402 1 umdumatt of eh voage Emorere? ea oe = OO 7.1 Tests “The overvoltages are of three catesores > Power frequency overvolages > Impulse voltage surge due to lightning > Switching. a due to ‘The sustained power frequency over-vollages OSS latin an Ferranti-effet. “tones te eytem above 145 kV, the magnitude of internal ver-voltage i significan Tee ching, tansients and traveling Waves. ocaurs due to lightning and switching, The swit hundreds of miro-seconds- Heking rified by powerfrequency voltage test ang ‘The impulse voltage surge impulse wave lasts for some The performance of insulators is Ve impulse test Routine Test and Type Test ‘The characteristics of high voltage apparatus are proved by conducting high voltage tests. According to standard specifications, certain type-tests and certain routine tests should be performed on high voltage-apparatus. ‘The standards pertaining to HLV. testing covert the following aspects: > To define the insulation characteristics > To standardise the insulation levels > To speciy the tests intended to verify insulation level rather to say Basic Insulation Level (BIL) > To specify the making on the rating:plate- Intemational Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and standard institutions like 1S, BSL... specify the standards. ‘The manufacturers normally conduct the type test and routine test in accordance with the standard. ‘The insulation evel of apparatus is verified by means of type test and routine test, ‘Type tests are conducted on one or first few sample of apparatus, to prove the characteristics of that type. Routine tests are conducted on each equipments pertaining to high-voltage engineering 17.2 Testing OF HOH-VOLTAGE APpanyy Tus a SUC. Single. pan B10 Sg Das ety ge gc va by dogg he dene” *© PH Th 2 Mih vali tansomner. Thee a se pag Obtain Nh valage una eng Yds nec in aaa ng te age eon tag 4. Apparatus for voltage measure ment. Special voltage measurement. These include Pl thes a develops for high (ia) Methods for measuring peak voltage et The sphere gap is usd to calibrate high voltage mean urement 5. Switch gear and ive relays. Safety device itch pear components incu Gateoich drat Seater The iat for power een valge et stv eon ‘Explanation a Figure 171 lusts the rangement of devine obtained from a sng phase geet deny se ene ee terminal voltage can be varied widely by changing the field current The voltages stepped up by high voltage transformer unin cascade The tt whage is supplied to the apparatus under test. The sphere gap is connected in with the test specimen. The instruments for measurements may be conneted to HIT, side by means of potential divider.sx vos Exot Funsaents Measure. ‘reat Highvoligs retin ‘elo ‘Sage pret foetet IGURE 17. eee nee lytic eye Deer acne ioe reas eels ere abe ere ee Ee a ee ee See Dettioeewearione: 1. External partial discharge, External discharge is one which takes place not inside the equipment but outside around the equipment. Aree bcp ig fsbo reas sirnday Internal porta discharge. Internal patil discharge is a process of electrical discharge which takes place inside a closed system, For example, partial discharge taking place in voids, ‘Treeing and tracking is also an example of intemal partial discharge. ‘The measuring principle of partial discharge is based upon ‘energy conversion Process associated with discharge such 88 emission of electromagnetic wave, light, noise or formation of chemical compound. i tioned below = 1, Corona. This type of elect ical dischag sedge offing TABS takes pay Kne-condut de t0 nnn specially when the insulation around geo mde Fe tohigh eee : % conduction sat, vil ste 2. Cavity discharge, This type of disc #10 179 hae ak i 1749) ene 7a) Tid dec when Sees PR inthe de to Fig. 1720, “Sestobeh cet ee 2. Susfce charge. Sure icp tes the interfaces offre dike matey ot He ann fet oer sessed by, ines testo material, Duet 1a Me eh eec es, e ated materials on Interface. The gas e, isthe relative permittivity of soli