Structural construction work

Level-I
Based on March 2021, Curriculum Version 1

Module Title: - Setting-out Profile Set-up for Building

Works
Module code: EIS SCW1 M070322
Nominal duration: 90Hour

Prepared by: Ministry of Labour and Skill

April, 2022
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
 Table of Content
Acknoledgment

Acronym 4

Introduction to the Module 4

Unit one: Plan and prepare 6

1.1. Work instruction..............................................................................................................8
1.1.1.plan 8
1.1.2. Specification 8
1.1.3. Quality 8
1.2.Follow safety requirements............................................................................................10
1.3.Select tools and equipment.........................................................................................16
1.4.Taking commencement date........................................................................................24
1.5.Calculate material........................................................................................................26
1.6.Applying plans and specifications...............................................................................29
1.7.Obtaining, prepare safely handling and locating setting out material....................36
1.8.Identifying environmental protection requirements.......................................................36
Introduction..........................................................................................................................36
1.8.3.Local Air Pollution Prevention and Control (LAPPC) 38
Self check-1..........................................................................................................................39

Unit Two: site boundaries 40

2.1 survey pages for site plan...............................................................................................40
Introduction..........................................................................................................................41

2.2.2.Procedure Of setting out from the existing 44

Self check-2..........................................................................................................................50
Test-I Matching....................................................................................................................50

Unit Three: Sett out first line for building alignment 51

3.1.Determining measurement of building line................Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.3.Installing pegs and hurdles/profiles............................................................................64
3.5.1.MARKING LOCATION FOR LINE 72
Self check-3..........................................................................................................................74
Operation sheet 3.2:.............................................................................................................75
LAB TEST 3.2.....................................................................................................................76

Unit Four: Setting out right angle corners 77

4.1. Corner of building.......................................................................................................78
4.2. Right angle....................................................................................................................83

`Page 2 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 4.3. use try square...............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
F...............................................................................................................................................
Self check-4..........................................................................................................................88
Operation sheet 4.2:.............................................................................................................88
LAB TEST 4.2.....................................................................................................................89

Unit Five: Install other building lines 91

5.1.Installing hurdles for remaining building lines.........................................................91
5.3.Setting taut of string lines...........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

Unit six: Building lines are checked for squares 99

6.2.1.Builder’s square method: 101

Unit seven: Clean up 105

7.1.1. Clearing the site 106
Do… 110
Don’t… 110
Self check 7........................................................................................................................110
Reference............................................................................................................................111

Ministry of Labor and Skills wish to extend thanks and appreciation to the many
representatives of TVET instructors and respective industry experts who donated their time and
expertise to the development of this Teaching, Training and Learning Materials (TTLM).

`Page 3 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
Acronym Introduction to the Module

In Structural construction work filed; the Setting out is of marking the position, shape
and size of a building on a construction site.

The details provided by the architect and surveyor on the project plans and drawings are
transferred to the ground on which the structure will be built. As with any other tasks on
building project you need to prepare for setting out by identifying and organizing the
task detail and the work environment, the tools and material you will be using, safely and
environmental requirements.

This module is designed to meet the industry requirement under the Setting out .
Occupational standard, particularly for the unit of competency: Set- out Profile Set- up for
Building Works

This module covers the units :

 work instruction

 site boundaries

 Setting out first line

 Setting out right angle corners

 Install other building lines

 Building lines are checked for squares

 Clean up
Learning Objective of the Module

 Apply work instruction

 Indicate site boundaries

 Sett out first line

 Setting out right angle corners

`Page 4 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
  Install building lines

 Building lines are checked for squares

 Clean up

Module Instruction
For effective use this modules trainees are expected to follow the following module instruction:
1. Read the information written in each unit
2. Accomplish the Self-checks at the end of each unit
3. Perform Operation Sheets which were provided at the end of units
4. Do the “LAP test” giver at the end of each unit and
5. Read the identified reference book for Examples and exercise

`Page 5 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
Unit one: Plan and prepare
This unit is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content
coverage and topics:
 work instruction
 Safety requirements.
 Tools and equipment.
 Commencement date
 Material quantity requirements
 Plans and specifications.
 Setting out material
 Environmental protection
This unit will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the above module.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Apply work instruction
 Follow safety requirements.
 Select tools and equipment.
 Take commencement date
 Calculate material quantity requirements
 Apply plans and specifications.
 Prepare and obtain safely handling and locating setting out
material.
 Identify environmental protection requirements

`Page 6 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
`Page 7 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 1. Work instruction

Work instructions are the plan that includes requirements and operational details of relevant
information to prepare for setting -out activities. it may include plans, specifications, quality,
working procedures legislation including equal gender employment opportunity and disability
inclusive.

Setting out is a very precise process that determines the exact position of the building on the
property and the base measurements that all other workers will follow. Any errors made when
setting out a building will affect the outcome of the entire project. It’s extremely important to get
accurate information and instructions about how to complete a setting out task effectively and
safely before you start.
1.1.1 Plan

7.1.1 A drawing showing technical details of a building, machine, etc., with unwanted
details omitted, and often using symbols rather than detailed drawing to
represent doors, valves, etc.
7.1.2 Specification
7.1.3 Specifications describe the nature and the class of the work; materials to be used
in the work, workmanship etc. It is very important for the execution of the work
7.1.4 Quality
As with all construction tasks there are quality requirements related to carrying out
setting out operations. These are generally covered in Standards. If you’re unsure about
quality requirements – whether in relation to the work you’re doing, the materials you’re
using, or some other area.

Because setting out involves transferring information from plans to the actual worksite,
it’s a good idea to complete an initial inspection of the site before you begin.
The work environment itself will determine the conditions that you have to prepare for
and will affect the way you complete the task.

7.1.5 Organization work specifications and requirements.

It includes functional requirements, performance requirements, interface requirements, design
requirements, and development standards. So the requirements specification is simply the
requirements written down on paper
7.1.6 Purpose of Obtaining, confirming and applying work instructions

`Page 8 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 Every step of the work instructions process must be carefully documented. The
documents and records kept serve several purposes. They;
 Provide evidence that the process was completed.
 Enable decisions or processes to be monitored and reviewed.

 Demonstrate accountability.

 Enable accurate and consistent sharing of information

7.1.7 Methods of Obtaining, confirming and applying work instructions

Obtaining work instructions is the process collection of information for dealing with the
setting-out activities. More information Obtained the minds of those who will use the
information to easily confirm and apply for activities. New and additional ideas come more
easily if there are lots of facts Obtained as bases. Gathering additional information means
an event and activities that collects different data, facts, figures, and information through
employing different methods which intended to the setting-out activities intended
objectives. There is a document required when we performing setting-out. like
 Setting-out book
 No of equipment required
 No of tools required
 Safety equipment
 Instruments etc

`Page 9 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 2. Safety requirements

The word safety refers to your freedom from danger, injury and damage, and to your personal
security. General Safety on construction site

A neat and tidy site safes time, eases the work, avoids accidents. If things like not used tools,
battens, boards, stones, cables, steel bars etc. are lying around, somebody may trip up and fall
down.

7.1.8 What Safety Means:

1. Safety means a complete understanding of your work and knowledge of every step that must
be taken and the realization that mistakes could be costly to yourself and to the company.

2. Safety means good judgment. Never rely on luck; always be prepared to cope with
unexpected situations and being alert when following your routine.

3. Safety means remembering the safety rules set up by your company and applying them every
minute when you are on th

7.1.9 Personal safety

It is dangerous to work with sharp edge tools and talk at the same time. Be agreeable with your
neighbor workman. Respect his right and privileges. Remembering accidents prevented today
will help make a living tomorrow. Some safety procedures should be followed at all times. Pay
close attention to what is being done.

The primary important to protect the workman from accidents is to identify possible hazards and
take the necessary safety measures to eliminate the hazardous. Before you go to work on any job,
make sure your entire body is properly protected and provided other personal protective
equipment.

Safety elements or hard hats should be wearing by workers in all construction sites where they
might be exposed to head injury from falling objects.

7.1.10 Safety equipment

Helmet Protects:- the carrier from down falling items. It should be a must for everybody who
works or moves on a building site.

`Page 10 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 Figure… 1

Ear protection:- Protects the carrier from damages of the ears continuously working in very
noisy environment harms the eardrums forever. Once the eardrums are damaged there is no way
of restoring the sense of hearing again.

Figure 2…

Safety boots: - Safety boots are equipped with three safety measures.

It must have:

1. Toes protection hoods a steel hood to protect the toes from down falling heavy things;

2.A steel layer inside the soles protects the carrier from Stepping into a turned up nails.

3. Benzene and oil resistant soles

Figure---3

Safety goggles:- Necessary during chiseling and grinding work, protects. Against chips sparking
around from the work piece.

Nylon webbing with locking device and drop D-ring, adjustable length, to be used also with tool
pockets, to meet recognized safety standard, (has width of 45mm)

`Page 11 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 Figure-----4

Wearing clothes:-These are generally worn as a means of protecting. Such protective clothing
should be changed and washed quickly and is best kept in a locker or store at the place of work.

