Exploratory Data

Analysis (EDA) and

Feature Engineering
Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) and Feature Engineering are crucial steps in
the data analysis pipeline. EDA helps uncover insights and patterns in the
data, while Feature Engineering transforms raw data into more meaningful
inputs for machine learning models.

by Dr. Anil Gavade

Understanding the
Importance of EDA

1 Identify Data 2 Inform Feature

Characteristics Engineering
EDA allows you to understand Insights from EDA guide the
the distribution, relationships, creation of new, more
and quality of your data. informative features.

3 Improve Model Performance

Well-engineered features lead to better-performing machine learning
models.
Identifying Relevant Features for Analysis
Domain Knowledge Correlation Analysis Feature Importance
Leverage your understanding of the Examine the relationships between Use techniques like feature importance
problem domain to identify the most features and the target variable to select or recursive feature elimination to
relevant features. the most informative ones. identify the most impactful features.
Handling Missing Values and Outliers
Identify Missing Values Detect and Handle Outliers
Locate and quantify the extent of missing data in your Identify and address extreme values that may skew your
dataset. analysis and model performance.

1 2 3

Impute Missing Data

Use techniques like mean/median imputation, KNN, or more
advanced methods to fill in missing values.
Transforming and Scaling
Features
Normalization Standardization
Scale features to a common Adjust the scale of features to
range, such as 0 to 1, to ensure have zero mean and unit
equal contribution to the model. variance, reducing the impact of
outliers.

Log Transformation Polynomial Features

Apply a logarithmic Create new features by
transformation to right-skewed combining and transforming
features to improve their existing ones to capture non-
distribution and linearity. linear relationships.
Engineering New Features
from Existing Ones

Mathematical Categorical Features

Transformations Encode categorical variables as
Create new features by applying numerical features using techniques
mathematical operations like log, like one-hot encoding or label
square root, or trigonometric encoding.
functions.

Time-Series Features Spatial Features

Extract features like lags, rolling Derive features from geospatial data,
windows, or time-based statistics such as distance, proximity, or
from temporal data. location-based aggregations.
Evaluating Feature
Importance
Correlation Analysis
1 Measure the linear relationship between features and the target
variable.

Model-Based Techniques
2 Leverage the feature importance scores from machine learning
models like decision trees or random forests.

Recursive Feature Elimination

3 Iteratively remove the least important features to identify the
most informative subset.
Iterative Process of EDA and Feature Engineering
Explore the Data 1
Conduct comprehensive EDA to uncover insights and
patterns in the data.
2 Engineer New Features
Transform and combine existing features to create
more informative inputs for the model.
Evaluate and Refine 3
Assess the impact of new features on model
performance and iterate the process.
Conclusion and Key
Takeaways
Exploratory Data Analysis and Feature Engineering are essential steps in the
data analysis pipeline, allowing you to uncover insights, create more
informative features, and ultimately improve the performance of your machine
learning models.
Exploratory Data
Analysis: Unlocking
Insights
Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) is a critical step in the data analysis process,
enabling us to thoroughly examine and understand the structure, patterns,
and relationships within our data. This journey of discovery helps us make
informed decisions and develop effective data-driven solutions.

by Dr. Anil Gavade

Introduction to EDA: The Gateway to
Understanding

1 Uncover Hidden Gems 2 Informed Decision- 3 Foundation for Modeling

Making
EDA empowers us to reveal the EDA lays the groundwork for
true nature of our data, uncovering By deeply understanding our data, successful data modeling and
patterns, trends, and insights that we can make more informed and analysis, ensuring we build upon a
may not be immediately apparent. impactful decisions, leading to solid understanding of our data.
better outcomes.
Identifying and Handling
Missing Data

1 Detect
Identify missing data points using various techniques, such
as visual inspection and statistical analysis.

2 Understand
Investigate the reasons and patterns behind missing data to
determine the appropriate handling strategy.

Impute
3
Fill in missing values using methods like mean/median
imputation, regression, or advanced techniques like k-
nearest neighbors.
Detecting and Treating Outliers
Identify Outliers Understand Outliers Treat Outliers

Use statistical methods, such as z- Analyze the underlying causes and Apply appropriate techniques to handle
scores, interquartile range (IQR), or significance of outliers to determine if outliers, such as winsorization, capping,
Mahalanobis distance, to detect they should be removed, transformed, or robust statistical methods.
anomalies in the data. or retained.
Data Normalization and
Standardization
Min-Max Scaling Z-Score Standardization
Rescale features to a common Transform features to have a
range, typically between 0 and mean of 0 and a standard
1, to ensure equal contribution deviation of 1, removing the
to the analysis. impact of different scales.