aerials, ionisation of gas results, Refer to form of branches of ees, which is can ac channels is shown in Fig. 172(6, EING. The f Ue condor ‘Nghe pr Meta ath of in iphoto rs —— Sharp and " aed | Y ep nae emi | — Diag path ermiiy (Sara chee a ame ‘material (oruinal QO OS ve (coy ge FiGuRE 17.2, Equivalent circuit of partial discharge. Ina solid oriquid dielectrics, there isthe Possibility of formation of voids or cavity. When the dielectricts subjected to veryFandnanat of Hh Vonage EOE ave cared and yond SOME SPELE vu 7 I etre the pres of scharsing voi 400, high electrical stress the voids stress, these voids ar dnchange Bet converted into some sort of capacitaP that patil ai tischange in the dielectric takes Becomes, times the electri stress iy go Ie is the mater to appreciate th whan the electric tes the voi Pao matter. Here , isthe relative permittv it ned are The various capacitors for snc terminate 1. Cyy, When the lox lines start from electrode A and terminate atthe yojg Se ae owen dao The various capacitances are shown in Fig. 17-30) Tp @ gone 17.3 fore. Gagan, [+ Cy and Cy, are the parallel combination capacitors] 17.4 c [+ Cy and Cyg are in series) So, we observe that three kinds of capacitors are formed in the dielectric. This is shown in the circuit above in Fig. 17.3(0). | When the switch “S is closed, and if the voltage across C, reaches breakdown | value, the discharge of void takes place and the discharge current may flow through R,, the value of R. limits the current I. | GE) me ct doicre Solution. Permittvity =p, qm" wc Tres eden hey bm ar Miesotad 1 deeatconnotsie onan From the principle, we know Breakdown strength of void + Breakdown voltage of dietetic 3 21-38 x Breakdown vetage Breakdown of dielectric + Besssivin ‘Total breakdown voage Yan Brndl syed, Ss2sn09021403 =4o7s21-7orW MEASUREMENT OF PARTIAL DISCHARGE Partial discharge isa localized discharge taking place in any insulting ater og dielectric material under the influence of high electric sues i eae deterioration to dielectric material. The characteristis are shifted to weak dielectric. The dielectric properties are lost by the material with the pase af time. It means, the life of dielectric materials gradually decreased ‘The partial discharge gives rise to corona type pulses which crest noise. The study of measurement of patial discharge is very important for Wie expectancy.41.6 TESTING OF HIGH-VOLTAGE APPARATUS TESTING OF CABLES —. The underground cables are widel system. The underground cables solve th metropolitan city. The cables do not provi transmission line which looks quite odd, and reliable supply. Y used for the transmission of Power of : © Purpose of ee beautification of . 5 us ide zig-zag orientation, Like Sechead the cables Provide better environment To test a cable, several cable samples are made. The ot, ee ength of the samples varies ‘The various tests performed with cables are ; 1. Dielectric power-factor test 2; Power frequency withstand voltage test 3. Impulse withstand voltage test 4, Partial discharge test. Dielectric Power Factor Test ‘The power factor of the dielectric used in cable is tested by a spec i bridge called as SCHERING-BRIDGE. With the help = Bain bie tet tangent (tané) is determined where 8 is called loss-angle. The power factor is measured for different values of voltages that is 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times the rated operating voltages. The maximum value of p ower factor at normal working, voltage does not exceed a specified value usually 0.01 Sometimes, a suitable choke in series with the test cable is employed so that it enables a flow of charging current through dielectric which is not possible, with the only source. 