Experiment No: 01

Experiment Name: Use Kirchhoff’s voltage law to determine the unknown voltage for
the circuit.

fig:01

Experiment Aim: The law, called Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL), was developed by
Gustav Kirchhoff in the mid-1800s. The application of the law requires that we define a
closed path of investigation, permitting us to start at one point in the network, travel
through the network, and find our way back to the original starting point.

Experiment Tools: Resister, Battery, Ground, Dc Voltmeter.

Theorem: The applied voltage of a series dc circuit will equal the sum of the voltage
drops of the circuit. When applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law, be sure to concentrate on
the polarities of the voltage rise or drop rather than on the type of element. In other
words, do not treat a voltage drop across a resistive element differently from a voltage
rise (or drop) across a source. If the polarity dictates that a drop has occurred, that is
the important fact, not whether it is a resistive element or source. Application of
Kirchhoff’s voltage law to the circuit in fig-01 in the clockwise direction results in:

+E1 - V1 - V2 - E2 = 0
and V1 = E1 - V2 - E2
= 16 V - 4.2 V - 9 V
So, V1 = 2.8 V
Simulation:

Conclusion: The result clearly indicates that you do not need to know the values of the
resistors or the current to determine the unknown voltage. Sufficient information was
carried by the other voltage levels to determine the unknown.
 Experiment No: 02

Experiment Name: Determine the unknown voltage for the circuit in fig-02.

fig:02

Experiment Aim: The law, called Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL), was developed by
Gustav Kirchhoff in the mid-1800s. The application of the law requires that we define a
closed path of investigation, permitting us to start at one point in the network, travel
through the network, and find our way back to the original starting point.

Experiment Tools: Resister, Ground, Battery, Dc Voltmeter.

Theorem: The applied voltage of a series dc circuit will equal the sum of the voltage
drops of the circuit. In this case, the unknown voltage is not across a single resistive
element but between two arbitrary points in the circuit. Simply apply Kirchhoff’s voltage
law around a path, including the source or resistor R3. For the clockwise path, including
the source, the resulting equation is the following:
+E - V1 - Vx = 0
and Vx = E - V1 = 32 V - 12 V = 20 V
For the clockwise path, including resistor R3, the following results:
+Vx - V2 - V3 = 0
and Vx = V2 + V3 = 6 V + 14 V
with Vx = 20 V
Simulation:

Conclusion: There is no requirement that the followed path have charge flow or current.
So, the result clearly indicates that you do not need to know the values of the resistors
or the current to determine the unknown voltage. Sufficient information was carried by
the other voltage levels to determine the unknown.
 Experiment No:03

Experiment Name: Using the information provided in Fig.03, find

a. The voltage V1 using the ratio rule.
b. The voltage V3 using the ratio rule.
c. The applied voltage E using Kirchhoff’s voltage law.

fig:03

Experiment Aim: The previous section demonstrated that the sum of the voltages
across the resistors of a series circuit will always equal the applied voltage. It cannot
be more or less than that value.

Experiment Tools: Resister, Battery, Ground, Dc Voltmeter.

Theorem: In a series circuit, the larger the resistance the larger the voltage across the
resistance. In fact, there is a ratio rule that states that the ratio of the voltages across
series resistors is in direct proportion to the ratio of their resistive values.

Ratio Rule: V1/V2=R1/R2

Solutions:
a. Applying the ratio rule: V1 /V2 = R1/ R2
V1/V2=R1/R2
V1/6=6/3
V1 = 2(6 V) = 12V
b. Applying the ratio rule :V2/V3=R2/R3
 6/V3=3/1
V3=1/3*6=2V
c. Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law: E = V1 + V2 + V3 = 12 V + 6 V + 2 V = 20 V

Simulation:

Conclusion: The voltage drop across individual resistance in a series connected

resistance is calculated using the Voltage Division Rule. This rule holds true for both AC
and DC circuits.
 Experiment -04
Experiment Name: For the parallel network in Fig. 04
a. Find the total resistance.

b. Calculate the source current.

c. Determine the current through each parallel branch.

Fig-04

Experiment Aim: The total resistance of a parallel combination of resistive elements

can be found by simply applying an ohmmeter. There is no polarity to resistance, so
either lead of the ohmmeter can be connected to either side of the network.

Experiment Tools: Resister, Battery, Dc Ammeter.

