propanal , Benzaldehyde , Propanone , Butanone

A Benzaldehyde < Propanal < Propanone < Butanone

B Butanone < Propanone < Benzaldehyde < Propanal

C Propanal < Propanone < Butanone < Benzaldehyde

D Benzaldehyde < Butanone < Propanone < Propanal

JEE Main-11 April, 2022 Shift-I

The ratio x/y on completion of the above reaction is __________.

O x mol of OH
OH MeMgBr OH
H H
(y mole) H3O+
QUESTION (11 Jan, 2019 / Shift-I)

The aldehydes which will not form Grignard product with one equivalent Grignard
reagents are
CHO CHO
(A) (B)
HO2C

CHO
CHO
(D)
(C)
HOH2C
H3CO

A (B), (D) B (B), (C)

C (B), (C), (D) D (C), (D)

JEE Main-15 April, 2023 Shift-I

The product formed in the following multi step reaction is :

(i) B2H6
(ii) H2O2, NaOH
CH3 – CH = CH2 (iii) PCC
(iv) CH3MgBr

OH
A CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH3 B CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – OH

O OH
C CH3 – CH2 – C – OCH3 D CH3 – C – CH3

CH3

Reaction with HCN

O
1. KCN
R—C—H
2. H3O+

O
1. KCN
R—C—R
2. H3O+
JEE Main-29 July, 2022 Shift-II

The number of stereoisomers formed in a reaction () Ph(C = O)C(OH)(CN)Ph

with HCN is ________________. [where Ph is – C6H5]

Reaction with water

O
H2O
H—C—H

O
H2O
R—C—H

O
H2O
R—C—R

QUESTION (15 April, 2023 / Shift-I)

O
H2O
O ‘A’

O
major product ‘A’ formed in the above reaction is

A B C D
OH OH O
OH OH
OH
OH OH OH
OH
O O OH O
 R
C O H2N — Z
R
R
Hydrazine NH2 — NH2 C N — NH2
R

R
Phenyl Hydrazine NH2 — NH — Ph C N — NH — Ph
R

R
C N — OH
Hydroxyl Amine NH2 — OH R

R
2, 4 - DNP NH2 — NH NO2 C N — NH NO2
R
NO2 NO2
O O
R
Semicarbazide NH2 — NH — C — NH2 C N — NH — C — NH2
R

QUESTION (26 Feb, 2021 / Shift-I)

2, 4-DNP test can be used to identify :

A Halogens

B Amine

C Aldehyde

D ether

JEE Main-20 July, 2021 Shift-I

The number of nitrogen atoms in a semicarbazone molecule of acetone is __________.

QUESTION (26 Aug, 2021 / Shift-II)

O OH
“X” CN
H HCN. H2O
LiAlH4
H3O+
“Y”
H (Major Product)
Consider the given reaction, Identify ‘X’ and ‘Y’

OH OH
NH2
A H – HNO3 Y – H B X – HNO3 Y– H NH2

OH OH
NH2
C H – NaOH Y – H D X – NaOH Y – H NH2

Acetal has functional groups ether so stable in basic medium

Reaction with Alcohol but can be decomposed to original aldehyde by dilute acid.

O
H+ R-OH
R—C—H

O
H+
R—C—R
R-OH

O
Ethylene Glycol
H+

O O
1. Ethylene Glycol H+
2. LiAlH4
OC2H5
3. Dil HCl
 JEE Main-25 Jan, 2023 Shift-I

Assertion (A) : Acetal/Ketal is stable in basic medium.

Reason (R) : The high leaving tendency of alkoxide ion gives the stability to acetal/ketal in
basic medium.

A (A) is true but (R) is false.

B (A) is false but (R) is true.

C Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

D Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A).