Robust Scaling Normalization

Use median and median
Importance
absolute deviation to create a Normalization and
standardization method standardization are crucial for
resistant to outliers. ensuring fair comparisons and
effective machine learning
model training.
Standardization: Enhancing
Data Comparability

Scaling
Standardization ensures features are on a common scale, enabling
meaningful comparisons and analysis.

Visualization
Standardized data improves the interpretation and visual representation of
data distributions and relationships.

Modeling
Standardization enhances the performance and stability of machine learning
models by eliminating issues related to differing scales.
Visualizing Data Distributions
Histograms Box Plots Scatter Plots

Reveal the shape and spread of data Provide a compact summary of the data, Uncover relationships and patterns
distributions, helping identify skewness, including the median, quartiles, and between variables, crucial for
multi-modality, and outliers. potential outliers. understanding the structure of the data.
Correlation Analysis:
Uncovering Relationships
Identify

1 Compute correlation coefficients to measure the strength and

direction of linear relationships between variables.

Visualize

2 Use correlation matrices and scatter plots to graphically

represent the correlation structure of the data.

Interpret

3 Carefully analyze the correlation findings to uncover insights

and guide further data exploration and modeling.
Dimensionality Reduction:
Simplifying Complex Data
PCA
1
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) transforms high-
dimensional data into a lower-dimensional space while
preserving the maximum amount of variance.

2 t-SNE
t-SNE (t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding) is a
nonlinear technique that preserves the local structure of the
data.

3 Applications
Dimensionality reduction techniques enable better data
visualization, feature selection, and preparation for machine
learning models.
EDA: A Comprehensive
Workflow
Explore Prepare
Thoroughly examine the data to Clean, transform, and normalize
uncover patterns, trends, and the data to ensure it is ready for
relationships using a variety of further analysis and modeling.
techniques.

Iterate Apply
Continuously refine the EDA Leverage the gained insights to
process, revisiting earlier steps inform decision-making, feature
to gain deeper insights and engineering, and the
refine the data. development of effective data-
driven solutions.
Exploratory Data Analysis: Data
Cleaning and Preprocessing
Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) is a crucial first step in any data-driven
project, and data cleaning and preprocessing are essential components
of this process. By addressing data quality issues and transforming raw
data, we can uncover valuable insights and set the foundation for robust
data analysis.

by Dr. Anil Gavade

Introduction to EDA and the Importance of Data
Cleaning
Understand Data Prepare for Analysis
EDA helps you gain a deep understanding of your Addressing these issues ensures your data is accurate,
dataset, including its structure, patterns, and potential complete, and ready for more advanced analysis and
issues. modeling.

1 2 3

Identify Problems
Data cleaning and preprocessing reveal data quality
problems, such as missing values, outliers, and
inconsistencies.
Understanding Data Types and Common Data Quality
Issues
Data Types Data Quality Issues Data Profiling
Recognizing the different data types Common problems include missing Analyzing the distribution, range, and
(numeric, categorical, date/time) is values, outliers, duplicates, and relationships within the data can help
crucial for proper handling and inconsistent formatting or coding. identify these issues.
analysis.
Handling Missing Data:
Strategies and Techniques
Imputation Removal
Filling in missing values using Removing rows or columns
statistical methods, such as with missing data, though this
mean, median, or regression- should be a last resort.
based imputation.

Inference Flagging
Using domain knowledge or Retaining missing values and
machine learning techniques flagging them for downstream
to infer missing values based analysis, preserving
on patterns in the data. information about data
quality.
Detecting and Removing
Outliers
1 Statistical Methods 2 Visualization
Using z-scores, interquartile Plotting data distributions,
range (IQR), or Mahalanobis scatter plots, and box plots
distance to identify and can help visually identify
remove outliers. outliers.

