John – Noun – Is a name of the person, place or a thing

Really – Adverb – describes the quality of how angry they are at john

Mad – Adjective – show or describes the quality of being angry at John

Because – Conjunction – words that are used to join to sentences

Are – Verb – words that show action

They – Pronoun – Replace a noun with (he, she, they, it, we etc)

Oh! – Interjection – Words that show emotion.

… - Elipsis

At – Preposition – These words show relationship between 2 words

Oh! They are really mad at John because…

Usha runs fast. Usha is fast.

N verb adv N v adj

Adjective Shows or describes the quality of a noun or a pronoun.

Adverb: The word that shows the quality of the verb is called adverb

Usain Bolt runs very fast Usain Bolt is very fast.

N V adv adv N V adv adj

Adverb: The word that shows the quality of the verb, adjective and another adverb is
called adverb
Mercury Dal Lake Television

Wisdom Team Monika

Intelligence Taj Mahal Silver

Jury bicycle Steel

Axe Bouquet Silence

Noun

Dal Lake, Taj Mahal, Monika – Proper Nouns

Mercury. Silver, Steel – Material Noun

Intelligence, wisdom, Silence – Abstract Noun

Jury, Team, bouquet – Collective Noun

Axe, Bicycle, Television – Common Noun

Countable Uncountable
Information Chair Furniture
Chair Information
Equipment Rice
Rice Car Equipment
Software Software
Money Star Money
Star
Car
Furniture

Adjectives

Degrees of Adjectives

Intelligent
Positive

Nice

Lovely

Base Positive Comparative Superlative

Good Good Better Best
Little Little Less Least
Bad Bad Worse Worst
Many Many More Most
Sad Sad Sadder Saddest
Hot Hot Hotter Hottest
Cold Cold Colder Coldest
Happy Happy Happier Happiest
Crazy Crazy Crazier Craziest
Awesome Awesome More Awesome Most Awesome
Awful Awful More Awful Most Awful
Clever Clever Cleverer / More Cleverest / Most
Cruel Cruel More Most
Horrible Horrible More Most
Beautiful Beautiful More Most
Intelligent Intelligent More Most

Remember:

• Use article ‘the’ with superlative degree

• Use comparative degree you use ‘than’ statement
• You cannot use both degrees in the same sentence. Or double comparative and
double superlative
• Comparative degree is comparison between 2, and superlative is 2 or more.

Rima is most talented girl in the class and she is more beautiful than Sima.

Articles

A Face An Apple The Tallest

 Article Rules of Usage
A Egg Used with words
that begin with
consonant sounds
Boys Used with singular
nouns only
Water Used with
countable nous
only
He is a Smart A + Adj + Noun

An Egg Used with words

that begin with the
vowel sound
Egg Used with singular
nouns only
Equipment It is used with only
countable nouns
She is an intelligent An + Adj + Noun
girl

The Egg / Boy Used with words

that begin with the
vowel sound and
Consonant Sounds
Eggs / Boys Used with singular
and plural nouns
Water / Equipment It is used with only
countable and
uncountable nouns
It is the tallest The + Adj + Noun
Building

Indefinite Definite
A / AN The
Introduction Subsequent usage/ mentions
Listener is unaware Listener is aware
Can be used for ‘one’ It can be replaced by this / that or These /
those

Name of People – No (Exception – The Bachans, The Khans, The Ambanis)

Name of cities – No

Name of countries – No (exception The United ____)

Name of Roads – No

Nam of States – No

Name of planets – No (Exception – Thee Earth – because it is considered as our home)

Hindus/ muslims/ Sikhs/ Cristians – Yes

Americans – Yes

Government – Yes

Police – Yes

Indian Army – Yes

Bathroom – Yes

Reception – Yes

End – Yes

North / South / East / West – Yes

Andaman Islands – Yes

Himalayas – Yes

Thar Desert – Yes

Bible / Quran / Gita – Yes

Sobriquets – (meaning - Nick Name) Yes

Hour – An Hour

How many alphabets do we have in English? – 1 alphabet (26 letters, 21 consonants and
5 vowels)

Vowels – A, E, I, O, U

What are Prepositions?

Prepositions are words that show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and
another part of the sentence. They tell us where, when, or how something happens.

Preposition Adventure!

Imagine you're on a quest in a magical world where you have to solve puzzles with the
help of prepositions to move forward. Each preposition helps you find the correct path,
but you have to choose the right one for each situation.

Round 1: Where’s the Treasure?

