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Agriculture in India

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Agriculture in India

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amanyt9793440275
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© © All Rights Reserved
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NDA EXAM

Study Material For Geography


AGRICULTURE IN INDIA
Soils
● Soil is the finest particle found on the earth surface.
● Soil is the uppermost layer of the land surface, usually composed of minerals, organic
matter, living organisms, air and water.
● Alluvial soil, black soil, red soil and laterite soil are the major types of soil in India.
● Khadar - Newer alluvium soil found in valley flooded almost every year.
● Bhangar - Older alluvium soil found in 30 mts above flood level.

Soil Types and their Distribution in India

Soil Type Distribution Crops growing

Ganga and Brahmaputra River


valleys; Plains of Uttar Pradesh, Rice, Wheat, Sugarcane and
Alluvial soil
Uttarakhand, Punjab, Haryana, Oilseeds
West Bengal and Bihar
Maharashtra and Malwa plateaus,
Kathiawar peninsula, Telangana
Cotton, Millets, Tobacco and
Black soils and Rayalaseema region of Andhra Sugarcane
Pradesh and northern part of
Karnataka
Eastern parts of Deccan plateau,
southern states of Kerala, Tamil Wheat, Rice, Cotton,
Red soils Nadu, Karnataka and Chota Sugarcane and Pulses
Nagpur plateau (Jharkhand)
Assam hills, hill summits of Kerala
Laterite soils Coffee, Rubber, Cashew nut
and Karnataka and eastern
and Tapioca
Ghats and region of Odisha
Coniferous forest belts of Jammu
Coffee, tea, rice, maize,
Forest and and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh,
potato, barley, tropical fruits
mountain soils Uttarakhand and Sikkim, Eastern
and various types of spices
and Western Ghats
Rajasthan, Northern Gujarat and millets, barley, cotton, maize
Arid and desert soils
southern Punjab and pulses
Kottayam and Alappuzha districts
of Kerala; and coastal areas of
Odisha and Tamil Nadu,
Peaty and marshy soils Paddy, jute
Sundarbans of West Bengal, in
Bihar and Almora district of
Uttarakhand
Irrigation
● The main sources of irrigation used in different parts of the country are Canal irrigation,
Well irrigation and Tank irrigation.
● Canal irrigation is the second most important source of irrigation in our country.
Percentage of area under canal irrigation in our country is 24%.
● Well irrigation is the most important source of irrigation as it contributes about 62
percent of net irrigated area in India.
● A tank is a natural or man-made hollow on the surface developed by constructing a small
bund around it across a stream.

Cropping Seasons in India

India has three cropping seasons — Rabi, Kharif and Zaid

Major crops cultivated in Major crops cultivated in


Cropping Seasons
Northern States Southern States
Kharif Season Rice, Cotton, Bajra, Maize, Rice, Ragi, Maize, Jowar,
June – September Jowar, Tur Groundnut
Rabi Season Wheat, Gram, Rapeseeds, Rice, Maize, Ragi, Groundnut,
October–March Mustard, Barley Jowar
Zaid Season
Vegetables, Fruits, Fodder Rice, Vegetables, Fodder
April–June

Major Crops Cultivated in India


Food Crops - Rice, Wheat, Jowar, Bajra, Maize, Barley, Ragi, gram and Tur are some
important food crops.
Rice
● It is the staple food crop of a majority of the people in India.
● India is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China.
● It is a kharif crop which requires high temperature, (above 25°C) and high humidity with
annual rainfall above 100 cm.
● The first 10 leading rice producing states are West Bengal (First in India) Uttar Pradesh,
Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Assam, and Haryana.

Wheat
● This is the second most important cereal crop. It is the main food crop, in north and
north-western part of the country.
● This rabi crop requires a cool growing season and a bright sunshine at the time of
ripening.
● The major wheat-producing states are Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and
Madhya Pradesh.

Millets
● Jowar, bajra and ragi are the important millets grown in India.
● Jowar is the third most important food crop with respect to area and production.
● Jowar is essentially a crop of the Peninsular India.
● Major Jowar producing States were Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya
Pradesh.
● Bajra grows well on sandy soils and shallow black soil.
● Bajra is a crop of dry region.
● Rajasthan is the largest producer of bajra followed by Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Gujarat and
Maharashtra.
● Ragi is a crop of dry regions and grows well on red, black, sandy, loamy and shallow black
soils.
● Major Ragi producing states are: Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand,
Sikkim, Jharkhand and Arunachal Pradesh.