3 Domain Knowledge
Understanding the context and characteristics of the data can
inform outlier detection and treatment.
Dealing with Inconsistent or Erroneous Data

Standardization Data Validation Data Integration

Ensuring consistent formatting, units, Implementing checks and rules to Combining data from multiple sources
and coding conventions across the identify and correct invalid or while resolving any conflicts or
dataset. erroneous data points. discrepancies.
Data Transformation and
Feature Engineering
Feature Extraction
1 Creating new variables from existing data to capture
important information and patterns.

Scaling and Normalization

2 Ensuring variables are on a common scale, which is crucial
for many machine learning models.

Dimensionality Reduction
3 Identifying and removing redundant or irrelevant features
to improve model performance.
Exploring and Visualizing Data Relationships

Scatter Plots Time Series Plots Correlation Matrices

Visualize the relationship between two Analyze changes in variables over time Identify and quantify the linear
continuous variables to identify to uncover temporal trends and relationships between variables using
patterns and outliers. seasonality. correlation analysis.
Identifying and Addressing
Data Biases
Bias Type Description Mitigation
Strategies

Selection Bias Sampling issues Diversify data

that lead to an sources, use
unrepresentative random sampling
dataset methods

Measurement Bias Errors or Standardize data

inconsistencies in collection
data collection and protocols, validate
recording data quality

Algorithmic Bias Biases introduced Audit algorithms

by the models or for fairness, use
algorithms used for debiasing
analysis techniques
Best Practices for Effective
Data Preprocessing
1 Understand Your Data 2 Document and
Thoroughly explore the Automate
dataset to identify its Keep detailed records of
structure, characteristics, your data cleaning steps
and potential issues. and, where possible,
automate the process.

3 Iterative Approach 4 Collaborate and Validate

Repeatedly clean, explore, Engage domain experts and
and refine your data to stakeholders to validate
uncover additional insights your findings and ensure
and improvements. data quality.
Exploratory Data
Analysis (EDA)
with Measures of
Shape
Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) is a crucial step in the data analysis
process, enabling you to gain deep insights into your data. By
understanding measures of shape, such as central tendency and
dispersion, you can uncover hidden patterns and make informed
decisions.

by Dr. Anil Gavade

Introduction to Exploratory Data Analysis
(EDA)

1 Data Exploration 2 Hypothesis Generation 3 Informed Decisions

EDA involves examining data EDA helps you formulate By understanding the
from multiple angles to identify informed hypotheses about the characteristics of your data, you
trends, outliers, and data, guiding the direction of can make more accurate and
relationships. your analysis. reliable decisions.
Importance of Measures
of Shape in EDA
Central Tendency Dispersion
Measures like mean, median, Measures like range, variance,
and mode reveal the typical or and standard deviation
central values in a dataset. quantify the spread or
variability of the data.

Skewness and Informed Insights

Kurtosis Analyzing these measures of
These measures describe the shape provides valuable
asymmetry and peakedness of insights into the underlying
a data distribution, characteristics of your data.
respectively.
Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median,
and Mode
Mean Median Mode

The average value, calculated by The middle value when the data is The value that appears most
summing all data points and dividing arranged in numerical order, dividing frequently in the dataset, representing
by the total count. the dataset in half. the most common occurrence.
Measures of Dispersion:
Range, Variance, and
Standard Deviation
Range
1
The difference between the maximum and minimum
values in the dataset, indicating the spread.

Variance
2
The average squared deviation from the mean,
quantifying the overall spread of the data.

Standard Deviation
3
The square root of the variance, providing a more
intuitive measure of dispersion.
Measures of Skewness: Identifying Skewed
Distributions
Positive Skewness Negative Skewness Symmetric Distribution
Indicates a distribution with a Indicates a distribution with a A distribution with no skewness,
longer right tail, where the majority longer left tail, where the majority of where the data is evenly distributed
of the data is concentrated on the the data is concentrated on the around the mean.
left. right.
Measures of Kurtosis:
Understanding
Peakedness and
Tailedness

Mesokurtic
A normal, bell-shaped distribution with a kurtosis value close to 3.