You are in a treasure room with different objects. To find the treasure, you need to figure
out the right preposition that tells where the treasure is.

• The treasure is under the table.

• The treasure is behind the door.

• The treasure is on the shelf.

Your task: Choose which preposition fits the scenario.

Answer:

• "The treasure is under the table."

• "The treasure is behind the door."

• "The treasure is on the shelf."

Round 2: Time to Escape the Castle!

Now, you're trapped in a castle, and the clock is ticking! You need to know when things
happen to escape.

• The wizard will arrive at midnight.

• The knight will fight in the arena tomorrow.

• The guards stand during the night.

Your task: Choose which preposition correctly tells the time.

Answer:

• "The wizard will arrive at midnight."

• "The knight will fight in the arena tomorrow."

• "The guards stand during the night."

Round 3: How to Cross the River?

You’re now standing at a river with different paths. You need to choose how to cross,
and prepositions will tell you how!

• The boat floats across the river.

• The bridge goes over the river.

• You swim through the river.

Your task: Choose which preposition explains how to cross the river!
Answer:

• "The boat floats across the river."

• "The bridge goes over the river."

• "You swim through the river."

Final Challenge: Your Own Story!

Now it’s your turn! Create a sentence using a preposition in each category: where,
when, and how.

• Where: ___________________

• When: ___________________

• How: ___________________

Sejal will escape the castle at midnight. She will sit on the ferry and sail through the
river.

Bonus Round: Find the Mistake!

There’s a tricky sentence that doesn’t use the right preposition. Can you find the
mistake?

• "She walked on the park to get some fresh air."

What’s wrong with it? (Hint: You don’t walk on the park!)

Answer: It should be: "She walked through the park to get some fresh air."

Prepositions are like magical words that help us understand where things are, when
they happen, and how they happen. Now that you’ve completed these quests, you’re
ready to use prepositions like a pro!

I will travel from A to B

I will travel from A towards C to B

I will travel from A towards C Around D to B

Prep of Direction It shows movement

Pronouns

Singular Plural
1 Person
st
I We
2nd Person You You
3rd Person He / She/ It They - Living beings
This / That These / Those
Any Singular Noun Any Plural Noun

Any Uncountable Noun X

Each, Every & None
Whatever & Wherever
Either & Neither
One of_____ or More
than_____
Everybody, Everyone
Everything
Someone, Somebody,
Something
No one, No Body, Nothing
Anybody, Anyone, Anything
Jeans, Scissors,
Spectacles

Verb - Verbs are action words! They tell us what someone or something is doing or
what state something is in.

Forms of Verb

V1 V2 V3
Present Past Past Participle
To be Is / am / are / be Was / were Been State of being
To have Has / have Had Had Possession
To do Do / does Did Done Action

V1 V2 V3
Base Verb Present Past Past
Participle
To dance Dance Danced Danced
To try Try Tried Tried
To dislike Dislike Disliked Disliked
To give Give Gave Given
To eat Eat Ate Eaten
 Irregular Verbs
To be Is / am / are/ be Was / were Been V1 # v2 # V3
To have Have / has Had Had V1 # V2 = V3
To do Do / does Did Done V1 # V2 # V3
To become Become Became Become V1 = V3 # V2
To cut Cut Cut Cut V1 = V2 = V3
Regular Verbs
To play Play Played Played V1 # V2 = V3
To like Like Liked Liked V1 # V2 = V3
To Eat Past Present Future
Simple I ate pizza yesterday I eat pizza everyday I will eat pizza on
Friday
S + v2 + O S + v1 + O S + will +v1 +O
Continuous I was eating pizza when I am eating pizza I will be eating pizza
you arrived. right now. when you arrive.
2 verb (to be S + was/were + v1ing + S +am/is/are + S + will be + v1ing +
and to eat) O v1ing + O O
Perfect I had eaten all of the I have eaten all of I will have eaten all
pizza when you arrived. the pizza of the pizza by the
time you arrive.
2 verb ( to have S + had + v3 + O S + have + v3 + O S + will have + v3 +
and eat) O
Perfect I had been eating pizza I have been eating I will have been
Continuous for 2 hours when you pizza for 2 hours eating pizza for 2
arrived hours when you
arrive.
3 verb ( to have, S + had been + v1ing + S + have been + S + will have been +
to be and to O v1ing + O v1ing + O
eat)

Tenses: Tenses in grammar refer to the way verbs are used to indicate the time of an
action or event. They help us understand when something happens: in the past,
present, or future. Tenses also show whether an action is completed, ongoing, or
habitual.
When to use simple present tense?