17.6.1 Power Frequency Withstand Voltage Test Power frequency withstand voltage test is performed for both ac. and de. voltages. A routine test is performed with the same cable at various power frequency voltages. The cable is subjected to routine test to a voltage of 25 times the oe Conductor working voltage for 10 minutes without me vag damaging the insulation. HV de of 18 test plant ‘toner’. * times the dic. voltage of negative polarity for 30 minutes is applied. If no insulation failure takes place, the cable is said to be tested under power frequency withstand voltage. Refer to Fig. 17.6(2). @) FIGURE 17.6418 17.6.2 17.6.3 17.7 rardarntls 019" ‘Test 7 yithstand vottage 7° negative impulse _—_ fo 1 patie on abe REO The cable is subj 1 pcienion oF 98 to he +5 applications of impulse without ANY failuye stand Pulse tes diletric ower factor testigg OF afer ecu dung me impulse test. "ieg Partial Discharge Test . ‘The partial discharge test of cable e592 information : cted life of cable. ea cable from the test-end. jal ast gives the following importa 2. The location of fault in the a icvabjeted to high elects stress and if theresa void aya iespiirpr bape cca and discharge phenomenon rie place. rane i there i a sudden dip in voltage inthe form of fmpule, Th, {impulse travels inthe cable along its length ‘The duration betveen normal pulse and discharge pulse is measured in the eitosrope, The distance gives the lation of wd or faults inthe abe fom he terminal at which the test is carried out. ‘The shape of pulse gives the nature of discharge. i ", ‘TESTING OF LINE INSULATORS sulators. Te line insulators which are commonly ‘There are various types of line in used are mentioned below : (0. Pin type line insulators (i Post type (io) Sting type (i) Suspension type (0) Tension type. srt 47.7.2, 17.73 These are briely discussed belo, Impulse Flashover Test performed on a sam, ea Tre specimen mus nt bedi ange Mich mt which i characterised by 150 see of Ying ota impulse generator. The am; Vet. This inpase Salhoves heer ba Weve shoud best HONS of the 7 should not be less than the ‘The magni ae . ‘Magni- tude of. itide of im specification specified on ra 5% fashover area 7" ting plate, aay sen a Figure 17.7(a) shows the schematic dia Jo ‘ram for ths tet 1/50 y-sec whose value is equal c ‘There must be five applications donot caus a to have passed the impulse the insulator is sid to have ald the test. Refer oF Dry Flashover Test For carrying out this tet, the test object is subjected to any power fequeny voltage in the beginning under the dry condition of samples.ering vy TESTING OF HIGH.VoLTag vote Ere ser foi Bi important to know abo fied power (redone) voltage. a i specifi fe is maintained 8 420 10 epeciied valu for on (a) Impulse flashover voltage impulse voltage sha ADFT me, When an impulse voltage is appi inset Les tive fashover oj i materia the flashover may o¢ | tages ot be ls hn specing ‘The occurrence of flashover depends up, (Amplitude of impulse 1, suppose out of ten app | applications, then that impulse | () Impulse ratio of arifiial rain created by pouring | serdar tatenalivs ider the influenced poe tring Impulse rat jigned with the in. The est insulators subjected to spray of electrical characteristics iF | Impulse ratiois defined as the | of power frequency voltage. R, =—_lmpulse flash ** Power frequency fas Impulse ratio is equal to or greater than 2, fr ti 17.8 TESTING OF BUSHINGS than rated or specified wet-flashover voltage. 1 Hlashver test. “aii Bushings are al of insulation which towards H.T. gral as well as voltage machine. It is fixed inside the hole made transformer. ‘Onend of the hollow bushing extends i the other end is carried above the tank. Th hollow space and connected to H.V. winding422 17.8.1 Fundamentals of High Volge Engine The following ests are carried oat to check the bushings > Power factor test > Impulse withstand test > Partial discharge test > Power frequency flashover test. Power Factor Test Refer to Fig, 17.8( The power factor expressed as tan 6, To measure the ‘Schering-Bridge is useful 88 losstangen ang of insulating material is also known ower factor (tan 8) of Pe #0" (fan 8) of bushings, Conetons ate made a sown nthe (ne emia of bushing is conned ofa femiral of Schering Blige and aa connected to detector. The capacitance ani power factor are measured at different yotar Ie Te vas end om te nytt ta te specied value 1 ould bebo nd at th busing an for Sing with takes creda deter Inst note cost Panes Tt to HV terminal of Schering-Bridge. 