Leptokurtic
A distribution with a sharper peak and heavier tails than a normal
distribution.

Platykurtic
A distribution with a flatter peak and lighter tails than a normal
distribution.
Interpreting Measures of
Shape in EDA
Central Tendency

1 Understand the typical values and central point of the data

distribution.

Dispersion

2 Evaluate the spread and variability of the data, identifying

outliers and extremes.

Skewness & Kurtosis

3 Analyze the asymmetry and peakedness of the distribution

to uncover hidden patterns.
Visualizing Measures of Shape: Histograms,
Box Plots, and Q-Q Plots

Histograms Box Plots Q-Q Plots

Visualize the distribution of data, Depict the median, quartiles, and Assess the normality of a data
highlighting central tendency and outliers, providing insights into distribution and identify deviations from
skewness. dispersion and skewness. a normal curve.
Applying Measures of Shape to Solve Real-
World Problems
Identifying Outliers Using measures of dispersion to detect unusual data points
that may skew analysis.

Assessing Normality Evaluating skewness and kurtosis to determine if data

follows a normal distribution.

Determining Appropriate Statistics Selecting the right measures of central tendency (mean,
median, mode) based on the data distribution.

Informing Business Decisions Leveraging insights from EDA to make more informed and
data-driven decisions.
Exploratory Data Analysis
(EDA): Unlocking Insights
through Statistics
Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) is a crucial step in the data analysis
process, enabling researchers and analysts to uncover hidden patterns,
trends, and relationships within their datasets. This comprehensive
introduction will guide you through the key statistical concepts and
techniques that form the foundation of effective EDA.

by Dr. Anil Gavade

Understanding Central Tendency: Mean,
Median, and Mode
Mean Median Mode

The average value, calculated by The middle value when the data is The value that appears most
summing all data points and dividing arranged in numerical order, providing frequently in the dataset, giving insight
by the total number of observations. a measure of central tendency that is into the most common or typical
less affected by outliers. observations.
Measures of Variability: Variance and Standard
Deviation
Applications
Variance These metrics help identify outliers, assess data
The average squared deviation from the mean, distribution, and compare the variability across different
quantifying the spread or dispersion of the data. datasets or variables.

1 2 3

Standard Deviation
The square root of the variance, providing a measure of
the average distance of data points from the mean.
Assessing Normal Distribution and Outliers
1 Normal Distribution 2 Outlier Detection 3 Handling Outliers
Analyzing the symmetry and Identifying data points that Techniques like winsorization,
kurtosis of the data to determine significantly deviate from the trimming, or exclusion can be
if it follows a bell-shaped normal general pattern, which can have a used to address the influence of
distribution curve. significant impact on analysis. outliers on statistical measures.
Correlation: Identifying
Relationships between
Variables

Correlation Coefficient Positive Correlation

Measures the strength and When two variables move in the
direction of the linear relationship same direction, indicating a direct
between two variables, ranging relationship.
from -1 to 1.

Negative Correlation No Correlation

When two variables move in When there is no apparent linear
opposite directions, indicating an relationship between the variables.
inverse relationship.
Visualizing Data: Histograms, Scatter Plots,
and Box Plots
Histograms Scatter Plots Box Plots

Visualize the distribution and Plot the relationship between two Display the median, quartiles, and
frequency of data points, revealing variables, enabling the identification of potential outliers, providing a compact
patterns and potential outliers. trends, clusters, and correlations. summary of the data distribution.
Univariate and Bivariate Analysis Techniques
Univariate Analysis Bivariate Analysis Insights
Examines the distribution and Investigates the relationships These analyses uncover patterns,
characteristics of a single variable, between two variables, using trends, and potential dependencies
such as measures of central techniques like correlation and within the data, informing further
tendency and variability. regression analysis. investigation and decision-making.
Handling Missing Data and
Anomalies
Identify
1 Recognize and locate missing data points and potential
anomalies within the dataset.

Assess
2 Evaluate the impact and patterns of missing data and
anomalies on the overall data quality and analysis.