7.1.11 Factors that Contribute to the Occurrence of Accidents in the

Construction Industry:
1. Fall from heights is the predominant causes of accidents

2. Lack of supervision for workers working at heights

3. Workers lack awareness on OSH

4. Workers have limited trainings

5. Due to lack of training, workers

a. Build improper temporary structures

b. Tolerate improperly guarded floors

c. Work with unstable/unsecured/scaffolds

6. Accident reports lack relevant information

7. Proper investigations are hardly conducted

7.1.12 Safety plans and policies.

1. Identifying and applying necessary requirements

- Safety precautions have to be followed

- Economic aspects has to be taken into account
- Environmental protection has to be considered
- Should ensure that adequate support personnel are available
- Should be checked adequate tools, equipment’s and other auxiliary tools are on site.
2. Requirements of safety

Setting out is the establishment of the marks and lines to define the position and level of the elements for
the construction work so that works may proceed with reference to them. This process may be contrasted
with the purpose of surveying which is to determine by measurement the position of existing features.

`Page 12 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
Setting out is the process of locating or transferring a point from paper to ground.

3. Regulatory requirements

Leading Causes of Fatal Accidents in Construction Sites

1. Falls from Heights

 Temporary Structures
 Excavation
 Roof
 Moving Vehicle and Equipment
2.Excavation and Trench Work Cave - in
 Falling of persons, materials and equipment
Asphyxiation
 Construction Machineries and Equipment
 Power Tools
 Woodworking Machine
 Heavy Machines
3. Cranes and Elevators
 Overloading
 Lifting and Carrying of Load
 Erection and Dismantling
4. Electrical Accidents

 Electrical Shock and Burns

 Contact with Electric Lines and Underground Cables

7.1.13 Environmental protection

General Provisions: - Protection to every workingman against the dangers of injury, sickness or
death through safe and healthful working conditions, thereby assuring the conservation of
valuable manpower resources and the prevention of loss or damage to lives and properties.
Accident Prevention

• Real factor in the economic success of any construction job

• Methods of prevention

• Ample evidence

• Profitable

• Lower cost and greater efficiency

General Construction Site Requirements

• Accident prevention is a legal requirement

• Complete understanding between the owner and the contractor

`Page 13 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 • Practical experience in running construction jobs

• Accident prevention as part of advance planning

• Protection of workers and the public

• Applicable government standard regulations

Construction Hazards

• Open Excavation

• Falling Objects

• Welding Operations

• Dust Dirt

• Temporary Wirings

• Temporary Overhead Electrical Lines

Construction Site Safety Requirement

Construction premises shall have adequate fire, emergency or danger sign and safety
instructions of standard colors and sizes visible at all times.

 Construction Safety Signage

 Warning / Safety Signs
 A visual alerting device in the form of a label, placard or other marking which advises the
observer of the nature and degree of potential hazards which can cause injury or death.
 Should alert persons to the following:
• Specific Hazards

• Degree or Level of Seriousness

• Probable consequence of involvement with the hazards

• How hazards cab is avoided

Location

 Safety signs shall be placed such that they will:

 Be ready visible to the intended viewer
• Alert the viewer to the potential

Protection

`Page 14 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
  Against foreseeable damage, fading or visual obstruction caused by abrasion, ultra - violet
light, or substance such as lubricants, chemical and dirt.
7.1.14 Warning Signs Dimension
Where:

S = Area of Safety Sign

L = Distance of Observation

Panel Signs

 Area of safety sign having distinctive background color different from adjacent areas of the
sign, which is clearly delineated by a line, border or margin.
• Signal Word Panel

 Area of safety that contains the signal word and the safety alert symbol
• Message Panel

Area of the safety sign that contains the word messages which identify the hazard, indicate how
to avoid the hazard and advises of the probable consequence of not avoiding the hazard.

• Symbol/Pictorial Panel

- Area of the safety sign that contains the symbol/pictorial

Safety Color Code

 Will supplement the proper guarding or warning of hazardous conditions.

Standard Color of Signs

• SAFETY RED: FIRE PROTECTION

 To call attention to fire protection equipment apparatus and facilities.

 SAFETY GREEN: DESIGNATING SAFETY
 Location of first aid equipment, safety devices, and safety bulletin boards.
 SAFETY YELLOW : CAUTION
 To designate caution and for marking physical hazards, such as striking against,
stumbling, falling, tripping and caught in between.

`Page 15 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 Fig-6 safety color Signs

Where Signage are Needed

 Usage of PPE prior to entry to the project site

 potential risks of falling objects
 Potential risk of falling
 Explosive and flammables substances are used or stored
 Tripping or slipping hazards
 Danger from toxic or irritant airborne contaminants/substances may exist
 Contact with or proximity to electrical/facility equipment
 Contact with dangerous moving parts of machineries and equipment
 Fire alarms and firefighting equipment
 Instructions on the usage of specific construction equipment
Periodic updating of man-hours lost
3. Tools and equipment

There are several type tools used by workers. Hand tools, in general, ease the work and
accelerates the process, improves quality of work significantly and they are very important for
everybody who wants to do decent work so that keep tools in perfect order. In addition tools and
equipment also represents highly valued assets.

For this reasons it is crucial necessary to handle tools and equipment with extra care. That means
cleaning after use, storing neatly, slightly greasing if necessary and regular maintenance.

`Page 16 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 Carefully handled hand tools are safe tools!

7.1.15 Measuring and Leveling Hand Tools

Measuring Hand tools and instruments are precise devices but needed to be handled with extra
care,

TOOLS, MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

The nature of the work to be carried out will determine what is needed. You will need the
following materials and equipment:

TOOLS,

 Measuring tapes/rules
 Sledge/lump hammers
 Hand/power saws
 Calculators
 Ranging pol
 Spirit levels, laser, optical or automatic levels
 Hose level/rubber water tub
 Carpentry hammers
 Bow sow
MATERIALS:
 Nail bags and nails/nails
 Peg
 String for string lines
 Straight edges

 Timber for hurdles/profiles and pegs

 Graphite pencil

EQUIPMENT/INSTRUMENT:

 Digital Theodolite
 Leveling instrument
 Bulldozer
 Excavator
E.g. Spirit level should be checked every day before use Spirit level

It is used to control the horizontal and vertical alignment of wall surface and edges. The length is
at least 80 to 120cm long. It is made of metal, synthetic material or wood. It has two measuring

`Page 17 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
bubbles: one is located at mid length is used to check horizontal positions. While the second one,
at the end, is used to check vertical position. This tool requires always to be handled with care
and needs to be checked from time to time weather it is still working accurate or not.

Fig-7-Spirit level

Plumb bob

A plum bob is made of metal. When suspended from a vertically attached string, it is employed
to check the vertical alignment of corners and surface of walls. A freely hanging plumb bob
gives exactly the vertical alignment, because any

Fig-8 Alignment string /masons’ line/

Alignment string /mason line/, sometimes called, Fish line, is a rope used to transfer horizontal &
vertical alignments or lines, i.e., use to mark base line on the floor or vertical point alignments of
wall. In other words, it is used to align the walling blocks, (stone, bricks, concrete blocks, hydra
form etc). It is available in different thickness & sizes in the market.

Fig-9 Mason line/alignment strin

Graphite Pencil

`Page 18 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
This is used for marking in wall construction. It is specially produced for this purpose in such a
way that it will not wear out fast.

Fig-9 Graphite pencil

Folding meter/rule-2/

For measuring length in wall construction, it is convenient to use rigid scales. Such a measuring
scale/ folding rule/ is made of 20cm separate wooden pieces joined together by pins. The scale
has subdivisions in cm and mm.

Fig-10 Folding meter/rule-2/

Hose level/rubber water tub

It is a transparent PVC hose. It is used to transfer or mark vertical levels on surface of wall when
it is filled with water, but without any air bubbles. The water level in each end of the hose is
equal. It is an instrument to mark equal levels on site. It is very accurate but not eases to handle.

Fig-11 Hose level

Straight edge/Level/

This is a perfectly straight metal/aluminum/ with all long and short edges parallel to its
centerline. It is employed to check straight alignments of walls.

`Page 19 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 Fig-12 straight edge

Its length ranges from 2m up to 4m. Together with the sprit level, it can be used to bridge over
the point to be checked. A straight edge/Level/ can also be made from a wooden plank with
perfectly parallel edges.

Angle / Try square

It is used to measure a right angle (90º) of a corner. Used in laying masonry units or blocks at
corners of masonry wall.

Fig-13 Try square

Measuring tape

Tape is used to measure dimensions of building parts and distances in site. It is manufactured
from steel, plastic or fiber in lengths of 1m, 2m, 3m, 5m, 30m, 50m and etc... In using tapes for
measurements, the two points should be aligned perfectly. In addition, when long horizontal
measurements are needed, care should be taken to avoid sag on the tape meters.

Figure – 14 measuring tape

Claw Hammer: It is used for nail pulling and driving general carpentry work.

`Page 20 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 Figure – 14 Claw bar

Bow Saw: Bow saws consist of a tubular steel frame and a saw blade for fast cutting of all
woods. The bow saw's frame is important, since the thin blade, usually ¾" wide, must be held
under high tension for fast cutting. A general purpose saw, it has the advantage of all-round
utility and light weight.

Figure – 15 Bow Saw

EQUIPMENT/INSTRUMENT

It is assumed the site engineer is familiar with the use of the more common instruments used in
setting-out works.

A sample of the more frequently encountered instruments is listed surveying instruments

although the list changes frequently as new and innovative instruments come onto the market.

Although setting-out is greatly facilitated by modern instrumentation, their potential high

accuracy should not be taken for granted and they must always be checked before use.
Furthermore, accurate setting-out of works can still be achieved with less sophisticated
instruments although the task may take longer. The choice of which instruments to use depends
upon many factors including:

 size of the site

 complexity of the work
 precision/accuracy demanded
 Economics: the time a task requires may be a dominating factor.
The manufacturer’s instructions must be studied and followed. Inexperienced site engineers
should take every opportunity to work with more experienced engineers.