17.8.2 Impulse Withstand Test Refer to Fig. 17.8(0) To perform impulse withstand test, the Schematic diagram is shown in the adjacent — figure. eating | ‘The bushing is mounted as iit bf acnsan service condition ‘The bushing is subjected to standard impulse voltage (180 psec), The magnitude of impulse is applied as specified in specification © Five consecutive applications are made. 1f no flahsover occurs, the bushing is said to have FIGURE 17.8 tested. 37.83 teem neo Hg Partial Discharge Text Fey, Refer to Fig. 173 It shows the crit f atl dy Aa “ee m gi ting amet votre Taos DC sppty @ Mover 17g aaa! lating material aT the detention materia The ot cause opal EME Be fects formed dating na ida defects formed during mautacuring at ep oe oem leap Power Frequency Flashover Test This tet seein th readown sng thio he To carry out this test, the objet is subjected to poner fegueny gradually increased til the object breaksdown. Thisbreshin ee gradual in te i otg st Refer to Fig. 17.8() ‘The figure shows the schematic diagram fo ome egy ve wud test. age2s 17.9 Paninn = iToR SWER CAPACT TESTING OF PON sem for powertactor correction py, ae yacitors. The power capacis cap. Pacitong* ‘Ors are wae % in powes astute tT Paya. Te ac et er tion in the power system. aes series and shunt, compton ine improves the power factor, ty arte oa either star connected oF delta connected ae cna otto eck te cape: (i Power factor test i) Stability test (ii), Impulse voltage test ‘These tests briefly mentioned below puis cdly mentioned that to it has been frequently and repeatedly mer 10 meskue the poy measured with the help of high volage Schering-Bridge, One terming capacitor is connected to high voltage terminal of Schering-Bridge terminals connected to detector. Supply voltage given tothe Schering bridge equal to the rated voltage of capacitor. By adjusting some component of by null point is obtained and then power factor of capacitor is calculated, . ‘This value is matched with the specified value of capacitor. and anot ‘Stability test For stability tes also, Schering Bridge is very helpful. Instability test, losstangeny (tan) is found at various instants but at constant temperature. The capacitor is enclosed in an enclosure and the temperature of enclosure jg maintained at maximum working temperature for 48 hours. Capacitor ig connected properly with Schering-Bridge. Loss-tangents are calculated after 1¢ 24 hours and after 48 hours at rated frequency and 1.5 times the rated the loss tangents are hours, voltage. Let us suppose that at different time durations For stability of capacitor the following relation must hold fand,, tand,, tands. good: tané, > tan6, >tand, Impulse voltage test jected to impulse voltage obtained from impulse The capacitor to be tested is subj generator. The specified magnitude of impulse of the type 1/50 y-sec is ap five times. After the application f fdicanet Batt the capacitor is said to have test of wave, if the capacitor does not flashover, then ted. 47.10 TEETING OF Heong © A TESTING OF CIRCUTT BREAKER — Cir eae win the fault carent ofthe sy sPd movable contacts. The once ms ‘mechanism. cn, ae pret tc reuit breskers are essential at every nyspe tt tl rs mg Thetes go such nega of Power sytem i we roe Telible power supply. tf Purpose of Testing > To define the insulation characteris of crit ee > To standardise the insulation level > To specify the test intended to vei which the tests are made > To specify the markings on the rating plates of their insulation level 17.10.1 Classification of HV Test ‘The various tests conducted on high voltages AC, cei breakers te dassiedas fy insulation level and conditions under iri breaker indicating follows : 1, Development test 2 Type test 3. Routine