Impute
Apply appropriate techniques to estimate or replace missing
3
values, such as mean/median imputation or regression-
based methods.

Mitigate
4 Handle anomalies through methods like winsorization,
outlier removal, or robust statistical techniques.
Practical Applications of
EDA in Decision-Making
1 Informed Decisions
EDA provides a solid foundation for making data-driven
decisions by uncovering key insights and patterns.

2 Risk Mitigation
Identifying outliers and anomalies helps organizations
anticipate and mitigate potential risks and challenges.

3 Optimized Strategies
Understanding the relationships between variables enables
the development of more effective and targeted strategies.
Conclusion and Key Takeaways
1 Comprehensive 2 Informed Decision- 3 Continuous
Understanding Making Improvement
EDA equips analysts with a holistic The insights gained through EDA Regularly applying EDA
understanding of their data, empower organizations to make techniques helps organizations
paving the way for more well-informed, data-driven stay ahead of the curve, adapt to
advanced analysis and modeling. decisions that drive success. evolving trends, and continuously
refine their strategies.
Understanding Data
Types for Exploratory
Data Analysis
Understanding data types is essential for effective exploratory data analysis
(EDA). It allows us to choose appropriate analytical techniques, visualizations,
and data cleaning methods.

by Dr. Anil Gavade

Why Data Type Understanding
is Crucial for EDA

1 Appropriate Analysis 2 Meaningful

Selecting the correct statistical
Visualization
methods or machine learning Choosing the right
algorithms depends heavily on visualization tools enhances
the type of data. data exploration and
interpretation.

3 Effective Cleaning
Understanding data types facilitates accurate identification and
handling of missing values and outliers.
Numeric Data Types: Integers,
Floats, and Their Use Cases
Data Type Description Use Cases

Integers Whole numbers Age, quantity,

without decimals population

Floats Numbers with Height, temperature,

decimal points price
Categorical Data Types: Nominal, Ordinal, and Their
Applications
Nominal Ordinal

Unordered categories with no inherent ranking Ordered categories with a defined ranking

Examples: Color, gender, city Examples: Education level, satisfaction rating, customer reviews
Text Data Types: Strings, Their Analysis and
Preprocessing
Tokenization 1
Breaking down text into individual words or units.

2 Stemming/Lemmatization
Reducing words to their base form for consistency.

Stop Word Removal 3

Eliminating common words that add little meaning.
Date and Time Data Types: Formats, Conversions,
and Manipulations
1 2 3

Date Formats Conversion Manipulation

Different formats exist for representing Converting between formats allows for Performing operations such as adding or
dates and times. consistent data handling. subtracting time units.
Handling Missing Values in
Different Data Types
Numeric Data Categorical Data
Imputation methods, such as Replacing missing values with the
mean or median, are often used most frequent category or
to fill missing values. creating a separate category for
missing values.

Text Data Date/Time Data

Missing values can be replaced Missing values can be replaced
with empty strings or a special with a default date or time, or
token. removed altogether.
Importance of Data Type Consistency and Cleaning

Reliable Analysis Meaningful Insights Reduced Errors

Consistent data types ensure accurate Clean data leads to more reliable and Inconsistent or unclean data can introduce
calculations and comparisons. insightful results. errors in the analysis.
Exploring Data Types Using
Python or R Libraries

1 Python Libraries 2 R Libraries

Pandas, NumPy, and Scikit- dplyr, tidyr, and stringr offer
learn provide tools for functions for data
exploring and analyzing data manipulation and analysis.
types.

3 Data Type Exploration

Identifying data types, inspecting data distributions, and understanding
data characteristics.
Leveraging Data Type Insights to Drive Effective EDA

Numeric Data Categorical Data

Correlation, regression, and statistical tests. Frequency analysis, chi-squared tests, and contingency tables.
Understanding the
Importance of
Exploratory Data
Analysis (EDA)
Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) is a crucial step in the data science
process. It helps us to understand the characteristics of our data and
uncover valuable insights.

by Dr. Anil Gavade

What is Exploratory Data
Analysis?

