DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A SOLAR POWERED CEILING FAN WITH

VOICE COMMAND AUTOMATION

CARRIED OUT BY:

EFREGEDE PRUDENCE COT/4977/2018

UFUOMA OGHENEKEVWE COT/4960/2018

A REPORT SUBMITTED TO

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

(COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY)

FEDERAL UNIVERSIY OF PETROLEUM RESOURCES, EFFURUN, DELTA STATE

IN PARTIAL FUFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.Eng.) IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING

SUPERVISED BY:

ENGR DR AKINLOYE B.O

NOVEMBER, 2024.
 DECLEARATION

I hereby declare the uniqueness of this project report and that it has not been submitted before
anywhere for the purpose of awarding degree to the best of my knowledge.

…………………………… ……………………………

EFREGEDE PRUDENCE Date

…………………………… ……………………………

UFUOMA OGHENEKEVWE Date

i
 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that the design and construction of the solar powered fan with voice command
automation was carried out by EFREGEDE PRUDENCE and UFUOMA OGHENEKEVWE
under the supervision of ENGR DR AKINLOYE B.O and has been approved for acceptance by
the Department of Electrical/Electronics Engineering.

…………………………… ……………………………

ENGR DR AKINLOYE B.O Date

(Project supervisor)

…………………………… ……………………………

ENGR ENALUME KINGSLEY Date

(Head of department)

ii
 DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to God almighty, whose guidance made this work possible.

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our gratitude to everyone who supported us throughout this project.
Our parents, family and friends. We are grateful to our supervisor , Engr Dr Akinloye
Benjamin for his guidance which helped in developing this project,

iv
 ABSTRACT

This project focuses on designing and constructing a solar-powered ceiling fan with voice
automation, offering a user-friendly solution. The project addresses challenges such as the
inconvenience of manual fan operation, particularly for elderly and disabled individuals, by
introducing voice-controlled functionality. The main objective is to utilize renewable energy
and advanced control systems to enhance accessibility, convenience, and energy
independence. The system employs a 300W solar panel as its primary energy source, converting
solar energy into DC power stored in a 12V, 36Ah lead-acid battery. A 600W inverter converts
this stored DC power into 220V AC to power a 75W ceiling fan. A charge controller rated at
12V/24V, 50A ensures efficient energy regulation and battery protection. For automation, an
Arduino Nano microcontroller processes voice commands via a voice recognition module. A
4-channel relay module manages the fan's operation and speed control, while a 12V-to-5V
power supply powers the Arduino and other components safely. Tests were carried out to
ensure that the voice automation was working properly. Command for turning on and off the
fan, and for setting various speeds were done 10 times each and an average of 80% success
was recorded for turn on command, 90% for turn off command and fan Speed to low was an
average of 90% success Fan Speed to high was an average of 90% success, fan Speed to medium
was an average of 70% success. This project highlights the potential for combining solar
technology with automation to reduce reliance on grid electricity while promoting smart home
innovations. The design showcases a viable way for harnessing solar energy, particularly in
areas with abundant sunlight, contributing to sustainability goals.

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION i
CERTIFICATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
TABLE OF CONTENT vi
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF TABLES viii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background Study 1
1.2 Statement of Problem 2
1.3 Aim and Objectives 3
1.4 Scope of the Project 3
1.5 Application of the Project 4
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 Review of Related Works 5
2.2 Review of Components Used 7
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY AND SYSTEM DESIGN 17
3.1 Methodology 17
3.2 System Design 20
CHAPTER FOUR: CONSTRUCTION, TESTS, AND RESULTS 25
4.1 Construction and Implementation 25
4.2 Tests and Results 30
4.3 Bill of Engineering Measurement and Evaluation 32
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 34
5.1 Conclusion 34
5.2 Problems Faced 35
5.3 Recommendations 36
REFERENCES 37

vi
 Figure 2.1: Solar Panel 6
Figure 2.2: 600W Inverter 7
Figure 2.3: 12V Lead-Acid Battery 9
Figure 2.4: Solar Charge Controller 10
Figure 2.5: Connecting Cables 10
Figure 2.6: Arduino Nano 11
Figure 2.7: Voice Recognition Module 12
Figure 2.8: Relay Module 12
Figure 2.9: Jumper Wires 13
Figure 2.10: Ceiling Fan 13
Figure 3.1: Block Diagram of a Solar-Powered Fan with Voice Control Automation 16
Figure 3.2: Schematic Diagram of the Voice Automation Process 21

LIST OF FIGURES

vii
LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1: Fan On Testing Results 32

Table 4.2: Fan Speed to Medium Testing Results 33
Table 4.3: Fan Speed to Low Testing Results 34
Table 4.4: Fan Speed to High Testing Results 35
Table 4.5: Fan Off Testing Results 36
Table 4.6: Bill of Engineering Measurement and Evaluation (BEME) 38

viii
ix
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND STUDY
Solar energy represents an abundant, inexhaustible, and non-polluting source of energy, making it
a vital component in addressing global energy demands and environmental challenges. The decline
in photovoltaic (PV) cell costs has further facilitated the adoption of solar-powered devices. Solar
energy's integration into household appliances, such as fans, offers numerous benefits, including
energy conservation, reduced emissions, and increased energy independence (Ismail et al, 2014).