`Page 21 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 Figure -16- Example of Digital Theodolite

FIGURE.-17-- Leveling instrument

1. Leveling instrument

A level is basically a telescope attached to an accurate leveling device, set upon a tripod so that it
can rotate horizontally through 360°. The following figure shows the level and its components.

`Page 22 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
2. Tripod

The tripod consists of three legs and a head where the level instrument is mounted. The tripod
could be of aluminum or wood material. When leveling the level instrument, the tripod head
must be set approximately level beforehand by adjust the tripod legs.

Figure – 18 Tripods

Figure – 19-Leveling staff

Leveling staff

`Page 23 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
The leveling staff is a box section of aluminum or wood, which will extend to 3 or 5 m in height
by telescoping, hinging or addition of sections. One face has a graduated scale attached for
reading with the cross-hairs of the level telescope.

4. Commencement date

7.1.16 Site work preparation

It is the significant amount of work done on the site to prepare new building and to complete it.
On average, site work account for 40% and 60% of the total project cost. There are different
works concerning a site wok, from them some are listed below.

7.1.17 Site Clearance and Removal of Top Soil

On small sites this could be carried out by manual means using hand held tools such as picks,
shovels and wheelbarrows. On all sites mechanical methods could be used the actual plant
employed being dependent on factors such as volume of soil involved, nature of site and time
elements.

FIGURE-22- Excavation machine

`Page 24 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 1.4.3.Reduced Level Excavations ~on small sites … hand processes as given above on all
sites mechanical methods could be used dependent on factors given above.

1.4.4.Earth work/excavation
Excavation to hollow out in building terms to remove earth to form a cavity in the ground.

Setting out consideration of the reference

It is the process of identified and marked the building line or base line from which all other line.
Building line can be given as a distance from either

`Page 25 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 • Center of the road

• The curve line

• Existing building
When setting out building lines, the first step is to measure the building line from the
boundary or existing building. Then you need to determine the approximate length and
position of the string line, together with the building clearance measurement at each end, for
locating the hurdle.

Pegs and hurdle profiles are installed, then the location for the line is accurately marked with
nails on the profiles and the line set taut into position so it is correctly aligned with the
boundary.

Once this has been completed, the right angled corners can be set out, the other building lines
installed and finally the lines checked for square and measurements checked for accuracy.
5. Material quantity requirements

Material quantity requirements are calculated in accordance with plans and

specifications .materials appropriate to the work application are identified.
The work man site preparation begins before you starting any work,
 Building has been designed
 Constriction documents have been approved
 Main contractor has been appointed by the client to construct the building.
When you’re calculating material quantities, always double-check the plan and/or instructions
you’re working from, and also your calculations. This will help you to avoid situations where
you can’t complete a task because you have either too much or not enough of a material you
need.

Once the profile boards are fixed, they should not be disturbed until the completion of basement
level (plinth) of the building.

Calculate the quantity of each type of material required to complete the task. a verify of tools
&equipments is needed to do digging, lifting, fixing and measuring jobs that are part of the
work. the basic list should include:-
7.1.18 PROCEDURE IN LAYING OUT FLOOR PLAN
1. Read and interpret working drawing

2. List the tools and materials needed

`Page 26 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
3. Transfer the measurement from the working drawing to the actual size of the object on the
actual site.

4. Locate the position of the object, measure and mark with peg stakes.

5. Construct a batter board for vertical and horizontal alignment based on the plan.

6. Prepare the wall foundation based on the plan, tamper it as required.

7. Measure the height of the stone and mark it on the batter board. (See the working drawing)
8. With the use of the string line and nails connect a line across to the other batter board.
9. Lay the stone following the line. Make sure that the stone are with-in the tolerance, parallel
and vertical.
10. Layout line must be followed from the first course to the last course of the wall.
11. Clean the tools and the area after the work is done

`Page 27 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
FIger-1- floor plan

`Page 28 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 6. Plan and specifications

Plan and specification include:-

`Page 29 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
The drawings, specification and other documents from which the building is to be constructed,
altered, removed or demolished.
The proposed procedures for inspection during construction.
T he definition of intended building use.
Details specified systems and procedure for their inspection and repair.
1.6.1. Plan

The purpose of Plan is to present clear, concise and easily readable information on a
proposed building project. This way everyone involved in the project is informed of what
exactly is required. Various types of drawing methods are used to communicate this
information.
Construction drawings are used to communicate ideas and information in a graphic form.
Sketches are prepared first, then final working drawings are completed once the design
details have been decided. Each drawing should be neat and clearly labelled. Sketches
are not always drawn to scale.

`Page 30 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
7.1.19 The plans for many important buildings were once publicly available.
A set of intended actions, usually mutually related, through which one expects to achieve a goal. He
didn't really have a plan; he had a goal and a habit of control.
- A two-dimensional drawing of a building as seen from above with obscuring or irrelevant
details such as roof removed, or of a floor of a building, revealing the internal layout; as
distinct from the elevation.
Special requirements Before you start work, you need to be aware of any company policies,
procedures or requirements that you must comply with when you’re handling carpentry materials
in a workshop or on a worksite. While these policies and procedures may vary from company to
company, they will commonly cover key points such as:
 the quality of work required
 the materials to be used
 the procedures for handling and storing materials
 the safety policies and procedures you must follow.

7.1.20 Location plan

`Page 31 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
It shows the location, size and nature of the plot, on which the building is to be constructed. And
the immediate surroundings in the scale.

The exact position of the building and the boundary is marked by the building line which is
defined by the municipality of the town or city.

7.1.21 Preparing work area

In order to provide the site worker with a set-up which allows him to carry out the process
required efficiently, effectively and economically, the site should organize in proper manner.

A proper building Site has to be organized according to the following measures.

- Safety precautions have to be followed

- Economic aspects has to be taken into account
- Environmental protection has to be considered
- Should ensure that adequate support personnel are available
- Should be checked adequate tools, equipment’s and other auxiliary tools are on site.
7.1.22 Working drawing interpretation
Working drawings

They are prepared in greater detail with all dimensions given to avoid the need for taking
measurements from scale. They comprise of all plans and elevations as well as an adequate
number of cross-sections. Materials to be used for the various parts of the building should be
indicated in different symbols. They are the most important components of building drawings
since they provide detail information on the internal as well as the external view of a
building.

7.1.23 Components of working drawing

Survey beacons: these are concrete pillars located at principal corners of the site and at every
change in the direction of boundaries. They define the boundary and area of the site.

Elevations: these are the different heights on the surface of the site in relation to a standard
reference point known as the bench mark (BM).

Locations: which have equal elevations are joined together using contour lines.

These lines help to define the topography of the land within a site.

Site orientation: these refer to a system of defining the site in terms of its direction to the north,
south, east and west. Orientation is important in planning the building area to make in to
consideration such factors as the direction of rain, wind and

Physical features: these are permanent objects or features existing within the site or adjoining
sites which are used for referencing or identification of the site.

Example

`Page 32 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 - Existing buildings, trees, roads, fences, etc.
- Access road: these shows the means of reaching the site.
- Utilities: A site plan shows utility supply lines such as for water, electricity and gas.
The following measures should to be taken to organize a building site.

- The site should be accommodated rest rooms, toilets, changing rooms, office, etc, and working
staffs.

- Lockable store room for material, machines and equipment

- Protected working places and sheds during rainy season to secure preparation and work
process.

-There should be suitable access roads and circulation space for transportation of materials and
supply.

-The site should accommodate and facilitated with water, electric power supply and temporary
storage for disposal.

PROCEDURE IN LAYING OUT RETAINING WALL

1. Read and interpret working drawing

2. List the tools and materials needed

3. Transfer the measurement from the working drawing to the actual size of the object on the
actual site.

4. Locate the position of the object, measure and mark with peg stakes.

5. Construct a batter board for vertical and horizontal alignment based on the plan.

6. Prepare the wall foundation based on the plan, tamper it as required.

7. Measure the height of the stone and mark it on the batter board. (See the working drawing)
8. With the use of the string line and nails connect a line across to the other batter board.
9. Lay the stone following the line. Make sure that the stone are with-in the tolerance, parallel
and vertical.
10. Layout line must be followed from the first course to the last course of the wall.
11. Clean the tools and the area after the work is done.

`Page 33 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
`Page 34 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
`Page 35 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 7. Obtaining, prepare safely handling and locating setting out
material
Introduction of Preparing Materials

When you’re planning any task on a construction project, you must make sure that you
have the right tools, equipment and materials, and that everything is in safe working
Condition.

When using any tools, equipment or materials on a construction site, remember to:
 check the condition of all tools before work begins; never use faulty equipment
and report any that you find
 read the manufacturers’ instructions for any tools, equipment and materials you’re
not familiar with
 be aware of materials that may be hazardous and check for warning labels or a
safety data sheet (SDS)
 only use tools for their designed purpose.
8. environmental protection

9. Introduction

Construction industry, in general, is comparatively less organized and involves participation of

major percentage of unskilled labor as compared to other industrial sectors.

As a major employment generator in many parts of the world, construction is also a sector
associated with a proportionately high number of job-related accidents and diseases.

Accidents are generally unavoidable in construction projects but the number and gravity of
accidents can be reduced considerably if proper safety measures are taken beforehand.

Health and safety in the context of construction industry are the discipline of preserving
the heath of those who build, operate, maintain and demolish engineering works, and others
involved in those works. The term safety generally applies to the protection from risk of injury
and from avoidable accidents.