1 Exploration and 2 Visualizations and

Understanding Summaries
EDA is the process of This involves using charts,
exploring data through graphs, and statistical
various methods to gain a summaries to visualize and
deeper understanding of its describe key features of the
patterns and trends. data.

3 Data-Driven Insights
The goal of EDA is to uncover hidden patterns, identify outliers, and
gain insights that inform further analysis.
The Importance of EDA in Data
Science
Data Understanding Model Selection
EDA provides a comprehensive It helps determine appropriate
understanding of the data's statistical models and machine
distribution, relationships, and learning algorithms for
potential issues. analysis.

Quality Assessment
EDA identifies data quality issues, such as missing values, outliers,
and inconsistent data.
Identifying Data Patterns and
Trends
1 Visualizations
EDA utilizes various visualizations, such as histograms,
scatterplots, and box plots, to uncover patterns and trends.

2 Correlations
Identifying correlations between variables allows us to
understand how different factors relate to each other.

3 Trends and Outliers

EDA helps us identify trends over time and spot potential
outliers that may need further investigation.
Detecting Anomalies and Outliers
Outlier Detection Causes Handling Outliers

Outliers are data points that Outliers can be caused by errors in We need to carefully handle outliers,
significantly deviate from the rest of data collection, measurement issues, either by removing them or adjusting
the data. They can skew our analysis. or truly unusual occurrences. them depending on the situation.
Handling Missing Values and Cleaning Data
1 2 3

Missing Data Imputation Data Cleaning

Missing values occur when data is not Techniques like mean, median, or Cleaning data involves handling
available. They need to be addressed mode imputation can be used to missing values, correcting errors, and
to avoid bias in analysis. replace missing values based on other standardizing data formats to ensure
data. consistency.
Selecting Appropriate Features
for Modeling
Feature Selection The process of identifying
relevant features for modeling
and excluding irrelevant ones.

Dimensionality Reduction Simplifying the data by reducing

the number of features while
retaining as much information
as possible.

Model Performance Selecting appropriate features

can significantly improve the
accuracy and interpretability of
the model.
Generating Hypotheses for
Further Investigation

Hypothesis Generation
EDA helps to identify patterns that suggest potential relationships and
hypotheses for further investigation.

Testing and Validation

These hypotheses can be tested through further analysis, experiments, or
statistical modeling.

Data-Driven Insights
EDA facilitates a data-driven approach to hypothesis generation, ensuring
that conclusions are grounded in evidence.
Communicating Insights Effectively

Visualizations Storytelling
Visualizations make complex data easily understandable and EDA helps to present insights in a narrative form, making it
impactful, enabling effective communication of insights. easier for stakeholders to understand and act upon.
Conclusion: EDA as a
Cornerstone of Data-Driven
Decision Making
EDA is a critical first step in data science. It helps to understand the data
and gain valuable insights that inform further analysis and decision-
making.
Fundamentals of
Python for
Exploratory Data
Analysis (EDA)
Python is a popular language for data analysis and exploration. Its
versatility, extensive libraries, and intuitive syntax make it ideal for
uncovering hidden patterns and insights in data.

by Dr. Anil Gavade

Why Python for EDA?
1 Extensive Libraries 2 Ease of Use
Python boasts a rich Python's syntax is clear and
ecosystem of libraries like concise, making it easy to
Pandas, NumPy, and write and understand code
Matplotlib, specifically for data exploration.
designed for data analysis
and visualization tasks.

3 Community Support 4 Versatility

Python's vast community Python is a versatile
provides ample resources, language that can be used
tutorials, and support for for various data analysis
data analysis projects. tasks, from data cleaning and
preprocessing to statistical
modeling and machine
learning.
Python data structures for
EDA
Lists Dictionaries
Ordered collections of items, Unordered collections of key-
allowing for efficient iteration value pairs, enabling quick
and access to elements by retrieval of values based on
index. their corresponding keys.