Home automation technologies have significantly transformed the way we interact with household
devices. Historically, such systems were confined to remote controls, which presented challenges,
especially for the elderly, disabled, and visually impaired individuals. Modern advancements have
introduced voice-controlled systems, which offer a more intuitive and accessible means of
interaction. Research has demonstrated the potential of voice recognition systems to simplify
device control, making everyday tasks more manageable for users with varying abilities (Mahmud
et al, 2015).

The convergence of voice recognition technology and renewable energy presents a unique
opportunity to enhance home automation systems. Using an Arduino microcontroller, voice
recognition module, solar power, this project aims to develop a voice-controlled ceiling fan. The
system will recognize voice commands to adjust the fan's speed, providing an efficient and user-
friendly solution.

This project system's design focuses on accessibility and sustainability, catering to users' needs
who require simple and reliable control mechanisms for their ceiling fan. The project's successful
implementation can serve as a model for future innovations in smart home technology,
demonstrating how renewable energy and advanced control systems can coexist to provide
practical and eco-friendly solutions.

1
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Conventional ceiling fan often require manual operation to adjust settings, which can pose a
significant challenge for elderly or disabled individuals with limited mobility. Additionally,
reaching a fan to turn it on or off can be inconvenient for anyone, especially during nighttime or
while resting in bed. These limitations can lead to discomfort and disrupt daily routines.
This project seeks to address these challenges by developing a solar-powered fan controlled by
voice commands. This voice-controlled solar ceiling fan will provide a user-friendly and accessible
solution for adjusting fan settings, promoting greater independence and comfort for elderly,
disabled, and all users.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

Aim of the Project

The main aim of the project is to design and construct a solar powered ceiling fan using a 12v lead-
acid battery with voice commands automation.

Objectives
1.Develop a solar-powered ceiling fan system that operates using a 12V battery to ensure
sustainable energy usage.
2. Voice Command: Implement a voice recognition system to control the fan, enhancing
accessibility and convenience for users.
3. Arduino Microcontroller: Utilize an Arduino microcontroller to process voice commands and
control the fan speed, ensuring a reliable and responsive system.
4. Relay module: It acts as a switch to control the power supplied to the ceiling fan. Based on the
voice commands processed by the Arduino Nano, the relay either closes or opens the circuit,
allowing or cutting off power to the fan.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

Individually test all components, including the solar panels, battery, ceiling fan, Arduino
microcontroller, relay module, and voice recognition module. Conduct experiments to evaluate the
performance of the system, focusing on its overall efficiency. Additionally, test the voice
recognition system to ensure accurate command interpretation and responsiveness.

2
1.5 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

Primarily, the solar-powered voice-controlled ceiling fan is designed for residential and corporate
use, offering a sustainable and energy-efficient cooling solution for homes, offices especially in
areas with unreliable electricity supply. Its voice automation feature enhances convenience,
making it ideal for the elderly, disabled, or visually impaired who may find it challenging to
operate traditional fans manually.

3
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 REVIEW OF RELATED WORKS

Hossam et al. (2014) developed an electronic circuit incorporating a microcontroller to regulate

fan speed based on temperature changes detected by an LM35 temperature sensor. The PIC
microcontroller managed all operations, delivering the required output. However, the fan was the
only device controlled, and the system lacked an LCD display to provide real-time status updates.
Fan speed adjustments were achieved using Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) techniques based on
surrounding temperature variations.

Gavish et al. (2012) introduced a novel approach to fan speed control through a system designed
and simulated using PWM. This mechanism adjusted the duty cycle in response to room
temperature variations, allowing the fan speed to align with the data from a temperature sensor.
The study effectively demonstrated how autonomous fan speed adjustments could be simplified,
offering a linear analog output based on the input temperature.

Scaradozzi et al. (2003) conceptualized automated systems as multi-agent systems (MAS),

proposing designs where home appliances and devices were managed based on physical variables
like temperature and light intensity. The objective was to enhance overall performance by
incorporating automation into home management systems.