The term health refers to the well-being from the immediate and long-term effects of exposure to
unhealthy working condition.

`Page 36 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
Health and safety are not only confined to construction works on- site.

Engineers, architects and surveyors are exposed to hazards during the investigatory stage of a
project and while carrying out inspection tasks during the construction phase and on completed
works.

Designers, in particular, carry both a moral responsibility and a duty of care for the safety of
construction works, maintenance staff, demolition workers and the general public.

7.1.24 Environmental aspects of safety protection

The construction and demolition industry has consistently had a poor record regarding pollution
of land and watercourses and the consequent damage to wildlife and natural habitats. The site
engineer has a role to play in improving the environment by leadership and example.

Identify if the site owner/operator, etc. has an environmental and/or sustainability statement.
Actively consider requiring or writing one; the paragraphs in this section would provide the
essential content, and also need to be taken into consideration.

By your actions, positively avoid causing unnecessary damage or harm to the environment and
adopt an awareness of environmental matters to minimize the effects of our activities. Where
possible, adopt best practice regarding all international legislative and regulatory requirements
and agreements.

Where practicable review activities and operations to identify environmental aspects and
priorities action to address them.Take a lead in raising awareness of environmental matters
among employees, contractors, clients, suppliers, visitors, etc.

Where you have the influence, you should encourage minimizing energy and resource
consumption by promoting effective and efficient measures consistent with best practice. By
influencing suppliers and contractors you should ensure that services and goods procured support
national environmental policy.

Where possible influence and minimize the use of toxic materials and waste generated to prevent
pollution. Dispose or recycle any waste in a responsible and appropriate manner. Ensure good
management practices by reviewing them regularly, to verify their effectiveness in achieving
environmental gains.

7.1.25 Regulatory requirement

In every site there are a lot of electrical hand tools and machines employed and in use. The
purpose of every electrical tool is to ease the work, to accelerate, safe time, ease the work
process, and to attain a better quality of work. The most common are drilling machine, concrete
mixer, circular saw, lamps, extensions cable, cutting machines, electrical vibrators etc. But when
the tools, machines and distribution board are not in safe condition, i.e., if they are misused, miss
Fig. 7 handled, and installed improperly, they are source of hazard and accidents to anybody. A

`Page 37 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
broken cable, for instance, exposed cable wires connected to body of a machine under power,
and if someone touches the machine, it will give a heavy electrical shock or accident can
possibly exist.

Similarly, human body conducts a current, if there is a direct contact between his body and any
materials of good conductors with electrical power, the person becomes part of the circuit and
the current starts to flow through his body. Starting from a current of 0.05 Ampere the power can
even cause of death.
As illustrated in Fig. 7 an inappropriate use of a hand lamp and misaligned or confusing cable
lining is cause for danger. If the cable is broken by any means, and if somebody touches the
bucket, trowel or iron bar or stops on the floating water, he will suffer a heavy electrical shock
and may cause of death.

7.1.26
7.1.27 Local Air Pollution Prevention and Control (LAPPC)
these regulations apply to smaller industrial activities, known as Part B Installations, such as
concrete batching or concrete crushing. Local authorities, as the regulators, are responsible for
controlling emissions from these premises and set conditions in permits they issue to achieve
this. Conditions are based on Best Available Techniques (BAT)12, which require that the cost of
applying a technique is not excessive in relation to the environmental protection it provides. The
Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs has produced Process Guidance
Notes, which form the statutory guidance on what constitutes BAT for each regulated process. If
the regulator believes the operator has contravened, or is likely to contravene any permit
conditions, enforcement action can be taken. Local authorities should be aware that certain
installations, such as concrete batching, are not covered by authorizations on demolition and
construction sites, but must be included as planning conditions.

`Page 38 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 10.Self-check-1
Test-I Matching
Instruction: select the correct answer for the give choice. You have given 1 Minute for each
question. Each question carries 2 Point.
A B
---------1. Folding meter/rule A. measuring length in wall construction
---------2. Graphite Pencil B. used for marking in wall construction
---------3. plum bob C. check the vertical alignment
---------4. Helmet Protects D. the carrier from down falling items
---------5. Spirit level E. used to control the horizontal and
vertical alignment of wall surface and
edges
F. Used when ruler is too long

Test II: short Answer writing

Instruction: write short answer for the given question. You are provided 3 minute for each
question and each point has 5Points.
1. What is the Safety means?

2. Write down at least four types of tools?

3. What are the Work instructions?

4. Write the difference between Spirit level and plum bob?

Note: Satisfactory rating – above 60% Unsatisfactory - below 60%

You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers

`Page 39 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
Unit Two: site boundaries
This unit to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content coverage
and topics:
 Survey pages for site plan.
 boundaries of site
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 locate and Identify Survey corners pegs
 Identify boundaries of site

7.1.28
7.1.29
7.1.30
7.1.31
7.1.32
7.1.33
7.1.34
7.1.35
7.1.36
7.1.37
7.1.38
7.1.39
7.1.40
7.1.41
7.1.42
7.1.43
7.1.44
7.1.45
7.1.46
7.1.47

7.1.48

`Page 40 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 2.1 Survey pages for site plan. 11.

Introduction

The first task in the process of setting out a building is identifying the exact size and

Shape of the lot. Boundaries are used as reference lines from which measurements are

Made to determine the position of the building

2.1.1 Locating the boundary markers

The size and shape of building lots are determined by a licensed surveyor from the

Registered plan of the area. The surveyor identifies the

site features by driving survey

Pegs into the ground at appropriate points eg boundary

corners and easement

Positions, and issues a survey certificate showing

where the site boundaries ar and how they can be
identified.

The survey certificate is used by the architect whendesigning the building and creating a
site plan.

2.1.2 Working drawing interpretation

Working drawing:-They are prepared in greater detail with all dimensions given to avoid the
need for taking measurements from scale. They comprise of all plans and elevations as well as an
adequate number of cross-sections. Materials to be used for the various parts of the building
should be indicated in different symbols. They are the most important components of building
drawings since they provide detail information on the internal as well as the external view
of a building.

2.1.3 SITE PLAN

`Page 41 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
A site is a parcel of land which is made up of one, two or more plots. Site plan is a drawing
showing various properties in terms of their owners, locations, elevations, states of development
and features such as roads, utility supply lines, etc.

Figure – 56- site plan

2.1.4 . Components of a site plan

 Survey beacons: these are concrete pillars located at principal corners of the site and at
every change in the direction of boundaries. They define the boundary and area of the
site.
 Elevations: these are the different heights on the surface of the site in relation to a
standard reference point known as the bench mark (BM).
 Locations: which have equal elevations are joined together using contour lines. These
lines help to define the topography of the land within a site.
 Site orientation: these refer to a system of defining the site in terms of its direction to the
north, south, east and west. Orientation is important in planning the building area to make
in to consideration such factors as the direction of rain, wind.
 Physical features: these are permanent objects or features existing within the site or
adjoining sites which are used for referencing or identification of the site.
Example

- Existing buildings, trees, roads, fences, etc.

- Access road: these shows the means of reaching the site.
- Utilities: A site plan shows utility supply lines such as for water, electricity and gas.
 Procedures to set out a building

1st - Collect the necessary tools, equipment & materials

 Working drawings
 Sharp pegs
 Timber Profiles
 Mason sledge hammer to drive pegs
 Claw Hammer & nails
 A ball of string to create the out line

`Page 42 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
  Builder’s square
 Steel tape
 Water level
 Plumb bob
nd
2 – determine the frontage line on the site. That is the line beyond which the new building must
not

project. It can be positioned by referring to the layout plan of the building. Pegs are driven in at

positions which are clear off the structure and a string line is then strained between these two
pegs (1 and 2), secured to nails in, the top of each.

3rd (corners) of the building. It is from these pegs that a line is strained at 90° to the frontage line.

On a single rectangular building of modest size, the builder's square would be adequate to set

this right angle. Alternatively the 3-4 -5 formula can be applied by means of tape. By measuring

3 m on the frontage line and 4 m on the return with a 5 m hypotenuse a right-angle will have

been formed.

4th .which again is kept well clear of the structure. From this point it is possible to position the
last

Two quoin pegs (7 and 8) at distances taken from the drawing between the frontage line and the

Rear line of the building.

5th .diagonally from peg 3 to peg 8 and then from peg 4 to peg 7 - these distances should be
exactly the same if the building is rectangular and all angles are right angles.

`Page 43 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 Figure – 57- Checking setting out profile

2.2 Boundaries of site

2.2.1 Identifying boundaries
The following standards shall apply to the field definition and reporting of site boundaries.

A. Natural boundaries are those defined by the extent of a natural landform or physical
feature, where it can be reasonably deduced that the extent of archaeological remains is
constrained by geomorphologic site formation processes.
B. Observed boundaries are those determined on the basis of the horizontal extent of
archaeological remains observed during a field study
C. Arbitrary boundaries are those that reflect artificial and/or administrative boundaries (such
as property lines or rights-of-way), the presence of existing disturbance or developments, or
where sites extend beyond project area boundaries.
2.2.2.Procedure Of setting out from the existing

Step 1: set out the building line from the boundary

Assume that the building line has been stated as a distance from the curb of a road: Two square
offset lines are set from the curb to the position of the building line at a distance apart which is

`Page 44 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
greater than the width of the proposed building. Pegs are positioned at these points, and ranging
line is fixed to these, giving the position of the building line as shown below

Step 2: Set out the base (frontage) line

A. After taking the dimensions from the drawing, relating to its position, the frontage line
should be set out. This will either be on the building line or behind it.
B. The first corner peg (A) will be positioned from dimensions given on the drawing which
relate to site features such as distance from a curb, gate posts, boundary intersections etc.
The dimensions pinpoint the position of the corner. Alternatively, the frontage line may
be simply on the building line so the only information required to set it out is the distance
from a boundary. The diagram belowillustratesthis situation where the first peg is

`Page 45 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 positioned on the building line a given distance (D) from the boundary.

