Genus - Wikipedia 31/12/2024, 23:58

Genus
Genus (/ˈdʒiːnəs/; pl.: genera /ˈdʒɛnərə/) is a taxonomic rank above
species and below family as used in the biological classification of
living and fossil organisms as well as viruses.[1] In binomial
nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial
species name for each species within the genus.

E.g. Panthera leo (lion) and Panthera onca (jaguar) are two
species within the genus Panthera. Panthera is a genus within
the family Felidae.

The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomists. The

standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different
authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There
are some general practices used, however,[2][3] including the idea that
a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be
descriptively useful:

1. monophyly – all descendants of an ancestral taxon are grouped

together (i.e. phylogenetic analysis should clearly demonstrate
both monophyly and validity as a separate lineage).
The hierarchy of
2. reasonable compactness – a genus should not be expanded
biological classification's
needlessly.
eight major taxonomic
3. distinctness – with respect to evolutionarily relevant criteria, i.e. ranks. A family contains
ecology, morphology, or biogeography; DNA sequences are a one or more genera.
consequence rather than a condition of diverging evolutionary Intermediate minor
lineages except in cases where they directly inhibit gene flow (e.g. rankings are not shown.
postzygotic barriers).
Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of the
same kind as other (analogous) genera.[4]

Etymology
The term "genus" comes from Latin genus, a noun form cognate with gignere ('to bear; to give
birth to'). The Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species
Plantarum, but the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is considered
"the founder of the modern concept of genera".[5]

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Use
The scientific name (or the scientific epithet) of a genus is also called the generic name; in
modern style guides and science, it is always capitalised. It plays a fundamental role in binomial
nomenclature, the system of naming organisms, where it is combined with the scientific name
of a species: see Botanical name and Specific name (zoology).[6][7]

Use in nomenclature
The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in the nomenclature codes, which
allow each species a single unique name that, for animals (including protists), plants (also
including algae and fungi) and prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea), is Latin and binomial in
form; this contrasts with common or vernacular names, which are non-standardized, can be
non-unique, and typically also vary by country and language of usage.

Except for viruses, the standard format for a species name comprises the generic name,
indicating the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the specific epithet, which (within
that genus) is unique to the species. For example, the gray wolf's scientific name is Canis lupus,
with Canis (Latin for 'dog') being the generic name shared by the wolf's close relatives and lupus
(Latin for 'wolf') being the specific name particular to the wolf. A botanical example would be
Hibiscus arnottianus, a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii. The specific
name is written in lower-case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety
of infraspecific names in botany.

When the generic name is already known from context, it may be shortened to its initial letter,
for example, C. lupus in place of Canis lupus. Where species are further subdivided, the generic
name (or its abbreviated form) still forms the leading portion of the scientific name, for
example, Canis lupus lupus for the Eurasian wolf subspecies, or as a botanical example,
Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus. Also, as visible in the above examples, the Latinised
portions of the scientific names of genera and their included species (and infraspecies, where
applicable) are, by convention, written in italics.

The scientific names of virus species are descriptive, not binomial in form, and may or may not
incorporate an indication of their containing genus; for example, the virus species "Salmonid
herpesvirus 1", "Salmonid herpesvirus 2" and "Salmonid herpesvirus 3" are all within the genus
Salmonivirus; however, the genus to which the species with the formal names "Everglades
virus" and "Ross River virus" are assigned is Alphavirus.

As with scientific names at other ranks, in all groups other than viruses, names of genera may
be cited with their authorities, typically in the form "author, year" in zoology, and "standard
abbreviated author name" in botany. Thus in the examples above, the genus Canis would be
cited in full as "Canis Linnaeus, 1758" (zoological usage), while Hibiscus, also first established
by Linnaeus but in 1753, is simply "Hibiscus L." (botanical usage).

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The type concept

Each genus should have a designated type, although in practice there is a backlog of older
names without one. In zoology, this is the type species, and the generic name is permanently
associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should the specimen turn out to be
assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the
remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed.

Categories of generic name

In zoological usage, taxonomic names, including those of genera, are classified as "available" or
"unavailable". Available names are those published in accordance with the International Code
of Zoological Nomenclature; the earliest such name for any taxon (for example, a genus) should
then be selected as the "valid" (i.e., current or accepted) name for the taxon in question.