Sriskanthan et al. (2002) proposed an appliance automation system using Bluetooth technology.
The architecture consisted of a primary controller and multiple Bluetooth sub-controllers. Each
appliance was connected to its sub-controller using wired communication, while the sub-
controllers relayed information to the primary controller wirelessly. Although this setup reduced
the amount of physical wiring and installation intrusiveness, it incurred delays due to the shared
Bluetooth module among devices, which also limited efficiency due to the high cost of Bluetooth
technology.

4
Katole et al. (2013) presented a Smart Device Controller (SDC) designed to operate and manage
various household electronics such as TVs, fans, air conditioners, and lights. The SDC aimed to
simplify device operation by replacing complex remote controls with user-friendly hand gestures.
This innovation also provided a solution for controlling devices without built-in remote controls,
making it easier for users to adapt to the system.

2.2 REVIEW OF COMPONENTS USED

The design and construction of a solar-powered fan with voice command automation involves
integrating multiple components to achieve a functional and efficient system. Beyond just the fan
and voice command system, a range of different elements work together to ensure smooth
operation.
While many recognize solar energy as a clean and renewable source, fewer are aware of the
essential parts involved in creating a solar-powered device. These components include solar panels
for harnessing energy, inverters to convert solar energy, batteries for energy storage, and charge
controllers to regulate power flow. Additionally, the voice command automation requires a
microphone, microcontroller, and smart system to interpret and execute commands.
Understanding each of these components is essential whether you're involved in designing or using
a solar-powered system. Each element contributes to harnessing, converting, and managing solar
energy while offering the added convenience of voice control in this innovative project.
The components involved in the development of this project include:
1. Solar panel
2. Inverter
3. Batteries
4. Charge controller
5. Connecting cables
6. Arduino nano
7. Voice recognition module
8. Relay module
9. 12v-5v power supply
10. Jumper wires
11. Ceiling fan

5
2.2.1. Solar panel
Solar panels, often referred to as photovoltaic (PV) panels as illustrated in Figure 2.1, are the
cornerstone of solar energy systems. Composed of numerous solar cells, these panels harness
sunlight and transform it into electrical energy through a process called the photovoltaic effect,
which generates direct current (DC) electricity. Typically installed on rooftops, vehicles, or
ground-mounted structures, these panels are positioned to maximize sunlight exposure throughout
the day. Modern solar panels are commonly made using crystalline silicon wafers and come in
different types, including polycrystalline, monocrystalline, and thin-film variants. Among these,
monocrystalline panels are preferred for their high efficiency and durability.

Solar panel systems often consist of multiple panels connected in series, forming strings that are
linked to inverters. These inverters convert the DC electricity produced by the panels into
alternating current (AC) electricity, which is suitable for household appliances.

Types of Solar Panels:

1. Polycrystalline Panels: Made from multiple silicon crystals, these panels are a cost-effective
choice frequently used in grid-tied systems. However, their efficiency is lower compared to
monocrystalline panels.
2. Monocrystalline Panels: Constructed from a single silicon crystal, these are the most efficient
and widely used type of solar panels but are also the most expensive.
3. Thin-Film Solar Cells: Less common than the other two types, thin-film panels are made with
amorphous silicon and are known for their flexibility. While they require less maintenance than
other components, their efficiency is comparatively lower.

Solar panels are a long-term investment, typically lasting for several decades. High-quality panels
can have a lifespan of 25 years or more, making them a critical component of solar energy systems
that should not be compromised on quality (Renogy 2024)

6
The selected solar panel for this project is a monocrystalline solar panel, 100w. It serves as the
primary source of energy for the system. It converts sunlight into direct current (DC) to power the
system and charge the batteries.

Figure 2.1: Solar panel

7
2.2.2. Inverter (600W DC to AC, 12V to 220V)

Solar inverters play a vital role in solar energy systems. Their primary function is to convert Direct
Current (DC) electricity, generated by solar panels, into Alternating Current (AC) electricity,
which is essential for operating most household appliances and electronic devices. Without this
conversion, solar energy cannot be effectively utilized. Inverters are indispensable components of
solar setups, designed to function throughout the system's lifespan. Although they typically come
with a warranty of around 10 years, which is shorter than the 25-year lifespan of most solar panels,
they are prone to faults and require careful selection. Investing in a reliable, high-quality inverter
is crucial to ensuring long-term efficiency and durability.

For this project, a 600W DC-to-AC inverter is employed as depicted in figure 2.2 below, to convert
12V DC from the battery into 220V AC, necessary for powering a 75W AC ceiling fan. With its
600W capacity, the inverter provides sufficient power not only for the fan but also for additional
components, ensuring efficient utilization of stored energy.