Step 3.Set out the first right angle to the frontage line

A. Attach a taut line to the nail on a corner peg (B here) and extend this well beyond the
length of the wall to be set out.
B. Adjust the line carefully to cross the frontage line at 90˚ by the use of a builder’s square,
optical site square or the 3:4:5 methods.
C. When the line is correct, knock in a peg (with nail) at a distance greater than the length of
the wall, and attach the line tautly. Check for square again and adjust if necessary.

`Page 46 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
`Page 47 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
Step 4.Set out the second right angle to the frontage line

A. Measure the same length of the building’s frontage line and set a peg (D) at same
distance from the frontage line as peg C.
B. Attach the ranging line and check the dimensions before continuing

`Page 48 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 Setting string lines

`Page 49 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 12.Self -check-2
13.Test-I Matching
Instruction: select the correct answer for the give choice. You have given 1 Minute for each
question. Each question carries 2 Point.
A B
---------1. Access road G. shows the means of reaching the site
---------2. Survey beacons H. used for marking in wall construction
---------3. Site plan I. are concrete pillars located at
principal corners of the site and at
every change in the direction of
boundaries.
J. drawing showing various properties in
terms of their owners, locations,
elevations, states of development and
features such as roads, utility supply
lines, etc

Test II: short Answer writing

Instruction: write short answer for the given question. You are provided 3 minute for each
question and each point has Points.
1. What is the Working drawing?

2. Write Components of a site plan?

3. Write procedures of set out a building?

Note: Satisfactory rating – above 60% Unsatisfactory - below 60%

You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers

`Page 50 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
Unit Three: Set out first line for building alignment

This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics:
 Measurement of building line.
 position of line and building clearance
 Installing pegs and hurdles/profiles
 Mark footing width on profile
 Mark location with nails on hurdles/profiles
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Determine measurement of building line.
 Determine position of line and building clearance
 Install pegs and hurdles/profiles
 Mark Foote width on profile
 Mark and locate with nails on hurdles/profiles

`Page 51 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
3.1 Measurement of building line

Setting out involves working out the location and extent of the building on site. Each site is
different, so start by establishing the particular conditions. Use information from territorial
authorities’ records combined with an on-site inspection.

 Understand your site

Where construction is being carried out, it’s usually necessary to:

 accurately locate boundary lines

 determine ground conditions
 verify the location of underground and overhead services
 obtain site levels – it may appear flat or level, but appearances can be deceptive
 accurately verify the position of existing structures, such as the house, garage,
outbuildings and significant trees
 Use a contractor with the appropriate carpentry or foundations license.
 Set-out starts with designer
Building set-out starts with the designer – the building needs to be designed to fit to side
yards, set-backs and height envelopes. Careful and un- ambiguous set-out instructions on
the drawings make it easier for the builder to follow.

The designer’s instructions must:

 determine the reference point for the set-out the front or side boundary (boundary pegs
must be located)
 Give single offsets from the building to the most critical points on the boundaries
(see Figure1) – they must not dimension set-outs to opposing boundaries
 establish a permanent datum point for setting out the height of the building in relation
to the ground or other identified features – the datum point may be well clear of the
building and established on a fixed feature such as a manhole cover.
3.1.1 Marking the boundary

Once survey pegs have been located and identified, string lines can be set up to mark the
boundary and provide a guide for finding the position of the proposed building.

`Page 52 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 String lines

String lines are some of the oldest and most basic hand tools used in building
and construction. They’re usually made from nylon or fine cotton string about
2–3 mm in diameter and used to create a straight line between two points.

A string line is set up by attaching one end of the string to a nail fixed into the top of a
timber peg that’s been driven into the ground. The string is then pulled taut (tight) and
securely fastened to another peg.

The site should be cleared of all unwanted obstacles before string lines are set out and care
should be taken to avoid any distortion to the line caused by wind, uneven ground, plants
and grass, or debris.

`Page 53 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
A string line is set up by attaching one end of the string to a nail fixed into the top of a
timber peg that’s been driven into the ground. The string is then pulled taut (tight) and
securely fastened to another peg.
The site should be cleared of all unwanted obstacles before string lines are set out and care
should be taken to avoid any distortion to the line caused by wind, uneven ground, plants
and grass, or debris.
Where you set the string lines to identify the site boundaries will depend on different
factors, including:
 The shape of the lot
 The position of the proposed building
 Obstacles such as trees or existing structures
 Buildings built on the existing boundary line on adjacent lots
 Fences on the boundary line of adjacent lots.
Lots with level ground and boundary lines at 90° to one another are the easiest
environment on which to set out a building. In this situation, you only need to set string
lines on two sides of the lot, as all building measurements can be taken from these two
reference lines.

Fig-3 level 90°

3.1.2 Procedures how to make boundary line

Step-1
Locate the two boundary pegs that identify the front boundary and set a taut string line
between these two points.

`Page 54 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
Fig-3 string line

Don’t attach string directly to the boundary pegs as this may disturb their position. Use
temporary timber pegs with the string running above the exact centre of the boundary
pegs (over the clout nail).
The position of the string can be checked by using a spirit level to plumb down (check
vertically) from the string line to the centre of the boundary peg.
Step 2

Locate the two survey pegs that identify the side boundary and set a taut string line
between these two points. Use temporary timber pegs running over the centre point of
the boundary pegs

`Page 55 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
Example-1

The string line can be positioned against the side of the existing building; however, you
must avoid bending or distorting the string line where it touches the existing building.

Example2

`Page 56 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
The string line is positioned at a set distance from the boundary pegs and away from
the existing building. When you’re using this method, you must adjust measurements
taken from site drawings accurately to ensure that the proposed building remains in its
desired position on the lot.

3.2 Position of line and building clearance

Setting out involves working out the location and extent of the building on site. Each site is
different, so start by establishing the particular conditions. Use information from territorial
authorities’ records combined with an on-site.

When setting out building lines, the first step is to measure the building line from the
boundary or existing building. Then you need to determine the approximate length and
position of the string line, together with the building clearance measurement at each end, for
locating the hurdle.

3.2.1 Profile boards

 Locating site plan and survey pegs

 Measuring building line from boundary or existing building
 Determining position and length of line
 Measuring building clearance
 Installing pegs and hurdles/profiles
 Marking location for line
 Setting and positioning line to true alignment

Timber Profile: - are wooden boards held in place by wooden pegs.

 Centre lines and width of foundation and walls can be marked onto the boards.
 On a corner Profile, three pegs, approximately 600 mm long and 50 mm square, are
required for supporting the two cross pieces, approximately 1200 mm long, 75 mm deep
and 25 mm thick.
 Profile board showing important dimensions that are marked on the board

`Page 57 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
Procedure

Step 1: Set out the building line

Assuming that the building line has been stated as a distance from the curb of a road:
(a) Two square offset lines are set from the kerb to the position of the building line at a distance
apart which is greater than the width of the proposed building. Pegs are positioned at these
points, and a ranging line is fixed to these, giving the position of the building line as shown
below

`Page 58 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
Step 2: Set out the base (frontage) line

 After taking the dimensions from the drawing, relating to its position, the frontage line
should be set out. This will either be on the building line or behind it.
 The first corner peg (A) will be positioned from dimensions given on the drawing which
relate to site features such as distance from a curve gate posts, boundary intersections
etc.
The dimensions pinpoint the position of the corner.

 Alternatively, the frontage line may be simply on the building line so the only
information required to set it out is the distance from a boundary.
 The diagram below illustrates this situation where the first peg is positioned on the
building line a given distance (D) from the boundary.

`Page 59 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
  Following the positioning of the first peg, the second peg (B) is positioned after carefully
measuring the width of the building along the frontage line.
 A nail is knocked into each peg to determine the exact position of the corner and to allow
simple fixing of
Step 3:- Set out the first right angle to the frontage line

 Attach a taut line to the nail on a corner peg (B here) and extend this well beyond the
length of the wall to be set out.
 Adjust the line carefully to cross the frontage line at 90˚ by the use of a builder’s square,
optical site square or the 3:4:5 method (see sheet 30).
 When the line is correct, knock in a peg (with nail) at a distance greater than the length of
the wall, and attach the line tautly. Check for square again and adjust if necessary

`Page 60 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
Step 4:- Set out the second right angle to the frontage line.

 Measure the same length of the building’s frontage line and set a peg (D) at same distance
from the frontage line as peg C.

Attach the ranging line and check the dimensions before continuing

Step 5: Set out the final (back) line.

`Page 61 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
  Measure the dimension for the length of the building’s side wall from the outer pegs
on the frontage line and set pegs up approx. parallel with the wall lines, as shown
(Pegs E and F).
 Attach ranging lines to the pegs to establish the back wall line which should be
checked for parallel with the frontage line. The back corner positions, G and H, are
at the intersection of the square lines.
 Pegs can be positioned at G and H, but this is not essential.