JEE Main-17 March, 2021 Shift-I

The product “A” in the above reaction is:

O O
Ethylene Glycol
A
H+
OC2H5 (Major Product)

O OH
O O
A OH B O O
OC2H5 OH

O
O
C O O D
OC2H5
OC2H5
OH

Beckman Rearrangement
R OH
C N H+

R’

Ph
AlCl3
C N
H5C2 OH
 Aldol Reaction Cannizzaro Reaction
Presence of α-Hydrogen Absence of α-H Hydrogen

Dil. NaOH Conc NaOH

OH– Acts as base OH¯ Acts as Nucleophile

O O
dil NaOH
CH3 — C — H C—C—H
Conc.
NaOH

Aldol Condensation
O
NaOH
CH3 — C — H

O O
1) NaOH
CH3 — C — H + R — CH2 — C — H
2) 

O
C—H
O
Dil NaOH
+ CH3 — C — CH3

Intramolecular aldol condensation

O

OH– / Δ
H
O
 O O
NaOH


O
NaOH

O

O
NaOH

O

QUESTION (12 April, 2023 / Shift-I) A in the above reaction is :

O
Me – C OEt–
C – CH3  ‘A’
Major Product
O
O Me
O O
C – CH3
Me – C C – CH3
A C=C B
C – CH3
O
O
Me
O O
C Me – C C – CH3 D O
C = CH – C
Me O

QUESTION (26 Feb, 2021 / Shift-II)

Identify A in the given chemical reaction.

CH2CH2CHO
NaOH
C2H5OH, H2O 
A (Major Product)
CH2CH2CHO O
C–H
CHO
A B

O CH2CH2COOH
C D
O CH2CH2CH2OH
QUESTION (18 March, 2021 / Shift-II)

Consider the above reaction, the product “X” and ‘Y’ respectively are :
O

H+, Heat
2
dil NaOH
“X” “Y”

O
OH O O

A , B OH ,
O

O O
O O
C D
HO , OH ,

QUESTION (29 July, 2022 / Shift-I)

The product ‘B’ is

NH2

(i) AlH (i – Bu)2 CH3CHO

(ii) H2O ‘A’ dil NaOH, 
‘B’
Major Product
CN

A OHC N = CH – CH3 B H2N CH = CH – CHO

O
C H2N CH2 – N = CH – CH3 D H2N C – N = CH – CHO

QUESTION (31 Jan, 2023 / Shift-I)

(i) dil. NaOH

Propanal + Methanal Product B
(ii)  ( C3H8O3 )
(iii) NaCN
(iv) H3O+

The correct statement for product B is

A Optically active and adds one mole of bromine

B Racemic mixture and is neutral

C Racemic mixture and gives a gas with saturated NaHCO3 solution

D Optically active alcohol and is neutral

 Cannizzaro Reaction
O
Conc. NaOH
H—C—H

C—H
OHΘ
O
C—H

O O C—H

C—H O
OHΘ OHΘ

C—H
O

Crossed Cannizzaro Reaction

O
C—H O
OHΘ
+ H—C—H

Aldol & Cannizzaro Reaction

O O
OHΘ
CH3 — C — H + H—C—H

JEE Main-28 June, 2022 Shift-I O

NaOD
PhCHO + PhCHO
in D2O
A + Ph – C – O–

OD OH
A H B H
Ph H Ph H

OD
OD
C D
D D
Ph D
Ph H
 QUESTION (31 Aug, 2021 / Shift-II)

For the reaction given below :

CHO

1. NaOH, 
2. H3O+
Product

CH2OH
The compound which is not formed as a product in the reaction is a :
A dicarboxylic acid

B diol

C compound with both alcohol and acid functional groups

D monocarboxylic acid

Baeyer – Villiger oxidation

O
Per acid
R — C — R’

O
Ph COOOH
CH2Cl2

O
H2O2
BF3 Ether

NH4OH
Tollen’s Reagent AgNO3

Ammonical Silver nitrate

NH4OH + AgNO3 O

Ag2O R—C—H + [ Ag (NH3)2 ]+OH–

Ag2O / NH4OH

[Ag(NH3)2]+ OH–

Diammine silver (I) ion

➢ Both, aromatic and aliphatic aldehyde gives Tollen’s Test.

➢ Formic acid and Chloroform both gives Tollen’s Test.

➢ Terminal Alkynes reacts with Tollen’s Test.

 – Hydroxy Ketone
O OH
CH3 — C CH2 — OH
O

OH

O O
O

QUESTION (18 March, 2021 / Shift-II)

In Tollen’s test aldehyde, the overall number of electron(s) transferred to the

Tollen’s reagent formula [Ag(NH3)2]+ per aldehyde group to form silver mirror is
____________. (Round off to the nearest integer).