Figure 2.2: 600watt inverter

8
2.2.3. Battery (12V, Lead Acid)

Solar storage batteries play a crucial role in solar power systems by storing energy generated from
solar panels. These batteries ensure that energy harnessed during peak sunlight hours can be used
later when sunlight is insufficient, such as during the night or on cloudy days. Without a storage
solution, much of the solar energy captured could be wasted, as solar panels only generate
electricity when exposed to sunlight. The integration of a battery system adds reliability and
flexibility to solar power installations.

Types of Solar Storage Batteries

Several types of batteries are used in solar storage systems. These include:
1. Lead Acid Batteries:
The most traditional and widely used type of battery in solar energy storage.
Known for their reliability and relatively low cost.
These are divided into two main categories: Flooded Lead Acid (FLA) and Sealed Lead Acid
(SLA). The SLA category includes Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM) and Gel batteries.
They require regular maintenance (especially FLA types) and have a shorter lifespan compared to
more advanced battery technologies like lithium-ion.
Commonly used in small-scale or off-grid systems due to affordability.

2. Lithium-ion Batteries:
Increasingly popular for solar energy storage, lithium-ion batteries offer higher efficiency, longer
lifespan, and greater depth of discharge (DoD).
Although more expensive, they are compact, lighter, and require less maintenance compared to
lead-acid batteries.

3. Nickel-based Batteries:
Less common but offer durability and can withstand harsh conditions. These are mainly used in
industrial applications.

9
4. Flow Batteries:
Emerging technology that offers excellent scalability for large-scale energy storage.
Flow batteries store energy in liquid electrolytes that can be easily replenished, providing a long
lifespan and high storage capacity.

How Solar Batteries Work?

Solar batteries store the direct current (DC) electricity generated by solar panels. In many cases,
the battery system is coupled with an inverter, which converts DC electricity into alternating
current (AC) for household or industrial use.

Why Lead Acid Batteries?

1. Cost-Effectiveness: Lead-acid batteries are relatively inexpensive compared to newer
technologies like lithium-ion, making them a practical choice for small to medium-scale solar
projects.
2. Reliability: They have been used in solar applications for decades and are well-understood in
terms of performance and maintenance.
Figure 2.3 shows a 12v lead acid battery used for this project.

Figure 2.3:12v lead-acid battery

10
2.2.4. Charge Controller (12V/24V, 30A)

A charge controller is an essential device used to regulate the flow of electricity from solar panels
to a battery. It is primarily needed in systems that include batteries, as it helps maintain optimal
charging levels to extend the lifespan of the battery bank. However, in setups without batteries, a
charge controller is unnecessary. These devices are critical for ensuring safe and efficient energy
management, preventing overcharging or deep discharging of the batteries, which can significantly
impact their durability (Renogy 2024).

Charge controllers are broadly categorized into two types: Maximum Power Point Tracking
(MPPT) and Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). MPPT controllers are designed to optimize the
energy transfer from solar panels to batteries, potentially boosting system efficiency by as much
as 30%. The selected charge controller in this project supports both 12V and 24V configurations,
with a maximum power capacity of 390W at 12V and 780W at 24V. This makes it suitable for
managing the energy generated by the 100W solar panel and regulating the 12V battery system
effectively. Figure 2.4 shows a 50 amps charge controller used in this project.

Figure 2.4: Solar charge controller

11
2.2.5. Connecting Cables
These cables as shown in figure 2.5,connect the solar panel, inverter, battery, and other
components, ensuring efficient power transmission throughout the system. Properly rated cables
are used to handle the current and voltage levels, ensuring safety and minimizing energy loss.

Figure 2.5: connecting cables

2.2.6. Arduino Nano

The Arduino Nano as shown in figure 2.6 is an open-source breadboard-friendly microcontroller
board based on the Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller (MCU) and developed by Arduino.cc
and initially released in 2008. It offers the same connectivity and specs of the Arduino Uno board
in a smaller form factor.

The Arduino Nano is equipped with 30 male I/O headers, in a DIP-30-like configuration, which
can be programmed using the Arduino Software integrated development environment (IDE),
which is common to all Arduino boards and running both online and offline. The board can be
powered through a type-B mini-USB cable or from a 9 V battery.

The Arduino Nano acts as the control unit for the voice automation system. It processes the voice
commands and sends control signals to the relay module to switch the fan on or off or to control
the speed of the fan. The microcontroller is powered by the 12V system, with the 12V-5V power

supply stepping down the voltage for its operation.

12
 Figure 2.6 :Arduino nano

2.2.6. Voice Recognition Module

Voice Recognition Module is a compact and easy to use speech recognition board that can be
easily interface easily with Arduino.

This module shown in figure 2.7 allows the system to respond to voice commands. It detects and
interprets spoken commands from the user and sends the corresponding signals to the Arduino
Nano for processing. This module adds automation, allowing users to control the fan without
physical interaction.