Tuples Sets
Immutable sequences of items, Unordered collections of
useful for storing data that unique items, ideal for checking
should not be modified, like membership or performing set
coordinates or dates. operations.
Numpy: powerful numerical computing
Multidimensional Arrays Mathematical Operations Performance Optimization

Numpy provides efficient storage and It supports a wide range of Numpy leverages optimized algorithms
manipulation of multidimensional mathematical operations, including and memory management for high-
arrays, crucial for handling numerical arithmetic, linear algebra, random performance numerical computing.
data in data analysis. number generation, and Fourier
transforms.
Pandas: high-performance
data structures
DataFrames Two-dimensional, tabular data
structure with labeled rows and
columns, providing a flexible and
powerful way to store and
analyze data.

Series One-dimensional labeled array,

useful for handling data that can
be represented as a single
column or row.
Visualization with Matplotlib
and Seaborn

Line Charts Scatter Plots

Show trends over time or Visualize the relationship between
relationships between variables. two variables, identifying patterns
and clusters.

Histograms Bar Charts

Display the distribution of a single Compare categorical data,
variable, revealing its shape and highlighting differences in
frequency. frequencies or values.
Data cleaning and
preprocessing

1 Handling Missing Values

Identify and deal with missing data points using techniques
like imputation or removal.

2 Data Transformation
Convert data to a suitable format or scale for analysis, such
as standardizing or normalizing values.

3 Outlier Detection
Identify and handle extreme values that may skew the
analysis, using techniques like z-score or box plots.

4 Data Encoding
Transform categorical variables into numerical
representations for use in models.
Exploratory data analysis
techniques
Descriptive Statistics
Calculate summary statistics like mean, median, standard
1
deviation, and percentiles to understand the data's central
tendency and spread.

Data Visualization
2 Create various types of visualizations to explore relationships
between variables, identify patterns, and gain insights.

Hypothesis Testing
Formulate and test hypotheses about the data using
3
statistical methods, drawing conclusions based on the
results.
Identifying patterns and
insights
1 Correlations 2 Trend Analysis
Identify relationships Analyze trends over time,
between variables, identifying patterns of
understanding how changes growth, decline, or
in one variable affect others. seasonality.

3 Cluster Analysis
Group data points into clusters based on similarities, uncovering
hidden segments within the data.
Conclusion and key
takeaways
Python provides a comprehensive toolkit for performing exploratory data
analysis, allowing you to uncover insights, identify patterns, and make
data-driven decisions.
Fundamentals of
Mathematics for
Exploratory Data
Analysis (EDA)
Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) is a crucial first step in the data science
process. It involves understanding the characteristics and patterns within
data, which is where the fundamental concepts of mathematics come into
play.

by Dr. Anil Gavade

The role of mathematics in
EDA

1 Data Summary 2 Relationship Discovery

Mathematics provides tools to Mathematical techniques like
summarize and describe key correlation and regression
features of data, like central allow us to uncover
tendency and dispersion. relationships and
dependencies between
different variables.

3 Hypothesis Testing 4 Data Visualization

Mathematics enables us to Mathematics forms the
test hypotheses about data foundation for visual
and draw statistically valid representations of data,
conclusions. making it easier to understand
complex trends.
Understanding data types
and scales
Type Description Examples

Numerical Quantifiable data, Age, height,

can be continuous or temperature, count
discrete. of items

Categorical Data that falls into Gender, color,

distinct categories. product type, country
of origin
Measures of central tendency: mean, median,
mode
Mean Median Mode

The average value of a dataset, The middle value of a sorted dataset, The most frequent value in a dataset,
calculated by summing all values and dividing the data into two equal halves. representing the data point that appears
dividing by the number of values. most often.
Measures of dispersion:
range, variance, standard
deviation

Range
The difference between the highest and lowest values in a dataset.

Variance
Measures how spread out data points are from the mean, calculated as the
average squared deviation from the mean.

Standard Deviation
The square root of the variance, providing a measure of the typical deviation
from the mean.
Probability and probability distributions
1 2 3

Probability Probability Distributions Common Distributions

The likelihood of an event occurring, Mathematical functions that describe Normal, Poisson, binomial
expressed as a number between 0 and the probability of different outcomes distributions are widely used in EDA
1. for a random variable. and statistical analysis.
Correlation and covariance
analysis
Correlation Covariance
Measures the strength and Measures the joint variability of
direction of the linear two variables, indicating how
relationship between two they change together.
variables.
Regression analysis: linear,
polynomial, and logistic
Linear Regression
1 Models a linear relationship between a dependent variable and
one or more independent variables.