JEE Main-26 July, 2022 Shift-I

The products formed in the following reaction, A and B are

O
[Ag(NH3)2]+OH– NaBH4
A B

H CHO
O
H OH H OH H OH

A A= B= B A= B=
H CH2OH H CH2OH H CHO H CH2OH

O O
H OH H OH
C A= B= A= B=
D
H COOH H COOH H COOH H CH2OH
JEE Main-20 July, 2021 Shift-I

OH
O
OH
CHO OH
(I) (II) (III) (IV)

Which among the above compound/s does/ do not form silver mirror when treated
with Tollen’s reagent ?
A only (IV)

B (III) And (IV) only

C only (II)

D (I), (III) and (IV) only

QUESTION (26 Feb, 2021 / Shift-I)

Hydrolysis
A 373 K B
(C4H8Cl2) (C4H8O)

B reacts with Hydroxyl amine but does not give Tollen’s test. Identify A and B.

A 1, 1-Dichlorobutane and Butanal

B 2, 2-Dichlorobutane and Butanal

C 1, 1-Dichlorobutane and 2-Butanone

D 2, 2-Dichlorobutane and Butan-2-one

Fehling solution Benedict solution

Solution A Solution B Solution A Solution B

CuSO4 Sodium Potassium Tartrate CuSO4 Sodium Citrate
( Roschelle Salt )
Important Point Aldehyde with  - hydrogen & -Hydroxy ketone with  - hydrogen
O
O
CH3 C H
C—H
O

C C H

H OH O

O CH3 C C H

CH3 C CH3 H

O OH O

H3C C CH2 OH CH3 C C H

CH3

Schiff’s Reagent Test

Para – rosaniline + Hydrochloride + H2SO3

(i) Aliphatic Aldehydes

(ii) Aliphatic Ketone

(iii) Aromatic Aldehydes

(iv) Aromatic Ketone

Sodium Hydrogen Sulphite Test

O
NaHSO3
R C H

O
NaHSO3
R C CH3

CH3 — C — H

O
C Ph
JEE Main-01 Feb, 2023 Shift-II

The structures of major products A, B and C in the following reaction are sequence.
O
NaHSO3, dil. HCl LiAlH4
H [A] [B]
NaCN, H2O
HCl/H2O

[C]
A B C D
OSO3Na OH HO
HO CN SO3H SO2Cl
A= A= A= A=
H H H H

HO OH HO CN
B= CH2NH2 B= B=
B=
H H OH H

HO CO2H Cl HO SO2Cl HO NH2

C= C= C=
H C= H H
H

Iodoform Test
Reagent : I2 / OH– I2 / NaOH NaOI

O
I2 / NaOH
Ph C CH3

O
I2 / NaOH
Ph C CH2I

O
I2 / NaOH
Ph C CHI2

OH
I2 / OH–
Ph CH CH3

I2 / OH–
CH3 — CH2 — OH

I2 / OH–
CH3 — CH2 — Cl
 Tollen’s Schiff NaHSO3
2 – 4 DNP F and B I2 / NaOH
Reagent Reagent Test

CH3 C H

O
C H

O
C CH3

Special Case of Iodoform Reaction

O O
I2 / OH–
R C CH2 C R

O
14
I2 / OH–

OH

JEE Main-31 Jan, 2022 Shift-II

The number of molecules which gives haloform test among the following molecules
is ____________.
O O
O O
OEt

OH O O

OH
QUESTION (25 July, 2021 / Shift-I)

CH3CHO (i) I2/NaOH. Filter

‘P’ ‘X’
NaOH (ii) Filtate + HCl
(Major Product)
Consider the given reaction, the product ‘X’ is
OH O OH
CHO
A B

O O O O
C D
OH

Carboxylic acids and acid derivatives

From Grignard Reagents

Dry ether
R — MgX + O C O
QUESTION (07 Jan, 2020 / Shift-I)
What is the product of following reaction?
(i) NaBH4
Hex-3-ynal (ii) PBr3
(iii) Mg/ether
(iv) CO2/H3O+