Figure 2.7: Voice recognition module

13
2.2.7. Relay Module
The relay module acts as a switch to control the power supplied to the ceiling fan. Based on the
voice commands processed by the Arduino Nano, the relay either closes or opens the circuit,
allowing or cutting off power to the fan. Figure 2.8 is a 4 channel relay module used for this project.

Figure 2.8: Relay module

2.2.8. 12V-5V Power Supply

The 12V-5V power supply converts the 12V DC from the battery to 5V DC, which is required by
the Arduino Nano and voice recognition module. This ensures that these components receive the
correct voltage and operate safely.

2.2.9. Jumper Wires

Jumper wires are used to create temporary connections between the Arduino Nano, voice
recognition module, relay module, and other components during the design and testing phase. They
facilitate easy troubleshooting and system adjustments. Figure 2.9 shows a typical example of
jumper wires.

14
 Figure 2.9: jumper wires

2.2.10 Ceiling Fan

A ceiling fan is a fan mounted on the ceiling of a room or space, usually electrically powered, that
uses hub-mounted rotating blades to circulate air. They cool people effectively by increasing air
speed. Fans do not reduce air temperature or relative humidity, unlike air-conditioning equipment,
but create a cooling effect by helping to evaporate sweat and increase heat exchange via
convection. The fan selected for this project is a 75W ceiling fan as shown in figure 2.10.

Figure 2.10: ceiling fan

15
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY AND SYSTEM DESIGN

3.1 METHODOLOGY
Figure 3.1 illustrates the system architecture for a solar-powered voice-controlled ceiling fan and
how the components interact. The components include a solar photovoltaic (PV) system, a 12V
battery for energy storage, DC to AC inverter, ceiling fan( load), voice recognition module that
captures and processes voice commands to control the fan, an Arduino microcontroller for
processing, a relay for switching, and a 12v to 5v power supply to step down the battery s 12v to
5v to power the Arduino and voice recognition module. `

The system uses a solar photovoltaic (PV) system as the primary energy source. The major
components include a solar panel, charge controller, battery, inverter, ceiling fan, and voice
automation module. These components are interconnected to ensure efficient energy flow and
system operation. Figure 3.1 illustrates the block diagram of the system, showing the energy flow
and interaction between the components.

The solar PV system is central to the project, providing renewable energy for the fan’s operation.
A 300W solar panel generates electrical energy by converting solar radiation into DC power. A
12V/24V, 50A charge controller is connected to the solar panel to regulate energy flow, ensuring
the battery is protected from overcharging or deep discharge. The energy is stored in a 12V, 36Ah
lead-acid battery for later use, especially during periods of low sunlight.

The stored DC energy is converted to 220V AC using a 600W DC-to-AC inverter to power the
ceiling fan. The fan, rated at 75W, is designed for efficient operation with the system. To enable
hands-free control, a voice automation module is integrated. The module comprises a voice
recognition system that captures and processes user commands, an Arduino Nano microcontroller
that interprets these commands, and a 4-channel relay module for switching the fan on/off and
adjusting its speed. A 12V-to-5V DC converter powers the Arduino Nano and other low-power
components.

16
The design process began with the setup of the solar PV system. The solar panel was mounted to
maximize exposure to sunlight, and its output terminals were connected to the charge controller to
ensure safe and regulated energy transfer. The charge controller’s output terminals were connected
to the battery for efficient energy storage.

The battery’s output was linked to the inverter to convert the stored DC power into AC power. The
inverter’s output was then connected to the ceiling fan to provide reliable power for its operation.

To integrate the voice automation system, the voice recognition module was connected to the
Arduino Nano, which processes the voice commands. The Arduino Nano was programmed to
interpret commands such as “turn on,” “turn off,” and “adjust speed.” The relay module was
connected between the inverter and the fan, enabling the Arduino to control the fan’s operation. A
microphone was incorporated to capture user commands, while a speaker provided feedback to the
user. The whole system is summarized in figure 3.1 which shows the block diagram of the solar
powered fan with voice control automation.

The voice automation system underwent extensive testing to ensure accurate recognition and
execution of commands. The module was calibrated to minimize errors in noisy environments, and
its response time was assessed for user satisfaction. The integration of all components was
validated through system-wide tests to confirm seamless operation.

17
Figure 3.1: block diagram of a solar powered fan with voice control automation.

18
3.2 SYSTEM DESIGN
The components of the solar powered ceiling fan with voice automation are interconnected to form
a seamless and functional system. The design ensures efficient energy conversion, storage, and
utilization while enabling smart voice control features. The connections are described as follows;

3.2.1 SOLAR PV SYSTEM

The solar panel connects to the input terminals of the charge controller (positive to positive,
negative to negative). This setup ensures that power from the solar panel is safely delivered to the
battery and system. The charge controller's battery output terminals are connected to the battery.
It ensures safe and efficient charging by controlling the voltage and current going into the battery.
The battery's positive and negative terminals connect to the DC input of the inverter. The inverter
then converts the 12V DC from the battery to 220V AC, which will power the ceiling fan. The
output of the inverter (220V AC) connects to the ceiling fan. The fan is now powered by solar
energy stored in the battery.