Polynomial Regression
Models a nonlinear relationship between a dependent variable
2
and one or more independent variables using polynomial
functions.

Logistic Regression
3 Models the probability of a binary outcome based on one or
more independent variables.
Hypothesis testing and
statistical inference

1 Hypothesis Testing 2 Statistical Inference

A statistical method used to The process of drawing
determine whether there is conclusions about a
enough evidence to reject a population based on a sample
null hypothesis. of data.
Visualizing and interpreting
mathematical relationships
Visualization plays a crucial role in EDA, allowing us to see patterns, trends,
and relationships within data that may not be readily apparent from numerical
summaries alone.
Data Analysis and
Visualization with
Python
This presentation explores the power of Python for data analysis and
visualization. We'll cover key concepts, tools, and techniques to unlock
insights from your data.

by Dr. Anil Gavade

Introduction to Python for
Data Analysis

1 Why Python? 2 Key Libraries

Python's versatility, Libraries like Pandas,
extensive libraries, and NumPy, and Matplotlib
intuitive syntax make it provide powerful tools for
ideal for data analysis. data manipulation,
analysis, and visualization.

3 Data Structures 4 Basic Operations

Understanding data Learn how to perform
structures like lists, fundamental operations
dictionaries, and arrays is like data loading, filtering,
essential for efficient data and aggregation.
processing.
Collecting and Preprocessing Data
Data Sources
1
Discover various data sources like CSV files,
databases, APIs, and web scraping.
Data Cleaning
2
Handle missing values, outliers, and inconsistent
data to ensure data quality.
Data Transformation
3
Transform data into a format suitable for analysis,
including data encoding, normalization, and
aggregation.
Exploratory Data Analysis with Pandas
Pandas Series One-dimensional arrays with labels

Pandas DataFrames Two-dimensional tabular data structures with labeled rows

and columns

Data Exploration Techniques like slicing, filtering, sorting, and grouping to

uncover patterns and insights

Statistical Analysis Calculate descriptive statistics like mean, median, standard

deviation, and correlation.
Data Visualization with Matplotlib and
Seaborn
Matplotlib Seaborn Customization

A foundational plotting library for A higher-level library built on Explore a wide range of options to
creating various chart types like line Matplotlib, offering visually appealing customize chart appearance, labels,
plots, scatter plots, bar charts, and and statistically informed colors, and more.
histograms. visualizations.
Advanced Visualization Techniques

1 2 3

Interactive Plots Geographic Data Network Graphs

Create dynamic and interactive
Visualization Explore relationships between data
visualizations using libraries like Visualize data on maps using libraries points using network graphs to
Plotly and Bokeh. like GeoPandas and Basemap. visualize complex connections.
Predictive Modeling and
Machine Learning
Supervised Learning Unsupervised
Train models on labeled data
Learning
to predict future outcomes, Discover patterns and insights
such as regression and from unlabeled data, such as
classification. clustering and dimensionality
reduction.

Model Evaluation
Evaluate model performance using metrics like accuracy, precision,
recall, and F1-score.
Dashboarding and
Reporting

Interactive Dashboards
Create dynamic and engaging dashboards using libraries like Plotly Dash
and Streamlit.

Automated Reports
Generate reports using libraries like Pandas and Jinja2 to present key
findings and visualizations.

Storytelling with Data

Communicate insights effectively using a narrative approach, combining
visuals and text.
Best Practices for Data
Analysis Workflows

1 Reproducibility 2 Data Governance

Write clear and well- Follow data security and
documented code to ensure privacy guidelines, ensuring
results can be replicated. responsible data handling.

3 Version Control 4 Continuous

Use tools like Git to track
Improvement
changes and collaborate Refine your analysis process
effectively on projects. based on feedback and
learnings to optimize
results.
Conclusion and Next
Steps
Python is a powerful tool for data analysis and visualization. Explore
advanced topics, experiment with different libraries and techniques, and
continue learning to enhance your data skills.