When giving instructions

When you talk about your routine and schedule

Story narration

Modal Verbs

Modal verbs are a special group of verbs that help express different shades of meaning
related to possibility, ability, permission, obligation, or necessity. They modify the main
verb in a sentence to add more context about how the action is happening or how likely
it is to occur.

Can – Permission

Can I come in?

I can swim. – ability

Could – Possibility
When I was young, I could run fast

May – You may leave! (permission)

I may eat pizza tomorrow. (High Probability)

Might – I might eat pizza tomorrow. (Low Probability)

Will – I will help you (willingness)

I will go to Goa. (future action)

Would – I would help if possible. (hypothetical possibility)

Would you have some coffee? (Polite request)

Shall – I shall return by 5 PM. (Formal future)

Shall we go for a movie tonight? (suggestion)

Should – You should drink water. (obligation)

You should study for the semester end exam. (advice)

Must – You must wear a helmet. (strong obligation)

I must finish this topic now ( necessity)

Ought to – You ought to apologise. (advise)

We ought to help those in need. (Moral obligation)

Summary of Uses:

• Ability: Can, could

• Permission: Can, may

• Possibility: Might, may, could

• Obligation: Must, should, ought to

• Advice: Should, ought to

• Willingness/Offers: Will, shall

• Polite requests: Would, could

SVA… Subject Verb Agreement

Subject-verb agreement refers to the grammatical rule that the subject and the verb in
a sentence must agree in number (singular or plural) and person (first, second, or third)

Singular subject, singular verb: If the subject is one person or thing, use a verb that
matches (also singular).

Plural subject, plural verb: If the subject is more than one person or thing, use a verb
that matches (also plural).

Rules for SVA

1. The basic rule states that a singular subject takes a singular verb, while a plural
subject takes a plural verb.
a. The dog ________ (to growl) when he is angry. - growls
b. The dogs________ (to growl) when they are angry. - growl
2. When words like the following are used as subjects, they take singular verb.

Everybody Anybody Somebody Nobody Each

Everyone Anyone Someone No one Either
Everything Anything Something Nothing Neither

Everybody_________ (to know) the answer. – knows

Somebody _________(to be in past tense) in the room. – was
 They _______ (tobe in past tenses) in the room. - were
3. Several, many, both, few are plural words and take a plural verb.
a. Both ____ (to be) happy with the grades they got. Are
b. He ____ (to be) happy with the grades they got. - is
c. Few ________ (to have) done their homework. – have
d. He ______ (to have) done his homework. - has
4. Prepositional phrases that come between the subject and the verb do not
change the number of the subject.
a. The teacher, as well as the students, was (to be – past tense) working on
the problem.
b. The children together with their mother are (to be – present tense) waiting.
c. The mother together with her children is (to be – present tense) waiting.
d. The Captain, along with his team, is (to be present tense) anxious.
Some examples of prepositional phrases that function like that are:
As well as
In addition to
Together with
Along with
Except
5. When the verb comes before the subject as in there or here sentences, it agrees
with the subject that immediately follows the verb.
a. There is a tree in the garden.
b. There are many trees in the garden.
6. Subjects joined by ‘and’ take a plural verb
a. My sister and brother live in Berlin.
b. Both the teacher and the student were surprised.
7. Some nouns are always plural and always take a plural verb.
Trousers, pants, slacks, shorts, briefs, jeans glasses, sunglasses Scissors, pliers,
tweezers
a. My jeans are old.
b. Where are my scissors?
8. When subjects are joined by words such as ‘neither, either, not only’ the verb
must agree with the closer subject
a. Either the man or his friends know the answer.
b. Either the man or his wife knows the answer.
9. Collective nouns are usually singular when regarded as a unit.
Some collective nouns in this group are:
Family, team, crew, class, government, committee
a. My family lives in Ankara.
b. Our team has won every game this year.
 10. Some nouns have the same singular and plural form. They take singular or plural
verb depending on the meaning.
Some nouns in this group are:
Species, series, deer, fish, sheep
a. This species of monkeys lives only in India
b. There are many species of monkeys.
11. Expressions stating amount of time, money, weight, volume are plural in form but
take a singular verb as in:
a. Three weeks is a long time.
b. $400 ______ ( to be ) a lot of money. - is
12. Some nouns look plural with –s but they take a singular verb.

Sciences Abstract nouns Diseases

Physics News Measles
Mathematics Politics Mumps
Statistics
Economics

Maths is found difficult by many students.