test 4. Reliability test 6, Didletrc test 5. Commissioning test 8. Temperature-Rise test 7. Mechanical test 9. Millivolt-drop test 10, Short-circuit testsopera discs and define FH een] gy, ere, inthis teat iP : . Hew performed on cll Breer ince gy, | Further, short-circuit tests | Li rent test 2, Making current test + ovens cet 4, Operating duty test | : aaixe “inductive curents 6 Test for shorline fqyy | est for smal i urrent est for breaking capaciive © a at 10, Critical cureent tes. 17.10.2 Dielectric Test With the help of conducting the dct test the rated level of cry Confirmed, Te deci test incude {0 Power fequecyvolage withstand test (i) Impulse volage withstand test. Wile testing te circuit breaker under dilectic ts itis eset to knoy tapping Te impel Wt volag and power gy kt voltages are applied as follows “ 1. With breaker eed Tevet opel ten emilsf eh olin tim and heme, cial ener 1} {The terminal ofthe other polesbeing connected to the frame of circuit by |i 3-pole circuit breaker] it brea er, eaker of | = % Wieh breaker pen HI (©) The votage is applied between the terminals ofall the poles ofthe cry breaker connected together and frame of circuit breaker | (©) The voltage is applied between one terminal ofeach pole and the cher terminal of the same pole connected to the frame of circuit breaker. fy ‘mult-pole ceil breaker, the corresponding terminals of each poe ar ‘connected in parallel 17.103 Impulse Vottage Test To Perform this test the standard impulse wave of specified magnitude is supplied five times in succession. If flashover or puncture of insulator doesnot ‘cur, the circuit breakers considered to have passed the test. IF puncture occurs orion wor mrcape untae eae deol cher aca hee considered to have failed the test. oe Voltage Engineering andamares 0 Hh VOR VW TENG OF Hog Thay hop Te sae ess pate sy wag The impulse voltage is penny Me = sed impulse generator on ao) 8 age During the test they teint ggg RCL Te ofthe dct breaker ole ant MARY gy, eM Bas earth and fave of breaker, ©" minal gg el g, er tem ‘The peak value and wave sh rca calibrated voltage divided Teel imple tte for measurement purpose. 98 ier YC ‘ostepy Rwy The multistage MARX generar dea he rag ts how belay ‘nF 1259) = weirs Inthe test, steep wavefront and lat wave al having hgh ampli is ppedby above mentioned Marccirait. The capacitors C, ane charge bya rectifier to certain voltage. When the gap "S"istriggeed by meansot sk the ‘capacitors are discharged through series gap, St. andthe imple waves applied to the apparatus under tit, The total de votage i sum of ae of capacitors. 17.10.4 Power Frequency Test Power frequency test is condi frequency-tst plant. This plant hasbeen already jucted ina HL, laboratory having power rine thee.428 Fc fre pret wer frequency voltage (A.C) sigh le. The variation voltay’ "vey, 1s 10 get ery Py cascade. The Hage 8 i ceo cextation given tothe ghee Wig se ener a in vent of Pant, ‘orf range ovtapes ale 1 eencency voltage and Pile Vola, A sn pe TN) changing i The meted of apptono al von by cascaded transformer 6 fig aad mentee The i Tp by Pea sey men ia The generator volges SFP Sow (ao oe aie oc LT side af HEP cong Stee ee ope cn The vol ibrated by ™ on HT side by means of py.” ‘can be cal ynnected ial wean anes may ee HT Sey mea Imeaorng instruments a age divider. Te cel iit | Cet beaker Some \ (cocded)— ~Trupmentoccrus mmerenaa slap diner pe icon 17.9 17.105 Short Circuit Test ‘Short cet tet isa Type est. The short-circuit test ona creat breaker inchs > Breaking current test > Making current test > Shorttime current test > Operating duty test asic short-circuit test duties) > Test for small inductive current > Test for shortine fault > Capacitor switching > Cable charging curent breaking test et, TESTING OF Hig, VOLTAGE ip - Aug short Meteo a circuit-breaker. Amdo th a“ i ve Fig of the Shortt es YH easy : Seetesseig The making capacity tess verity qe DIY fhe = hort circuit. Seta c 0 ne The break capac tee very yg ability