Step 6 Check the building setting out for square

 The setting out will be confirmed as square if all the measurements are correct and
the diagonals measure exactly the same.
 Measure the dimensions carefully from A to G and B to H. These should be the
same if the building has been set out perfectly.
 If the diagonals are not the same, but the lines remain parallel, adjust the back pegs
by moving both nails the same distance across on the peg, (or moving the peg if
necessary).
 This is to change the rhombus shape to a true rectangular shape.
An easy way of checking if a square or rectangle has been set out correctly, with all corners at
90º, is to check the diagonals across corners. If they are exactly the same length the setting out is
correct.

`Page 62 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
`Page 63 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
3.3 Installing pegs and hurdles/profiles

When setting out building lines, the first step is to measure the building line from the
boundary or existing building. Then you need to determine the approximate length and
position of the string line, together with the building clearance measurement at each end, for
locating the hurdle.

Pegs and hurdle profiles are installed, then the location for the line is accurately marked with
nails on the profiles and the line set taut into position so it is correctly aligned with the
boundary.

3.3.1 Installing hurdles/profiles.

Four types of profiles are used when a building is set out.

`Page 64 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
Profiles are placed to allow room for excavation work to be carried out without damaging
or disturbing their position. It’s recommended that profiles are set 2–3 m from the
proposed building outline but this may have to be reduced if required by the site
conditions.

`Page 65 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
Profiles should be placed parallel to the proposed building and in line with each other, where
possible. Because string lines are used to determine the dimensions of the building, improper
placement of the profiles can distort the building outline.

Install the ledger of a profile so that it’s approximately level across its top. Use a spirit level to
check each profile after it’s been driven into the ground.

Profiles should be set up using a suitable leveling device such as an optical or laser
Level where possible, to make sure the tops of the ledgers are level with one another.

The size of the profile and the length of the ledger depend on the type of building

Techniques used to construct the foundations of the building.

The foundations are the lowest part of the building. They transfer the weight of the building via
footings to the ground below.

Footings are designed by a structural engineer and the type of footing used will vary depending
on the:

• weight of the building

`Page 66 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
• type and size of wall construction used

• type of soil being built on

• slope of the building lot

• budget for the build.

Profiles are used to set out the information required to construct the footings. The tops of the
profiles are marked with the width of the footing and any other relevant information including,
for example, the width of the wall, the width of the cavity or the position of the stumps or posts.

On sloping sites where it’s impractical for profile ledgers to be level,

Eg. the slope is too step, you may need to step the profiles down along the slope. The building
dimensions should always be measured horizontally and a plumb-bob or spirit level used to
transfer the exact measurement down to the top of the ledger.

`Page 67 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
Profiles are used to set out the information required to construct the footings. The tops of the
profiles are marked with the width of the footing and any other relevant information including,
for example, the width of the wall, the width of the cavity or the position of the stumps or posts.

`Page 68 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
`Page 69 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
3.4Mark footing width on profile
3.4.1 Terminology used in setting out work

The following terminology is used in setting out in civil engineering work and the trainee are
advised to learn the terminology thoroughly as he/she across the terms while studying this
chapter.

 Setting out: - is the process of laying down the excavation lines and center lines, etc.
on the ground before excavation is started.
 Pegs:- are short pointed wooden rods driving in to the ground to mark an excavation,
construction, etc. .line or a level. A nail driven in top of the peg usually shows the
position of the point.
Batten boards (profile board):- A horizontal board 150 mm by 25 mm cut to varying length.
They are nailed to 100 mm x 50 mm x 50 mm square post, which have been pointed and
driven into the ground. Batten board or profile board located about 0.5-1.0 m outside the
limits of foundation wall. The lines defined by nails in the top of the profile boards are the
outside faces.

`Page 70 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
3.4.2 .FOOTTING WIDTH
Profiles are used to set out the information required to construct the footings. The tops of the
profiles are marked with the width of the footing and any other relevant information including,
for example, the width of the wall, the width of the cavity or the position of the stumps or posts.

`Page 71 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 Fig-1 marking of footing & foundation line

3.5Marking location with nails on hurdles/profiles

3.5.1 MARKING LOCATION FOR LINE
The use of measuring tape and building lay out instruments building lines marking where the
walls of a structure from this measuring mark a line square to the pump cut line to the bottom
edge of the rafter.

a. SETTING AND POSITIONING LINE

Arrangement or position in a strength line or in palled lines.Proper relative position the act of
aligning or the condition of being aligned alignment of faction in the party

b. DETERMINING G POSITION AND LENGTH OF LINE

Line length with the wrong type size and the problem is magnified. The short the line length the
smaller the front should be allowing more words to the line.

Typical it is the front size that gets adjusted but don’t be afraid to re-evolution your page layout
to accommodate wider or narrower text columns.

`Page 72 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
3.5.2 MEASURING BUILDING CLEARANCE
Clearing verification of building structure measurement on walls, floors and ceiling were carried
out by in situ gamma spectrometry besides traditional method like direct measurement with a
contaminated monitor.

Clearance level s it is necessary to establish the most adequate methodology which includes
direct measurement on walls, floors, and ceiling laboratory. Measurement on representative
samples and the use of property derived calling factor.

Building structure considering to technical difficulties associated to the measurement of

alpha emitters, the Measurements were performed by gamma spectrometry or using portable
monitors

3.5.3 MARKING OUT FOUNDATION AND WALL THICKNESSES

MARKING OUT ON THE GROUND FROM THE PROFILES

14.Self- check-3
Directions: Answer all the questions listed below.

`Page 73 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
1. are some of the oldest and most basic hand tools used in building and construction. ________
A) Reduce B) String lines C) Timber Profile
2. are wooden boards held in place by wooden pegs
A) Timber Profile B) Recycle C) Reuse
3. are installed, then the location for the line is accurately marked with nails on the profiles and
the line set taut into position so it is correctly aligned with the boundary?
A) Pegs and hurdle profiles B) Saddle profile C) A and B
Test-I Matching
Instruction: select the correct answer for the give choice. You have given 1 Minute for each
question. Each question carries 2 Point.
A B
---------1. Saddle profile A. Are suitable where the slopes
---------2. Hurdle profile B. Has three pegs and two ledgers
creating an L_shaped structure
---------3. Corner profile C. Are generally used for setting out
building on flat level sites.

Test II: short Answer writing

Instruction: write short answer for the given question. You are provided 3 minute for each
question and each point has 5Points.
1. What is Profiles?

2. Write Four types of profiles?

3. What is Pegs ?

4. What is setting out ?

Note: Satisfactory rating – above 60% Unsatisfactory - below 60%

You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers

Operation sheet 3.2: Setting-out Profile Set-up for Building Works

 Operation title: Procedures of setting out for building work

`Page 74 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
  Purpose: To practice the process of marking position of shape and sizegeometrical
shape
 Instruction: Using the figure below and given equipments measure the length of each
line. You have given 4 Hour for the task and you are expected to write the answer on the
given line.
 Tools and requirement:
 Hammer,
 Circular saw,
 Pencil.
 Try square
 Sprat level
 String
 Pegs
 Tape
 Pum bob
 Slade hammer
 Profile bord
Procedures for setting out
 Find out the radius of the building from the working drawings.
 Mark out this measurement on the ground.
 Place a stake securely on the ground at the end of the radius in the center of the building.
 Drill a 12mm hole in the stake.
 Place a 12mm reinforcing bar in the hole in the stake.
 Check the top of the bar is level.
 Cement the stake in position.
 Loop a piece of rope, which is the length of the radius of the building over the reinforcing
bar. Measure the distance to the inner and outer sides of the foundation from the working
drawings

LAB TEST 3.2. Name: _____________________________ Date: ________________

`Page 75 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 Time started: ________________________ Time finished: ________________
Instructions: - Given necessary templates, tools and materials you are required to
perform the following tasks within 6 hour.

Task 1.check inspection procedures

Task 2. Inspect plan of setting out

`Page 76 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
Unit Four: Setting out right angle corners

This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics:

 Corner of building.

 Setup right angle.

 Set building corner
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:

 Determining corner of building.

 Identifying right angle.

 Setting building corner

`Page 77 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 4.1. Determine corner of building.

4.1.1. Setting out right-angled corners

If the proposed building has right-angled (90°) corners, the string lines must be checked at this
point to make sure that the corner angle is accurate before any other string lines are installed

4.1.2 Checking angles using a builder’s square

The simplest way of checking that the angle is precisely 90° (also called ‘checking for square’) is
to use a builder’s square.

1. Place the builder’s square beneath the two string lines that form the corner.

2. Use a spirit level to plumb down and set the outer edge of arm 1 of the builder’s square
directly under string line 1.

1. Check the position of the other string line. If it doesn’t run directly over the outer edge of
the other arm of the builder’s square, the corner is ‘out of square.

`Page 78 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
Checking angles using the 3:4:5 method

The second way of checking for square is by using a calculation called Pythagoras’s theorem
(commonly known in the building industry as the 3:4:5 method).

The theorem tells us that for a right-angled triangle – which is a triangle where two of the sides
meet at 90° – the sum of the squares on the two shorter sides equals the square on the longest
side (known as the hypotenuse).

`Page 79 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
`Page 80 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
Set out the front or building line in the usual manner with peg or marks at the required distance.

 Please the builders square so that front line touch one side if the square right through its
length.
 Stretch alien from the peg so that it is parallel to second side of the square & stabilish the
third peg. A corner of angle 90*is thus obtained.
 With the aid of a tape measure mark out the length & width of the proposed building.
 Transferring the builders squire to the remaining corners & reputing the above operations a
simple rectangular building can be set out.
 After establishing the four corner pegs profiles separate or continues may be erected in the
same way.

`Page 81 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
`Page 82 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 4.2 Setup right angle.