3.2.2 LOAD AND RUN TIME CALULATION

Power requirement

Load is 75watt, adding inverter loss (20% of load)

Inverter loss = 15watt

Total load = 75w + 15w = 90w

Inverter VA rating

Assuming the inverters power factor( efficiency) = 0.7

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝐴 = (eqn 3.2)
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

90
𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.7 = 129 VA

Battery capacity

2×𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠)×𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑢𝑝 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠×𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒

𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
(eqn 3.3)

19
 2 × 90 × 4 × 0.75
𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = 45𝐴ℎ
12

A battery of 45Ah was selected for the project.

Solar panel requirements

Assuming we get 5 hours of sunlight per day and battery voltage is 12v

To calculate wattage of solar panels ;

𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ×12

𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠 = (eqn 3.4)
𝑠𝑢𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

45 × 12
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 = = 108𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
5

One 300w panel was gotten from the market

Charge controller rating

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = (eqn 3.5)
𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

300
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = = 25𝐴
12

A charge controller with a rating of 50a was selected.

3.2.3 VOICE COMMAND SYSTEM

1.Voice Recognition Module to Arduino Nano: The VCC (Power Pin) of the module connects to
the 5V pin on the Arduino. The GND (Ground Pin) connects to the GND on the Arduino, while
the RX/TX (Data Pins) connect to the Arduino's TX/RX pins for serial communication. The voice
recognition module listens for voice commands and sends the corresponding signals to the
Arduino.

2. Arduino Nano to Relay Module: The IN1 to IN4 pins of the CH relay module are connected to
digital output pins of the Arduino. The VCC of the relay module connects to the 5V pin of the
Arduino. GND of the relay module connects to the GND of the Arduino. The Arduino receives the

20
signal from the voice recognition module and triggers the relay to turn the fan on/off or regulate
the speed based on voice commands.

3. Relay Module to the ceiling Fan: One of the relay's output channels will act as a switch for the
fan. The normally open (NO) contact of the relay was connected to one of the fan’s power supply
lines (from the inverter). When the relay is triggered by the Arduino (based on a voice command),
the relay closes, completing the circuit and turning the fan on or off.

4. 12V to 5V Power Supply: The power supply module steps down the 12V from the battery to
5V to power the Arduino Nano and voice recognition module. We Connected the input side of the
power supply to the 12V battery (positive to positive, negative to negative). The output side (5V
and GND) was connected to the 5V pin and GND pin on the Arduino and the voice recognition
module.

In summary, the solar panel generates energy from sunlight, which is regulated by the charge
controller and stored in the 12V battery, the inverter converts the stored DC energy into AC to
power the fan. The voice recognition module listens for voice commands. When a command like
"Fan On" or "Fan Off" or set fan speed to medium or high is detected, it sends a signal to the
Arduino Nano, Then the Arduino processes the voice command and activates the appropriate relay
channel, switching the fan on or off or controls the speed of the fan. Figure 3.2 shows the schematic
diagram of the voice command process.

21
22
Figure 3.2:schematic diagram of the voice automation process

23
 CHAPTER FOUR

CONSTRUCTION TESTS AND RESULTS

4.1 CONSTRUCTION AND IMPLEMENTATION
This chapter covers the steps taken in constructing and implementing the solar-powered, voice-
controlled ceiling fan system. Each component was assembled, connected, and tested to ensure the
fan operates efficiently based on the system design outlined in Chapter 3.

4.1.1 ASSEMBLY OF THE SOLAR PV SYSTEM

The solar photovoltaic (PV) panel was mounted beside electrical and electronics laboratory with
direct sunlight to maximize energy generation. The panel was securely installed and connected to
the charge controller, ensuring the positive and negative terminals were connected correctly. The
charge controller’s function is to regulate the energy flow from the solar panel to the battery,
preventing overcharging and ensuring optimal battery health.

Steps taken:

1.We securely mount the solar panel in an open, sunlit area, electrical laboratory roof.

2.We connected the panel’s output to the charge controller’s input (positive to positive, negative
to negative).

3.We connected the charge controller’s output terminals to the battery to allow for regulated
charging.

4.1.2 BATTERY AND INVERTER SETUP

The 12V, 36Ah lead-acid battery was used for energy storage. This battery connects to a DC-to-
AC inverter, which converts the 12V DC power from the battery into 220V AC required to run the
ceiling fan.