og shortcreuits, ok eg “Shor cic eng on a Speen eat hacer for eseoh and bag rr voltage equal ‘The power frequency voltage equal 1225 times the working yo Ce oat tae, iri breaker is considered to have eg hover ours oe a artes Kemeny ages, dane 4 drcuit breaker i sid to have filed the tse OFC thes ace te The shor it tae conduc in shri an. The tis plant is shown below in Fig. 1754) eed cra 4 Met Date e| Ite Mate cet Tele xr430 utmentals o gh won Era Description ecally bull short-circuit, a is supplied by specially Beneray The short il power sar Te in number) are driver by ge™ My, short-circuit generator (0" nam St by fo shoring errata provided wit PEC Pe of ex mpulse-excitation. e » reactance installed inthe plant adjust the magn, ret breaker has higher capacity n %, Phigg Sag Series resistance short-circuit current, The master ci circuit breaker to be tested Ifthe circuit breaker under test al th the circuit, The Make switch is special circuit at desired evel ‘The transformers ofthe plant are used to get test voltage other than the peng, voltage. The transformers are single-phase. units and they are connecteg diferent ways to get several volages- In addition othe above equipments, the following equipments ae also ing {in the plant * Sequence Switeh Measurement instrument During the short-circuit testing, several operating prstmed a agueee and the fll Simei 0 shor 10 perfor se operation. The sequential switching of various equipments is accomplished sd SEQUENTIAL sth For example, the sequence fr BREAKING capacity Tesy one testis as follows 1. Drive motor of generator is made off 2. Impulse excitation has to be switched on, 3. Master circuit breaker has to be closed. 4. Make switch is to be closed. 5. Circuit breaker to be tested is to be open. the master circuit breaker opens ang ly designed switch which can ch" Mey lose 6. Master circuit breaker is again kept open. 7. Again excitation is switched oft These operations take very short time ofthe order of 0.2 second. For measurement of various quantities the only suitable apparatus is CRO, because, test takes few hundredth of second. The CRO can measure the quantity within short duration. The following ‘quantities can be recorded during the test: 1. Short-circuit current in each phase 2. Voltage across each pole vw $7.0: TESTING OF tng, 3. Contact travel spec, Mo he 4, Generator voltage 5. Current in tip cre 4 6 Transient recovering Volage 5 Direct Testing of cx, Indirect testing of ica directly. no Beer, Pe be ‘The circuit digram for diet All the equipments ae cy reactor and selection of tare voltage or test voltage. The scion, © PMP de adjusted aa arated. The yng ey follow automata by meas of eee While testing for breaking canentcspay under test ate closed frst. The hor Me akan the breaker opens suddenly at heen PMY dae eS he stn td ty 8 on ey Sonnet ang ay the breaking curent is determineg ett 8d arg EM SH mined from the wave het CB's ve ae Wh espe ge a 6 Centr Yer ota Sj-Miner attra; Mets isan on, tame he are FR fy Capcity) S~-Circuit breaker under test; easuring instrument (CRO) = 7 etc pre ‘IGURE 179) For making curent capacity tes the master circu kr nd malesith se closed first. The breaker under ts is closed on 34 sara Te ae flowing at the moment i nothing but the making curt Tiscureisebered con CRO (specially designe). From the wave canon CR, ages determined.crest wk 16 th Nb yg | is capable of BFeaKing unde My od power EGUENCY oltage, Pg current at the instan he valoe of CUE ti he ant determined. experimen Sy Stained in CRO a8 shown a in | rent cope The breaking cumTent OPT Prot coment onion of alent EO ‘The braking cme ‘the waveforms Fig. 1740. Here, aa ae} envelope of current wave BX = normal zero axis CX = displaced zeroaxis of wave EE = instant of contact separation PQ= Breaking current Bex es _ Fillin the blanks with suitable words or group of words 1. The contact resistance of circuit bresker sof the order of 2, The high voltage test includes © —_ © — 0 3, The insolation resistance of FLV. circuit breaker is more than __ 4A. The routine tess are conducted on__ ret breaker. 