If the proposed building has right-angled (90°) corners, the string lines must be checked
at this point to make sure that the corner angle is accurate before any other string lines
are installed.
1. Mark out the building line from the road by measuring the requirement distance from the
center of the goad or by stretching a line along an existing building to the proposed site.

2. 2/Mark out the overall length of the building by driving by peg A&B along the ringing
line.

3. ften two steel tape measures mark out for equal distances on ranging start from the
corner peg at B these distanced maybe in any unit of measurement MM CM MD M.

4. Pull a tape measure from point B to C & ask an assistant to hold it ready with hammer &
peg.

5. Pull the second tape from forth mark at D on the ringing line point E on the first tape.

6. .The distance 5m if using meters on tape DE should coincide with point 3m on tape BEC.
Then the angle B is (90*) from Pythagoras theorem. If the points do not coincide the tape
B-C is either shifter out ward or in wards 5m on the second tape coincide with the 3m
mark on the first tape.

7. Repeat the same procedure to obtain the right angle for BAF & mark out the overall
width of the building.

8. Establish corner pegs & erect profile.

9. Mark the position of partition wall on the profile with either nails or saw cut ringing lines
are stretched through these nails & the corner peg to mark the ground to indicate the line.

`Page 83 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 4.3 Set building corner
Peg the four outside corners: -Determine the location of the building in relation to other
buildings and boundaries (as usually shown on the site-plan or other relevant plan), and place
pegs in the ground marking the four corners of the building.

Fig- 1 peg
We need the following materials;
 2 batter boards
 2' length of 1/2" rebar
 String
 Mallet

`Page 84 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
  4 wooden stakes
 2 green stakes or small wooden dowels
 Tape measure
 Knife

This method can be used to create a square or rectangular string line of any size. For this tutorial
a 4' by 12' area is being marked off. Start by pounding a piece of rebar into the ground to mark
one corner of the rectangle.

Tie one end of the string to a batter board. Don't tighten the string down too much around the
batter board because you will need to adjust it later. Pull the string taut, and loop it around the
rebar a couple times. Move to the second batter board, pull the string taut, and tie it off.

`Page 85 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 Figure-3 pull the string taut
Following one leg of the string line, measure 3' away from the outside of the rebar. Use a green
stake or a small dowel to mark the spot. Move to the other leg of the string line and measure 4'
away from the outside of the rebar, again marking it with a small, round stake

Figure- 4 check 90 degrees

The Pythagorean Theorem states that if one leg of a triangle is 3 units, one leg is 4 units, and the
hypotenuse is 5 units, then the angle in between the legs is 90 degrees. Measure the distance in
between the two marker stakes. The object is to get that value to be 5' by sliding the string along
the batter board. Adjust the position of the string on the batter board until you have a 3' by 4' by
5' triangle.

`Page 86 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 Figure- 5 marker stakes
our can verify this mark by measuring the distance diagonally between the two corner stakes that
are already in the ground. Hook your tape measure on the first piece of rebar and measure the
distance between it and the marks you made in the dirt. If the values are identical, you have right
angles all the way around your rectangle. Pound in the fourth stake and run the string line the rest
of the way around the rectangle. Tie off the ends

Figure-6 string line the rest

`Page 87 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 5 Self -check-4

Test I: short Answer writing

Instruction: write short answer for the given question. You are provided 10 minute for each
question and each point has 20Points.
1. Write four step to check the angle of the front corner ?

2. Write The simplest way of checking that the angle is precisely 90°?

3. What is right angle ?

4. What is Pythagoras theorem ?

Note: Satisfactory rating – above 60% Unsatisfactory - below 60%

You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers

Operation sheet 4.2: Setting-out Profile Set-up for Building Works

 Operation title: Procedures of setting out for building work
 Purpose: To practice the process of marking position of shape and sizegeometrical
shape
 Instruction: Using the figure below and given equipments measure the length of each
line. You have given 4 Hour for the task and you are expected to write the answer on the
given line.
 Tools and requirement:
 Hammer,
 Circular saw,
 Pencil.
 Try square
 Sprat level
 String
 Pegs
 Tape

`Page 88 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
  Pum bob
 Slade hammer
 Profile bord
Procedures for setting out
 Find out the radius of the building from the working drawings.
 Mark out this measurement on the ground.
 Place a stake securely on the ground at the end of the radius in the center of the building.
 Drill a 12mm hole in the stake.
 Place a 12mm reinforcing bar in the hole in the stake.
 Check the top of the bar is level.
 Cement the stake in position.
 Loop a piece of rope, which is the length of the radius of the building over the reinforcing
bar. Measure the distance to the inner and outer sides of the foundation from the working
drawings

LAB TEST 4.2. Name: _____________________________ Date: ________________

Time started: ________________________ Time finished: ________________
Instructions: - Given necessary templates, tools and materials you are required to
perform the following tasks within 6 hour.

Task 1.check inspection procedures

Task 2. Inspect plan of setting out

`Page 89 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
`Page 90 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
Unit Five: Install other building lines

This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics:
 Installing hurdles for remaining building lines
 Marking and nailing measurement
 Setting taut of string lines
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Install hurdles for remained building lines
 Marked and nailing measurement
 Setting String lines taut into position

`Page 91 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
5.1Installing hurdles for remaining building lines
5.1.1 Installing hurdles for remaining building lines
Setting out the remaining the first two building lines are used to determine all subsequent
building lines. This means that the measurements for positioning the third and fourth string lines
are taken from these lines rather than the boundaries, using the dimensions for the building found
on the plans and specifications.

Step 1

a) Determine the building depth from the site plans and specifications to measure

the position of the third building line.

b) Install the profiles E and F approximately 2–3 m from the temporary pegs and use a spirit
level to make sure each ledger is level across the top face.

c) Measure the distance identified as the structure depth from profile A to profile E,

and from profile B to profile F.

Note: Measurements should not be taken from string lines as they bend easily

and can make the measurement inaccurate. Always measure from the top of one

profile to the top of the next.

Tape measures must be pulled tightly as a sagging tape measure will give an incorrect
measurement.

d) Fix a nail in the top of each new ledger at the mark, and set the string line E–F taut (Stretched
tight) between the nails to create the third building line.

`Page 92 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
Step 2

a) To set out the fourth and final line, position profiles G and H and measure the distance identified as the
building width from profile C to profile G, and from profile D to profile H.

b) Fix a nail in the top of each new ledger at the mark, and set the string line G–H taut between the nails
reto cate the fourth building line

`Page 93 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
5.2Marking and nailing measurement
 Nailing surface for the top ends of the common rafters.
 The common rafters extend from the top wall plaster to the ridge.
 The gable end studs are up right farming members.
 A level seat cut is placed where the rafter rests to the top plated.
 The notch formed by the set and heat cut ling.

5.2.1 Fixing the corners in place

The position of the corners must stay fixed in place after the ground is excavated.

You will need to buildspecial boards called profiles to attach the lines that define the outline of t
he building.

The profiles replace the corner pegs.

A profile consists of two timber posts with a horizontal board across the top.

`Page 94 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
The posts are sharpened like
takes so that they will stay in the ground. You should use two profiles at each corner. This means
that you must make eight profiles for a simple rectangular building.

5.3 Setting taut of string lines

5.3.1 Setting out the profiles and string lines
The following example shows the process for setting out an L-shaped building with two offset
measurements

Step 1

Set out the initial rectangular shape as described earlier in this section. Starting with a regular
shape rather than a single reference line allows for greater accuracy and testing of overall
dimensions.

Step 2

Determine the specified offset distances from the site plans. In this example, the offsets of the
building are 3 m wide and 4 m deep.

`Page 95 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
Step 3

a) Set up profiles I and J for the first offset building line.

b) Measure the distance identified as the offset width from profile G to profile I, and from profile
H to profile J.

c) Fix a nail in the top of each new ledger at the mark and set the string line I–J taut between the
nails to create the building line

`Page 96 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 Step 4

a) To set out the second offset building line, position profiles K and L and measure the
distance identified as the offset depth from profile E to profile K, and from profile F to
profile L.

b) Fix a nail in the top of each new ledger at the mark, and set the string line K–L taut
between the nails to create the final building line.

`Page 97 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
`Page 98 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
Unit six: Building lines are checked for squares

This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics:
 diagonal measurements for squares
 line to provide square relationship

This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Checking of Diagonal measurements
 Adjust line to provide square relationship

`Page 99 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 6.1 Diagonal measurements for squares
Once the initial rectangular shape has been completed, it must be checked to ensure that the
set-our is square; that is, the corners are at 90°, and the measurements are correct. You do this by
comparing the diagonal distances between corners.

Take precise measurements of the distance between corners 1 and 3 and between

Corners 2 and 4. If these diagonal measurements are the same, the set-out is correct.

`Page 100 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
To determine the cause of the error, you must recheck the initial corner with either a builder’s square or the
3:4:5 methods and check the dimensions of each side of the set out.

6.1 Adjusting Line to provide square relationship

ADJUSTING LINE TO PROVIDE SQUARE

 It provides measure of how well future outcomes are likely to be predicted.

 Between the comets and the values of the single repressor being used for prediction.

 Important cases where the computational definition can yield diffusion values depending on the
definition used arise where the predictions are being compared.
7.1.49
6.2.1 Builder’s square method:
1. Set out the front or building line in the usual manner with pegs or marks at the
required distance.

`Page 101 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 2. Place the builder’s square so that front line touch one side if the square right through
its length.

3. Stretch a line from the peg so that it is parallel to second side of the square and
establish the third peg. A corner of angle 90 degree is thus obtained.