Steps taken:

24
 1. We connected the battery terminals to the charge controller's battery output (positive to
positive, negative to negative).
2. We linked the battery’s positive and negative terminals to the inverter’s DC input.

3. Attach the inverter’s 220V AC output terminals to the ceiling fan’s power input.

4.1.3 VOICE RECOGNITION AND ARDUINO INTEGRATION

The voice recognition module was connected to an Arduino Nano to facilitate voice-controlled
operation. The voice recognition module was configured to recognize specific commands such as
"Fan On," "Fan Off," and fan speed levels.

Steps taken:

1. We connected the voice recognition module’s VCC and GND pins to the Arduino’s 5V
and GND pins, respectively.
2. The TX and RX pins on both the Arduino and the module for serial communication
3. We Programmed the Arduino to process voice commands and map each command to a
specific relay operation.

4.1.4 RELAY AND FAN CONTROL MECHANISM

A relay module was used to control the ceiling fan’s power state. The Arduino, upon receiving a
voice command, triggers the relay to either close or open the circuit, allowing the fan to turn on or
off or adjust speeds.

Steps:

1. We Connected the relay’s input (IN1) to the Arduino’s digital output pin.

2. We connected the fan’s power line from the inverter to the relay’s normally open (NO) contact.

3.We configured the Arduino to control the relay based on voice commands, closing the circuit
when "Fan On" is detected and opening it for "Fan Off."

25
4.1.5 POWER SUPPLY INTEGRATION
A 12V-to-5V power module was used to step down the battery voltage to 5V, powering both the
Arduino Nano and the voice recognition module.

Steps:

1. We connected the power module’s input to the 12V battery terminals (positive to positive,
negative to negative).

2. Linked the output side (5V and GND) to the Arduino Nano and the voice recognition module.

4.1.6 SOFTWARE DESIGN

A text editor for write code, a message area, a text console, a toolbar with common function buttons
and several functions are available in the Arduino Integrated Development Environment or
Arduino Software ( IDE) –.It is the programming framework used for this project.

4.1.7 SYSTEM TESTING

Upon assembly, each component was tested to ensure compatibility and proper operation. The
following tests were performed:

Solar Panel Charging Test: The solar panel was exposed to direct sunlight, and the charge
controller monitored the battery charging status.

Voice Command Test: The voice recognition module was tested with various commands to
confirm it accurately detects "Fan On," "Fan Off," and speed adjustments.