Consequently, there will be more available names than valid names at any point in time; which
names are currently in use depending on the judgement of taxonomists in either combining taxa
described under multiple names, or splitting taxa which may bring available names previously
treated as synonyms back into use. "Unavailable" names in zoology comprise names that either
were not published according to the provisions of the ICZN Code, e.g., incorrect original or
subsequent spellings, names published only in a thesis, and generic names published after 1930
with no type species indicated.[8] According to "Glossary" section of the zoological Code,
suppressed names (per published "Opinions" of the International Commission of Zoological
Nomenclature) remain available but cannot be used as the valid name for a taxon; however, the
names published in suppressed works are made unavailable via the relevant Opinion dealing
with the work in question.

In botany, similar concepts exist but with different labels. The botanical equivalent of zoology's
"available name" is a validly published name. An invalidly published name is a nomen
invalidum or nom. inval.; a rejected name is a nomen rejiciendum or nom. rej.; a later
homonym of a validly published name is a nomen illegitimum or nom. illeg.; for a full list refer
to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and the work cited
above by Hawksworth, 2010.[8] In place of the "valid taxon" in zoology, the nearest equivalent
in botany is "correct name" or "current name" which can, again, differ or change with
alternative taxonomic treatments or new information that results in previously accepted genera
being combined or split.

Prokaryote and virus codes of nomenclature also exist which serve as a reference for designating
currently accepted genus names as opposed to others which may be either reduced to
synonymy, or, in the case of prokaryotes, relegated to a status of "names without standing in
prokaryotic nomenclature".

An available (zoological) or validly published (botanical) name that has been historically
applied to a genus but is not regarded as the accepted (current/valid) name for the taxon is
termed a synonym; some authors also include unavailable names in lists of synonyms as well as
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available names, such as misspellings, names previously published without fulfilling all of the
requirements of the relevant nomenclatural code, and rejected or suppressed names.

A particular genus name may have zero to many synonyms, the latter case generally if the genus
has been known for a long time and redescribed as new by a range of subsequent workers, or if a
range of genera previously considered separate taxa have subsequently been consolidated into
one. For example, the World Register of Marine Species presently lists 8 genus-level synonyms
for the sperm whale genus Physeter Linnaeus, 1758,[9] and 13 for the bivalve genus Pecten O.F.
Müller, 1776.[10]

Identical names (homonyms)

Within the same kingdom, one generic name can apply to one genus only. However, many
names have been assigned (usually unintentionally) to two or more different genera. For
example, the platypus belongs to the genus Ornithorhynchus although George Shaw named it
Platypus in 1799 (these two names are thus synonyms). However, the name Platypus had
already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793.
A name that means two different things is a homonym. Since beetles and platypuses are both
members of the kingdom Animalia, the name could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich
Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800.

However, a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic
name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different
nomenclature code. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called
"homonyms". Although this is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological
Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, there
are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom. For instance,

Anura is the name of the order of frogs but also is the name of a non-current genus of
plants;
Aotus is the generic name of both golden peas and night monkeys;
Oenanthe is the generic name of both wheatears and water dropworts;
Prunella is the generic name of both accentors and self-heal; and
Proboscidea is the order of elephants and the genus of devil's claws.
The name of the genus Paramecia (an extinct red alga) is also the plural of the name of the
genus Paramecium (which is in the SAR supergroup), which can also lead to confusion.
A list of generic homonyms (with their authorities), including both available (validly published)
and selected unavailable names, has been compiled by the Interim Register of Marine and
Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG).[11]

Use in higher classifications

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The type genus forms the base for higher taxonomic ranks, such as the family name Canidae
("Canids") based on Canis. However, this does not typically ascend more than one or two levels:
the order to which dogs and wolves belong is Carnivora ("Carnivores").

Numbers of accepted genera

The numbers of either accepted, or all published genus names is not known precisely; Rees et
al., 2020 estimate that approximately 310,000 accepted names (valid taxa) may exist, out of a
total of c. 520,000 published names (including synonyms) as at end 2019, increasing at some
2,500 published generic names per year.[12] "Official" registers of taxon names at all ranks,
including genera, exist for a few groups only such as viruses[1] and prokaryotes,[13] while for
others there are compendia with no "official" standing such as Index Fungorum for fungi,[14]
Index Nominum Algarum[15] and AlgaeBase[16] for algae, Index Nominum Genericorum[17] and
the International Plant Names Index[18] for plants in general, and ferns through angiosperms,
respectively, and Nomenclator Zoologicus[19] and the Index to Organism Names for zoological
names.