5. Short cireuit test time of current carying parts for normal cue shoul es hn,Marx-Cireuit genera ator, st gene 7 9.2 loot Mainly: there are 142 7 a outa 1ter. are eee ie The . we i cont. The plan 2) doe oe laboratories Tories aF¢ VOT! ng is saved. But genera candor Pe Ree aborts bull _Batgenenty, ey of cl at ed and se al pur wired with outdoor 91 jborat ‘apon the following factors asepination of bot ratory depends re ed. A design er corbition oP af Iborony GOP ap, is design i ‘The dimension ad 8° for which the 16 pe installed. 9.3 CLEARANCE “The following guidelines areused bY (For Power frequency test . “The 50% flashover voltage is expressed Vay = 2x00 where “is in metres and Vy isin KV (Peak) adesign engineer for providing clearance LAYOUT OF EXTRA HIGH VOLTAGE LABORATORIES ae ‘Above equation is used to find d-air-gap distance ‘qherefore, for example, (9) For 1000 kV(ems) -» d= 3.835 m (i) For 1500 KV > d= 7.754 m Git) For 2000 KV d= 128 m nesneioa impulse clearance {Generally a clearance of 2 metres for each 1000 KV is necessary for lightning Capulse generator. Impulse fashover voltage is given by Veg = 500xd for a rod plane gap. ‘he withstand voltage can be assumed to be 80% of Vag tr means, 2 metres gap will withstand 800 kV (Peak). generator clearance For dic. generators, a clearance of 4 metres for every 1000 KV is recommended. one (a Suwitehing surges ‘A. given electrode geometry exhibits the weakest electrical strength for positive-polarity switching surge. The recommended clearance of switching surge is given by a= (vy? ‘This gives, 4 metres clearance for every 100 KV (Peak) and 16 metres of clearance for 2000 kV (Peak). ‘An airgap clearance i tobe designed fora withstand voltage of 1500 KV(rms). The withstand voltage is 80% of 50% flashover voltage. Fora rod plane gap, calculate the minimum clearance required. Solution. 50% flashover voltage = Vigg *E =1500)3 =Vep Itis given that, 80% of (Vig) = 15002ransom 2 Pe rene TT tad ender PE 28 mall around. Reguite clearance 3, D.C. Generator: (0 mA, Height =10 m, base 2 metre om side, 4. Voltage Divider Same eight simpusegeertor. Distance from generator =20 metres. 5, Space for Test Object, 10 metres along the ent ofall. 6. Control Room ‘As annexed tothe main hall 15mx6 8 Ww pn von Someone Clearance from IG to Test object «18 Be divider =5 my Compensating Reactors ae pled spain wa, ‘Possible plan of laboratory x ree owing dimensions of euipmentss shown below in Here, VD - Voltage divider ‘T+ Transformer 1G + Impulse generatorHOH VOLTAGE ENG, ne pot ed ont the ss. caper eval ue ss 0s Ca al WET LOW SHAUL to ist : val foo a - mg conser ined at 22°C : 14 oa ha | sin Seal cos paves ina os Pe 28 oars THE es rend The caacitor is ea ng espe pe High votiage Seen five eacs of 4 ofthe rons tan, +854 reais 6210881 zands toyed 200 8,2 ‘sie ; vial sve and nage tpl end i ab are yes gab Ode ai ah overs : The capacitors st ee of Table 6.1. Feu a ouch oir should wisn mer equipment inpowersytm 1 pean ior ery mperant noses sapere tis Vr) 1 ea eng and 8 er woltage Bt JEW 4 in, tat itcan resol rut casing 29 A Transformer isone ofthe . designed its failure may nile desiging it insult important and would lignin. The high voll here. Other tess ke tie these can he found in he relevant sandard renivete. ae not consider ic ature rise shor el, oP specification Porial Dicharge Test ee ‘The tess eared out onthe windings of he tremformer is connected as atest specimen sila 1 89Y rasformar 0 assess the magitude aber equipment 2 GSCussed 10 Chapter ry of faut is aSeertNeY Li v aarrichanpe mentrracas ae mot. The satin sud EVERY 70 OE an enor xhigu send in Chapter Vi The EASED 10 ia tra tnmmal of the wanformer and its estimated tat if Ue apparent measbre! rss r eocolombs te discharge magi conse oe severe and the ranfonne! sin eso designed that he diecharge measarement shoud be much below the value of 10° pcr-oy