26
4.2 TESTS AND RESULTS
Table 4.1: Fan on testing results

VOICE INPUT EXPECTED ACTUAL OUTPUT RESULTS

OUTPUT

Turn on the fan Fan On Fan On success

Turn on the fan Fan On Fan On success

Turn on the fan Fan On Fan On success

Turn on the fan Fan On Fan On failed

Turn on the fan Fan On Fan On success

Turn on the fan Fan On Fan On success

Turn on the fan Fan On Fan On failed

Turn on the fan Fan On Fan On failed

Turn on the fan Fan On Fan On success

Mean average 70%

Table 4.2: Fan Speed to medium Testing Results

VOICE INPUT EXPECTED ACTUAL RESULTS

OUTPUT OUTPUT

Set speed to medium Medium speed Medium speed success

27
 Set speed to medium Medium speed Medium speed failed

Set speed to medium Medium speed Medium speed success

Set speed to medium Medium speed Medium speed success

Set speed to medium Medium speed Medium speed success

Set speed to medium Medium speed Medium speed success

Set speed to medium Medium speed Medium speed failed

Set speed to medium Medium speed Medium speed failed

Set speed to medium Medium speed Medium speed success

Mean average 70%

Table 4.3: Fan Speed to low Testing Results

VOICE INPUT EXPECTED ACTUAL OUTPUT RESULTS

OUTPUT

Set speed to low low speed low speed success

Set speed to low low speed low speed success

Set speed to low low speed low speed success

Set speed to low low speed low speed success

Set speed to low low speed low speed success

28
 Set speed to low low speed low speed success

Set speed to low low speed low speed success

Set speed to low low speed low speed failed

Set speed to low low speed low speed success

Mean average 90%

Table 4.4: Fan Speed to high testing Results

VOICE INPUT EXPECTED ACTUAL OUTPUT RESULTS

OUTPUT

Set speed to high High speed High speed success

Set speed to high High speed High speed success

Set speed to high High speed High speed failed

Set speed to high High speed High speed success

Set speed to high High speed High speed success

Set speed to high High speed High speed success

Set speed to high High speed High speed success

Set speed to high High speed High speed success

Set speed to high High speed High speed success

Mean average 90%

29
Table 4.5: Fan off Testing Results

VOICE INPUT EXPECTED ACTUAL OUTPUT RESULTS

OUTPUT

Turn off the fan Fan off Fan off Success

Turn off the fan Fan off Fan off Success

Turn off the fan Fan off Fan off Success

Turn off the fan Fan off Fan off Success

Turn off the fan Fan off Fan off Success

Turn off the fan Fan off Fan off Success

Turn off the fan Fan off Fan off Success

Turn off the fan Fan off Fan off failed

Turn off the fan Fan off Fan off Success

Mean average 90%

Table 4.1-4.5 shows the results of the testing conducted to evaluate the accuracy of the voice
recognition in giving commands such as turning-on and turning-off the electric fan and changing
the speed of the electric fan from low to medium speed controlled by voice recognition using
English language like “turn on the fan” to turn on the fan , “ set fan speed to medium” for medium
speed.

30
4.3 BILL OF ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT AND EVALUATION
The bill of engineering measurement and evaluation of this project is presented in table 4.6

Table 4.6 BEME

S/N ITEM UNIT PRICE QUANTITY TOTAL

(NGN) COST (NGN)

1 300-watt solar panel 80,000 1 80,000

2 12v 18 Ah lead acid battery 30,000 2 60,000

3 600w modified sine wave 25,000 1 25,000

inverter

4 50A charge controller 40,000 1 40,000

5 Ac ceiling fan 25,000 1 25,000

6 Arduino nano 48,200 1 48,200

7 4 CH relay module ` 1 8,250

8 12v-5v power supply 4950 1 4950

9 4mm wire 800 6 4800

10 1.5mm wire 350 34 11900

11 1.5mm wire clips 400 1 400

12 1lb nails 500 1 500

13 Contingencies 50000

TOTAL 354,050

31
 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSION
This project successfully demonstrates the design and construction of a solar-powered ceiling fan
with voice automation. By utilizing a 300W solar panel, a 12V, 36Ah lead-acid battery, and a
600W inverter, the system harnesses renewable energy to power a 75W AC fan. The integration
of an Arduino Nano with a voice recognition module allows for hands-free operation, enhancing
convenience and functionality. This project highlights the potential for combining solar technology
with automation to reduce reliance on grid electricity while promoting smart home innovations.
The design showcases a viable way for harnessing solar energy, particularly in areas with abundant
sunlight, contributing to sustainability goals.

5.2 PROBLEMS FACED

1. High Cost of Solar System Components: The cost of essential components especially the solar
panel and the battery posed a significant financial challenge. These components are crucial for the
operation of the system but are expensive, making the overall project cost high. While solar energy
offers long-term benefits, the initial investment in components can be a barrier, especially for
small-scale projects like this.

2. Complexity of Voice Automation Integration: Integrating the voice recognition module with the
Arduino Nano to achieve reliable voice automation proved to be more complex than anticipated.
Issues with the module’s sensitivity to ambient noise and its ability to consistently recognize
commands created challenges during testing. This required extensive calibration and programming
adjustments to ensure accurate response to voice commands.

3. Wiring: The use of multiple components, including the charge controller, inverter, battery, and
Arduino, introduced the need for extensive wiring. Managing these connections in a clean,
organized way was more tedious than anticipated.

32
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Battery Capacity Enhancement: For extended fan operation during low sunlight or cloudy days,
it is recommended to increase the battery capacity. Using a higher Ah battery, could significantly
improve the system’s runtime and reliability.

2.Expand to Other Appliances: This system can be expanded to power other low-wattage
household appliances such as LED lights or phone chargers, increasing the value of the solar setup
by making it multifunctional.

33
 REFERENCES
Mahmud, K., Joarder, M. M. A., & Roy, A. K. (2015). Voice activated electronic devices control
system for home appliances. Scholars Journal of Engineering and Technology (SJET), 3(1B), 66-
70.

Ismail, S. O., Ojolo, S. J., Orisareye, J. I., & Olusegun, F. A. (2014). Design of an office table
solar-DC powered fan.Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences
(JETEAS), 5(1), 1-5.

Hossam, et al. (2014). Temperature controlled ceiling fan using microcontroller. Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications, 4(5), 59-63.

Gavish, et al. (2012). Design and simulation of temperature-based fan speed control system using
PWM technique. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering &
Technology, 1(4), 231-235.

Scaradozzi, et al. (2003). Autonomous systems as multiple agent systems. Journal of Intelligent &
Robotic Systems, 36(2), 145-157.

Sriskanthan, et al. (2002). Bluetooth-based automated appliance control system. Journal of

Wireless Personal Communications, 23(2), 151-164.

Katole, et al. (2013). Smart device controller using hand gestures. International Journal of
Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology, 2(4), 1-6.

34
35
36