4. with the aid of a tape measure mark out the length and breadth of the proposed
building.

5. Transferring the builder’s square to the remaining corners and repeating the above
operations; a simple rectangular building can be set out.

6. After establishing the four corner pegs, profiles (separate or continuous) may be
erected in the same way.

6.2.2 CHECKING MEASUREMENTS FOR ACCURACY

These techniques regulate requirement and operation of measurement accuracy control
procedure. It helped to calculation in accuracy of fuel consumptions measurement with flow
meters installed on a vehicle.

The maximum error in the measurement of physical quantity in terms of the output of an
instrument when referred to the individual instrument calibrations.

Once this has been completed, the right angled corners can be set out, the other building lines
installed and finally the lines checked for square and measurements checked for accuracy.

Determining corner of building

In setting out simple building we use one of the three methods.

These are: -

• The 3,4,5 method

• The builder’s square method

• Leveling instruments.

`Page 102 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
The 3, 4, 5 methods:-

1. Mark out the building line from the road by measuring the required distance from the center of
the road, or by stretching a line along an existing building to the proposed site. The building line is
then, represented by a line knows the ranging line, which also marks the front wall of the building
as shown by Fig.

2 .Mark out the overall length of the building by driving pegs at A and B along the ranging line.

3 .Obtain two steel tape measures; mark out four equal distances on the ranging line starting from
the corner peg at B. These distances may be in any unit of measurement. That is mm, cm, m etc.

4 .Pull a tape measure from point B to C and ask an assistant to hold it, ready with hammer and
peg.

5.Pull the second tape from fourth mark at D on the ranging line to point E on the first tape.

6. The distance 5m if using meters on tape DE should coincide with point 3m on tape BEC. Then
the angle B is 90 degree (from Pythagoras theorem). If the points do not coincide, the tape BC is
either shifted out wards or in wards until 5m on the second tape coincide with the 3m marks on the
first tape.

7. Repeat the same procedure to obtain the right angle for BAF and mark out the overall width of
the building.

8 .Establish corner pegs and erect profiles.

9. Mark the position of partition wall on the profile with either nails or saw cut. Ranging lines are
stretched through these nails and the corner pegs to mark the ground to indicate the line of
excavation

`Page 103 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
Unit seven: Clean up

This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics:
 Clearing work area
 . Disposing , reusing and recycling of materials

 Cleaning, checking, maintaining and storing of tools and equipment

This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Clear work area
 Dispose reusing and recycling of materials

 Clean, check, maintain and store of tools and equipment

`Page 104 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
7.1 Clearing work area
When you complete any task on a building site, you must clear your work area to ensure the
safety and convenience of your workmates, other construction teams and the public. This process
includes:
 recycling or disposing of any waste material

 cleaning, maintaining and storing equipment

 safely filing or storing plans, documents and records

 Cleaning up the area.

`Page 105 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
7.1.1 Clearing the site
Keeping the site tidy is an essential part of maintaining a safe workplace. Tools, equipment and
materials are all potential hazards to site workers and the public and should always be properly
organized and stored when they’re not being used.

The pegs, pickets, string lines and profiles you place during a setting out task can be safety
hazards and should be removed once there’s been sufficient progress on the construction, and the
position, size and shape of the building are well established.

7.1.2 Relevant legislation, regulations and job specifications

State and territory Regulations usually require a site to be kept and left in a clean, safe
condition. The tasks involved in setting out by level don’t produce a lot of clutter or rubbish
but all construction workers must know and follow the site policies and procedures for
maintaining a tidy, organized and
safe workplace including:

 clearing potential safety hazards

 safe waste disposal
 recycling of materials
 Maintenance and storage of tools and equipment.

`Page 106 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
  Inspection shall be carried out daily to ensure that sufficient workmen/women, tools and
facilities are provided to maintain the standard of hygiene.
 Final cleaning of the site and removal of all temporary facilities shall be carried out to
approval at completion of works

7.2 Disposing , reusing and recycling of materials

Disposal methods adopted depend on the nature of the material. To obtain this information, a
comprehensive sampling and analysis program is required so that the correct route for disposal
can be determined.

7.2.1 Contaminated Material and wastes

To ensure that all contaminated material uncovered on a construction site are excavated and
disposed of in an environmentally responsible manner.

Excavate material in a manner which avoids off-site environmental problems.

Seal remaining contaminated material or wastes, where only part of the tip has been excavated,
to ensure that there is no off-site effect now or in the future.

Dispose of contaminated material in a land fill licensed to take the type of contaminated material
or wastes uncovered
 Disposing Removing and destroying or storing damaged, used or other unwanted
domestic, agricultural or industrial products and substances
 Recycling means turning an item into raw materials which can be used again, usually for
a completely new product. This is an energy consuming procedure.
 Reusing refers to using an object as it is without treatment. This reduces pollution and
waste, thus making it a more sustainable process.
 Advantages of 3R’S
Recycling is the process of collecting and processing materials that would otherwise be
thrown away as trash and turning them into new products. Recycling can benefit your
community and the environment.

`Page 107 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
Recycling reduces waste disposal by transforming useful materials such as plastic, glass and
paper into new products
The reusing process is not just about re-purposing materials, but the object as it is. This includes
buying and selling used goods and repairing items rather than discarding them. Reusing is better
than recycling because it saves the energy that comes with having to dismantle and re-
manufacture products. It also significantly reduces waste and pollution because it reduces the
need for raw materials, saving both forests and water supplies.
 Waste management
Construction projects create a lot of waste including general rubbish and used,
damaged or surplus materials. All waste must be disposed of appropriately.

• No degradable substances and organic material like food and vegetation should
be disposed of at a landfill site.

•Left over materials in good condition and in useable sizes or quantities can be salvaged.
• Used materials that can be repurposed or reprocessed can be recycled.
Note: Hazardous waste such as asbestos must be handled by removal specialists.

There are laws which outline how waste materials should be dealt with and large
fines can be issued if they’re not followed. Companies and contractors usually develop
policies and procedures to make sure that everyone on the building site complies with these
requirements.
Therefore, Waste that cannot be reused or recycled in some form eventually finds its way
to disposal. This disposal includes landfills, but an increasing number of municipalities have
elected to divert waste into resource recovery. These recovery methods use the waste to
generate electricity or produce raw materials for industry.

7.3 Cleaning, checking, maintaining and storing of tools and equipment

`Page 108 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 1. Proper tools and equipment are essential for the effective operation of any civil works site.
Equipping the construction site with the correct tools and equipment plays an essential role in
achieving timely and good quality results. For every construction activity there is an optimal
combination of tools, equipment and labor. Depending on the nature and content of the
works, the technical staff needs to know which tools to use and how to effectively combine
them with manual labor.
2. Once on site, equipment requires trained operators and supervisory staff who are proficient in
its operation and maintenance.
3. Faulty equipment is a common reason for delays on construction sites. A major responsibility
of the project management is to ensure that tools and equipment are maintained in a good
condition and are readily available when required for the various work activities.
4. For certain construction activities, particularly hauling of materials and compaction, high
labor productivity and good quality of work may be difficult to achieve using only manual
labor and hand tools. In such cases, using light construction equipment can increase the
efficiency of work.
5. Site supervisors need to know how to use the tools and how to operate the equipment in order
to secure good work progress and the expected high quality results. It is also important that
staff know the full potential, as well as the limitation, of the use of manual and equipment-
based works methods.
6. Finally, tools and equipment need regular maintenance, requiring good workshop facilities, a
reliable supply of spare parts and qualified mechanical staff.
2.3 Dos and don’ts of machinery safety for workers

7.3.1 Do…
 Check the machine is well maintained and fit to be used, ie appropriate for the job and
working properly and that all the safety measures are in place – guards, isolators, locking
mechanisms, emergency off switches etc
 Use the machine properly and in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions
 Make sure you are wearing the appropriate protective clothing and equipment required
for that machine, such as safety glasses, hearing protection and safety shoes
7.3.2 Don’t…

`Page 109 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 Use a machine or appliance that has a danger sign or tag attached to it. Danger signs
should only be removed by an authorised person who is satisfied that the machine or process is
now safe
 Wear dangling chains, loose clothing, rings or have loose, long hair that could get caught
up in moving parts
 Distract people who are using machines
 Remove any safeguards, even if their presence seems to make the job more difficult

Self check 7
Directions: Answer all the questions listed below.
1. Turning an item in to raw material which can be used again is ________
A) Reduce B) Recycle C) Reuse
2. Using an object as it is
A) Reduce B) Recycle C) Reuse
3. What is clean up?
A) Make something neat B) Restore order or morality C) A and B

Reference

`Page 110 of 112 Ministry of Labor and Set- out Profile Set- up for Building Works Version -1
Skills August, 2022
Author/Copyright
 Participants of this Module (training material) preparation
No Name Qualification Field of Organizatio Mobile E-mail
(Level) Study n/ number
Institution
1 Seblewengel Bekele A(MSC) Con Mgt Bishoftu 0934916466 [email protected]

2 Derbabaw Mulaw A(MSC) Con Mgt Gonder 0967593066 Derbabawmulaw2020@

gmil.com
3 Tibebnesh G/ Micael A(MSC) Con Mgt Awasa 0916116033 Tibebnesh1 @ gmil.com
4 Habtamu Civi.engneering Ethio Italy 09482844573 wendimagegnhabtamu@
Wendimagegn poly gmil.com
5 Remedan Mohammed Con Mgt Harar poly 0974720826 mohammedremedan82@
gmil.com