inp Teing cf Tenor i The impute eel of a aafrmer is etemined bythe breakdown voltage of 1s minor j {tata bewecn tur an erween windings) breakdown voltage oF major sul terme wintings nd aa) and the ash ve vageof ts bashings a combinution of is The | pate haces o interns ina nse ils roms Hash oxen 3 1 |) Sistema he sor latin ier as fo 21 220 tht of bushing (15 fr bushing, ina ee). Secondly, he mpukebreakdow ING OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT wy — 2 Lit toi ig. 61 Vol tne cue 0! pea! marten a antonmer anand isindependen of ine cally co time of ppicionofimpuls voge F in oie seconds the lash oer voltae is stbxtn enh anne aver tet same winding and bewween differ ally constant. The voltage siress bouche ensamewnin tlberce in winrar fo pe Byes OF ge wave front The vlage tess may further se stent oy eo ow nurs of the WindiNg SFE OVErstessed and thit i why the modern practice ito oe ton te fis fo woe wind Fg 62 shows peta ee ng for impulse volag. joe 3 e Po Ht —1+_ src pees iter apace aC pce ben wink i Cae ior slaton wl eae wan he ate ol ust In chopped impulse wave of higher peak voltage than he full wave. This chopped vgs hove aod ga Fusing pata wih he asormer lan Th ry ogo worth Whe pl lage ipd ataee P edb induced ithe secondary oh anomer Toi th shea in sme a and ally comes Wo grunt, The se ung ower ea tos uraformer al hea ose pcblem nmin he wave fui een aiags place ofthe rans ir alo the minimum value ofthe impels capacitance required is given by Pxi0t = Zaye tee P= rated MVA of the transformer, Z= per cent impedance of transformer. V= raed voltage of ‘ensfomer Figure 6.3 shows the arrangement ofthe transformer for impulse testing, CRO forms an ine putof the transformer impulse testing circuit. I is required to record the wave forms of the applied ‘olage and curtent through the winding under test.178 HIGH VOLTAGE ENG = - Ld Fig. 6.3 Arrangement for impulse testing of transformer Impulse testing consists of the following steps: (0) Application of impulse of magnitude 75% of the Basic Impulse Level (BIL) of the ‘transform under test, (ii) One full wave of 100% of BIL. (iii) Two chopped wave of 115% of BIL. (iv) One full wave of 100% BIL and (v) One full wave of 75% of BIL. During impulse testing the fault can be located by general observation like noise in the tank smoke or bubble in the breather. If there is a fault, it appears on the Oscilloscope as a partial or complete collapse of the appli voltage. Study of the wave form of the neutral current also indicates the type of fault. If an are occu: between the turns or from turn to the ground, a train of high frequency pulses are seen on the oscill scope and wave shape of impulse changes. If it is a partial discharge only, high frequency oscillatio are observed but no change in wave shape occurs. The bushing forms an important and integral part of transformer insulation. Therefore, its i pulse flash over must be carefully investigated. The impulse strength of the transformer winding i same for either polarity of wave whereas the flash over voltage for bushing is different for differe polarity. The manufacturer, however, while specifying the impulse strength of the transformer take into consideration the overall impulse characteristic of the transformer.‘Fundementas of Hoh Votage Engiooenng terminale Hand © is svat supply benven the terminals #7 LY op rf Sebring iil te es Od be ey the tet ye bat in amplifier and ae of electron bole aml ecw to woes di Ine jeoCy.Ry.Ry =tans <1 R _& 1, & RG “tand aR, «ORC, =a. FRIGG = Imaginary resistance of cable. a) We have already proved that, i mie TORO PROBLEM 4 TESTING OF HIGH-VOLTAGE ApPARATUS ‘We have already proved that a8 @FR,R,C{C, =1 fe tan RC) was obtained forthe following values of resstonces and capacitances in the three arms : C, = Standard lossless capacitor = 1 R,=1000; y= 14000 ; C,=0.005 pF Calculate the following : (@) Capacitance of cable sample C, __(b) tan 5 of eable (c) Insulation resistance of cable R, or Ry =10°%F