Maize
● It is a kharif crop which requires temperature between 21°C to 27°C and grows well in old
alluvial soil.
● Major maize-producing states are Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh,
Telangana and Madhya Pradesh.

Pulses
● India is the largest producer as well as the consumer of pulses in the world.
● The major pulse growing areas are Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra
and Andhra Pradesh.

Cash Crops - Sugarcane, tobacco, fibre crops (cotton, jute, and mesta) and oilseeds are
some important cash crops.

Sugarcane
● India is the second largest producer of sugarcane only after Brazil.
● Uttar Pradesh is the leading producer of sugarcane in India followed by Maharashtra,
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat.
● It grows well in hot and humid climate with a temperature of 21°C to 27°C and an annual
rainfall between 75cm and 100cm.
● Irrigation is required in the regions of low rainfall.

Cotton
● India ranks second next to China in the production of cotton.
● Top cotton producing countries are Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Punjab.
● Cotton is the most important cash crop of India. It provides raw material to the largest
industry of India.
● It is a kharif crop and requires 6 to 8 months to mature.

Jute
● It is a tropical fibre crops, grows well in the alluvial soil.
● West Bengal is the leading state both in cultivation and production of jute. The other
cultivators of jute are Bihar, Assam and Meghalaya.
● It is known as the golden fibre.

Oil Seeds
● Main oil-seeds produced in India are groundnut, mustard, coconut, sesamum (til), soyabean,
castor seeds, cotton seeds, linseed and sunflower.
● Groundnut is a kharif crop and accounts for about half of the major oilseeds produced in the
country. Gujarat was the largest producer of groundnut.
● Linseed and mustard are rabi crops.
● Sesamum is a kharif crop in north and rabi crop in south India.
● Castor seed is grown both as rabi and kharif crop.

Plantation Crops - Tea, coffee, rubber and spices are the major plantation crops of India.

Tea
● Tea is an evergreen plant that mainly grows in tropical and subtropical climates.
● India is the second largest producer of tea after China in the world.
● Assam is the larger producer of tea in India. Other states are Tamil Nadu, Kerala and West
Bengal.

Coffee
● Coffee is grown in shade and it grows effectively in the altitudes between 1,000 and 1,500 m
above mean sea level.
● India is the 7th largest producer of coffee globally.
● Karnataka is the leading producer of coffee in India. It produces 71% in India, and 2.5 % in
the world

Spices
● Pepper, chillies, turmeric, ginger, cardamom, clove and areca nut are the major spices
cultivated in India.
● Kerala is the leading producer of spices in India.

Rubber
● Rubber plantation were first established in Kerala in 1902.
● It needs hot and wet climatic conditions.
● The major rubber growing areas are Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka and Andaman and
Nicobar Islands.

Horticulture Crops
● It refers to the cultivation of fruits, flowers and vegetables.
● India was the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world after China.
● India contributes about 13% of the world’s production of vegetables.

Largest Crops Producing States


Food Grains
CROP STATE
Rice West Bengal
Bajra Rajasthan
Wheat Uttar Pradesh
Maize Andhra Pradesh
Pulses Madhya Pradesh

Oil Seeds
CROP STATE
Groundnut Gujarat
Soya bean Madhya Pradesh
Mustard Rajasthan
Sunflower Karnataka

Cash Crops

CROP STATE
Sugarcane Uttar Pradesh
Cotton Gujarat
Coffee Karnataka
Tea Assam
Silk Karnataka
Rubber Kerala
Tobacco Andhra Pradesh
List of Important Agricultural Revolutions in India

Revolution Related Product


Green Revolution Food Grains
White Revolution Milk Production
Round Revolution Potato
Red Revolution Meat Production / Tomato Production
Silver Fibre Revolution Cotton
Silver Revolution Egg Production / Poultry Production
Evergreen Revolution Overall Production of Agriculture
Yellow Revolution Oil seed Production (Especially Mustard and Sunflower)
Blue Revolution Fish Production
Brown Revolution Leather / Cocoa / Non-Conventional Products
Golden Fibre Revolution Jute Production
Golden Revolution Fruits / Honey Production / Horticulture Development
Grey Revolution Fertilizers
Pink Revolution Onion Production / Pharmaceuticals / Prawn Production

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