Totals for both "all names" and estimates for "accepted names" as held in the Interim Register
of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) are broken down further in the publication by
Rees et al., 2020 cited above. The accepted names estimates are as follows, broken down by
kingdom:

Animalia: 239,093 accepted genus names (± 55,350)

Plantae: 28,724 (± 7,721)
Fungi: 10,468 (± 182)
Chromista: 11,114 (± 1,268)
Protozoa: 3,109 (± 1,206)
Bacteria: 3,433 (± 115)
Archaea: 140 (± 0) Estimated accepted genus totals by
Viruses: 851 (± 0) kingdom - based on Rees et al.,
2020
The cited ranges of uncertainty arise because IRMNG lists
"uncertain" names (not researched therein) in addition to
known "accepted" names; the values quoted are the mean of "accepted" names alone (all
"uncertain" names treated as unaccepted) and "accepted + uncertain" names (all "uncertain"
names treated as accepted), with the associated range of uncertainty indicating these two
extremes.

Within Animalia, the largest phylum is Arthropoda, with 151,697 ± 33,160 accepted genus
names, of which 114,387 ± 27,654 are insects (class Insecta). Within Plantae, Tracheophyta
(vascular plants) make up the largest component, with 23,236 ± 5,379 accepted genus names, of
which 20,845 ± 4,494 are angiosperms (superclass Angiospermae).

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By comparison, the 2018 annual edition of the Catalogue of Life (estimated >90% complete, for
extant species in the main) contains currently 175,363 "accepted" genus names for 1,744,204
living and 59,284 extinct species,[20] also including genus names only (no species) for some
groups.

Genus size
The number of species in genera varies
considerably among taxonomic groups. For
instance, among (non-avian) reptiles, which have
about 1180 genera, the most (>300) have only 1
species, ~360 have between 2 and 4 species, 260
have 5–10 species, ~200 have 11–50 species, and
only 27 genera have more than 50 species.
However, some insect genera such as the bee
genera Lasioglossum and Andrena have over
1000 species each. The largest flowering plant
genus, Astragalus, contains over 3,000
Number of reptile genera with a given number of
species.[21][22]
species. Most genera have only one or a few
species but a few may have hundreds. Based on
Which species are assigned to a genus is data from the Reptile Database (as of May 2015).
somewhat arbitrary. Although all species within
a genus are supposed to be "similar", there are
no objective criteria for grouping species into genera. There is much debate among zoologists
about whether enormous, species-rich genera should be maintained, as it is extremely difficult
to come up with identification keys or even character sets that distinguish all species. Hence,
many taxonomists argue in favor of breaking down large genera. For instance, the lizard genus
Anolis has been suggested to be broken down into 8 or so different genera which would bring its
~400 species to smaller, more manageable subsets.[23]

See also
List of the largest genera of flowering plants

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23. Nicholson, K. E.; Crother, B. I.; Guyer, C.; Savage, J.M. (2012). "It is time for a new
classification of anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae)" (http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2012/f/z
t03477p108.pdf) (PDF). Zootaxa. 3477: 1–108. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3477.1.1 (https://doi.o
rg/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.3477.1.1). Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/htt
p://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2012/f/zt03477p108.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-
09.

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External links
Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) (http://www.irmng.org/index.ph
p): includes an estimated 95% of published genus names (accepted and unaccepted) in all
groups (semi-continuously updated)
Nomenclator Zoologicus (http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus/) Archived (https://web.arch
ive.org/web/20211223191732/http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus/) 2021-12-23 at the
Wayback Machine: index of genus and subgenus names (accepted and unaccepted) in
zoological nomenclature from 1758 to 2004
Index to Organism Names (http://www.organismnames.com/): includes zoological
taxonjuewhfu names at all ranks (including genera) as continuously indexed for the
Zoological Record
Index Nominum Genericorum (ING) (https://naturalhistory2.si.edu/botany/ing/): a
compilation of generic names (accepted and unaccepted) published for organisms covered
by the ICN: International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (semi-
continuously updated)
LPSN – List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (http://www.bacterio.net/):
includes all currently accepted Bacteria and Archaea genus names (continuously updated)
ICTV taxonomy releases (https://ictv.global/taxonomy): latest and historical lists of accepted
virus names compiled by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV),
including all currently accepted virus genus names (updated via regular releases)

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