Theorem: If two elements are in parallel, the voltage across them must be the same.
However, if the voltage across two neighboring elements is the same, the two elements
may or may not be in parallel.
V1 =V2 =E
Is =E/Rt
a. RT = R1R2/ R1 + R2 = (9 Ω)(18 Ω) /9 Ω + 18 Ω = 162 /27 Ω = 6 Ω
b. Applying Ohm’s law gives Is = E /RT = 27 V/ 6 Ω = 4.5A
c. Applying Ohm’s law gives,
I1 = V1/ R1 = E/ R1 = 27 V/ 9 Ω = 3 A
I2 = V2/ R2 = E/ R2 = 27 V /18 Ω = 1.5 A
Simulation:

Conclusion: The duality that exists between series and parallel circuits continues to
surface as we proceed through the basic equations for electric circuits. This is fortunate
because it provides a way of remembering the characteristics of one using the results
of another.
 Experiment No: 05
Experiment Name: For the parallel network in Fig. 05
a.Find the total resistance.
b. Calculate the source current.
c. Determine the current through each branch

fig.05

Experiment Aim: The total resistance of a parallel combination of resistive elements

can be found by simply applying an ohmmeter. There is no polarity to resistance, so
either lead of the ohmmeter can be connected to either side of the network.

Experiment Tools: Resister, Battery, Dc Ammeter.

Theorem: If two elements are in parallel, the voltage across them must be the same.
However, if the voltage across two neighboring elements is the same, the two elements
may or may not be in parallel.
a. V1 =V2 =E
Is =E/Rt
RT = 1 / (1/ R1 + 1/ R2 + 1 /R3) = 1 / (1 /10 Ω + 1/ 220 Ω + 1/ 1.2 kΩ)
= 1 / (100 * 10-3 + 4.545 * 10-3 + 0.833 * 10-3) = 1 105.38 * 10-3 RT = 9.49 Ω
b. Using Ohm’s law gives Is = E /RT = 24 V/ 9.49 Ω = 2.53A
c. Applying Ohm’s law gives,
I1 = V1/ R1 = E /R1 = 24 V/ 10 Ω = 2.4 A
I2 = V2/ R2 = E /R2 = 24 V/ 220 Ω = 0.11 A
I3 = V3/ R3 = E /R3 = 24 V/ 1.2 kΩ = 0.02A
Simulation:

Conclusion: A careful examination of the results of reveals that the larger the
parallel resistor, the lower is the branch current. In general, therefore, for parallel
resistors, the greatest current will exist in the branch with the least resistance. A
more powerful statement is that current always seeks the path of least resistance.
 Experiment No: 06

Experiment Name: Given the information provided fig.06:

a. Determine R3.
b. Find the applied voltage E.
c. Find the source current Is.
d. Find I2.

.
fig.06

Experiment Aim: The total resistance of a parallel combination of resistive elements

can be found by simply applying an ohmmeter. There is no polarity to resistance, so
either lead of the ohmmeter can be connected to either side of the network.

Experiment Tools: Resister, Battery, Dc Ammeter.

Theorem: If two elements are in parallel, the voltage across them must be the same.
However, if the voltage across two neighboring elements is the same, the two elements
may or may not be in parallel.
V1 =V2 =E
Is =E/Rt.

a.1 /RT = 1/ R1 + 1/ R2 + 1/ R3 Substituting gives 1/ 4 Ω = 1 /10 Ω + 1/ 20 Ω + 1 /R3 so that

0.25 S = 0.1 S + 0.05 S + 1/ R3 and 0.25 S = 0.15 S + 1/ R3 with 1/ R3 = 0.1 S and R3 = 1 0.1 S
= 10 Ω
b. Using Ohm’s law gives E = V1 = I1R1 = (4 A) (10 Ω) = 40
c. Is = E/ RT = 40 V /4 Ω = 10A
d. Applying Ohm’s law gives I2 = V2/ R2 = E/ R2 = 40 V/ 20 Ω = 2A
Simulation:

Conclusion: A careful examination of the results of reveals that the larger the parallel
resistor, the lower is the branch current. In general, therefore, for parallel resistors, the
greatest current will exist in the branch with the least resistance. A more powerful
statement is that current always seeks the path of least resistance.
 Experiment No: 07

Experiment Name: For the parallel network in fig.07, determine the current I1.

fig.07

Experiment Aim: For series circuits we have the powerful voltage divider rule for
finding the voltage across a resistor in a series circuit. We now introduce the equally
powerful current divider rule (CDR) for finding the current through a resistor in a
parallel circuit.

Experiment Tools: Resister, Battery, Dc Ammeter.

Theorem: The current through any branch of a parallel resistive network is equal to
the total resistance of the parallel network divided by the resistance of the resistor
of interest and multiplied by the total current entering the parallel configuration.

IX= RT/Rx (IT)

RT = 1 / (1 /R1 + 1 /R2 + 1/ R3) = 1 / (1 /1 kΩ + 1 /10 kΩ + 1/ 22 kΩ)

= 1 / (1 * 10-3 + 100 * 10-6 + 45.46 * 10-6)
= 1 /1.145 * 10-3 = 873.01 Ω
I1 = RT /R1 (IT) = (873.01 Ω) /1 kΩ (12 mA) = (0.873) (12 mA) = 10.48 mA
Simulation:

Conclusion: For a parallel network, the current through the smallest resistor will
be very close to the total entering current if the other parallel elements of the
configuration are much larger in magnitude.