COOH
A

B COOH

C COOH
COOH
D

Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction

O
Nu-
R — C — LG

O O O O O O

R — C — Cl R—C—O—C—R R — C — OR R — C — OH R — C — NH2

O
R Mg Br
R — C — Cl
CdCl2

O
R Mg Br
R — C — Cl

O
C2H5OΘNa
CH3 — C — Cl

O
C2H5COOΘNa
CH3 — C — Cl

O
LiAlH4
CH3 — C — OEt
QUESTION (12 Jan, 2019 / Shift-II)

The increasing order of the reactivity of the following with LiAlH4 is :

O O O O O
(A) (B) (C) (D)
C2H5 NH2 C2H5 OCH3 C2H5 Cl C2H5 O C2H5

A (B) < (A) < (C) < (D)

B (B) < (A) < (D) < (C)

C (A) < (B) < (D) < (C)

D (A) < (B) < (C) < (D)

JEE Main-25 June, 2022 Shift-II

Which of the following condition or reaction sequence will NOT give acetophenone as
the major product ?

A (i) C6H5 H + CH3MgBr (ii) Na2Cr2O7, H+

O

B (i) H3C H + C6H5MgBr (ii) PCC

O

C C6H5 OC2H5 + 2CH3MgBr

O

D C6H5 Cl + CH3MgBr + CdCl2

O
PCl3
R — C — OH

PCl5

SOCl2
JEE Main-12 April, 2023 Shift-I

The major product ‘P’ formed in the following sequence of reactions is

OH (i) SOCl2 ‘P’
(ii) R-NH2 (Major Product)
O (iii) LiAlH4
(iv) H3O+

H–N–R
NH – R OH
A B
OH Cl
H H
N–R N–R
C D
O

JEE Main-27 June, 2022 Shift-I

Which of the following reactions will yield benzaldehyde as a product?

CH2OH
COOH
(i) SOCl2 CrO3/H2SO4
A B
(ii) H2/Pd/BaSO4

O
C – OCH3 CH3
(i) NaBH4
C D (i) CrO3, (CH3CO)2O
(ii) PCC
(ii) H3O+, 

Reaction with Ammonia

O

CH3 — C — OH NH3 

O
C — OH NH3 
C — OH

O
 Esterification
O

HO — R H+
R — C — OH +

OH OH OH

Rate of Esterification

CH3 NO2

Rate of Esterification CH3

(i) CH3 — OH CH3 — CH — OH CH3 — C — OH

CH3 CH3

O O O

C — OH C — OH C — OH

(ii)

CH3 NO2

O O O
F
(iii) CH3 — C — OH CH — C — OH CF3 — C — OH
F

JEE Main-28 June, 2022 Shift-II

‘A’ in the given reaction is

H COOH
OH H+
‘A’
Major
O

O OH O O
A B
O O

O
C OH C O OH COOH
D
O
 Hydrolysis of Ester

O O

C — OC2H5
C — OC2H5

NO2

Decarboxylation
Heating Effect
H
O
O
C O


NH
COOH

COOH

Kolbe’s Electrolysis

O
KOH Electrolysis
CH3 — C — OH

O
CH2 — C — OK Electrolysis

CH2 — C — OK
O
 O
C — ONa
Electrolysis
C — ONa
O

O
C — OK
Electrolysis
C — OK
O

Soda-Lime Decarboxylation

O
NaOH / CaO
CH3 — C — OH

Rate

COOH COOH COOH COOH COOH

NO2 Cl CH3 OCH3

Hunsdiecker Reaction

O
(i) AgOH
CH3 — CH2 — C — OH
(ii) Br2 / 
 Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction
O
(i) X2 / P
CH3 — C — OH
(ii) H2O

Heating Effect
O
O
C — OH
OH
Δ OH
O C
OH O

P 2 O5 Δ
O

C — OH
Δ
P 2 O5
C — OH
O

JEE Main-10 Jan, 2019 Shift-I

Which dicarboxylic acid in presence of a dehydrating agent is least reactive to give

anhydride?

O
CH2
CH2 COOH CH2 COOH
A B
CH2 COOH CH2 COOH
CH2 C
O
CO2H
COOH
C D
CO2H COOH
 Heating Effect
O
OH Δ

OH

O
OH Δ
OH

JEE Main-08 Jan, 2020 Shift-I

OH (i) I2/NaHCO3

O (ii) Pyridine, 

Find out the major product for the above reaction.

I
A O B CO2H
O
I

C O D O
O O

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