PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Chapetr-9:- Psychology and Sports

Q-1. What do you mean by Personality? Discuss the types of personality in details.
Ans.
 The word ‘personality’ derived from the Latin word “Persona”, which means “Mask”.
 A mask was worn by various actors in dramas in those days of ancient Greek civilization.
 Personality usually means that an individual is much more than his outer appearance.
 Personality is a dynamic and organized set of characteristics possessed by a person that influences
hi/her cognitions, emotions, motivations and behaviors in various situations.
 According to Munn, “Personality is the most characteristic integration of an individual’s structures,
modes of interest, attitudes, behaviors, capacities, abilities and aptitudes.”
 According to Mc Dougall, “Personality is a synthetic unity of all mental and physical functions in
their intimate interplay.”
 According to Allport, “Personality is the dynamic organization of those psycho-physical systems
that determine an individual’s adjustment to his environment.”
 According to Freeman, “Personality is the integrated organizations of all cognitive, conative,
affective and physical characteristics that impose on individual and his uniqueness.”
 According to Warren, “Personality is the entire organization of a human being at any stage of his
development.”
 Types of Personality:-

1. Type ‘A’ Personality:-

 The individuals with this type of personality are very competitive and self-critical.
 They are characterized by high working involvement.
 They are easily excited and owing to that they usually fall prey to hypertension.
 They quickly become impatient with delays.
 Such types of individuals can easily be aroused to anger, hostility and aggression.
 They are more prone to heart ailments.

2. Type ‘B’ Personality:-

 The individuals with this type of personality are not competitive in nature.
 They are easy going and patient. They usually do not become angry and hostile.
 They are able to express their emotions appropriately.
 They are able to cope with stress effectively.
 They are usually quite satisfied with their lives.

3. Type ‘C’ Personality:-

 The individuals with this type of personality have pleasing and appeasing nature.
 There are unable to express their emotions specially anger.
 There are able to suppress their emotional efficiently.
 Sometimes, they even deny their own needs. They feel alone and their loneliness begins
at an early age.
 They have such behavior pattern which may enhance the risk of cancer.

1|Page
 4. Type ‘D’ Personality:-
 The individuals with this type of personality usually suffer from high degree of distress.
 They persistently suppress their feelings.
 Such people don’t share their emotions with other persons because they always have a
fear of rejection or disapproval.
 Such individuals are usually prone to heart ailments.
 They have great risk of premature death. They usually lead a poor quality of life.

Q-2. Explain the Dimensions of Personality in brief.

Ans.
 Personality is a complete unit in itself but the unit of personality is made up of various dimensions
or aspects.
 These dimensions of personality are mutually integrated with each other very closely but each
dimension has its own area of operation.
 In fact, personality is the collective as well as integrated image of various dimensions such as
physical dimension, mental dimension, social dimension and emotional dimension.
 The significant dimensions of personality are elucidated below:
1. Physical Dimension:-
 Physical Dimension is considered the most significant dimension of personality.
 It is based on the fact that first impression is the last impression.
 In fact, physical dimension is related to good physique, good appearance, good health, etc.
 Physique is the foundation of personality which has the beginning effect on the viewers. It is
also said that a sound mind exists in the sound body.
 However, the physical structure of an individual is related to the heredity of the individual
but certain traits of one’s personality are improved in proper environment.
 Balance Diet, physical exercises and other environmental factors improve physique,
appearance, health, posture and glow of the face of an individual.
 So, physical dimension is really a significant dimension of personality.
2. Mental Dimension:-
 Mental Dimension is the most significant attribute of personality.
 Mental dimension is related to mental and intellectual strength and abilities. It is too vital to
be ignored.
 The real identification of personality lies in mental dimension.
 Many great personalities of the world were not good looking but they possessed mental
and intellectual qualities.
 The development of thinking, reasoning, intuition and judgement, etc., are possible through
education.
 No doubt that these traits are innate but can be acquired up to extent.
3. Social Dimension:-
 Social Dimension is the next important dimension of personality in which humans are social
animals.
 He lives in a society in which socialization takes place.
 Sociability is inherent in man’s biological nature.
 In fact, the seeds of sociability are sown in human personality right from the moment a
human child is born or it can be said that the process of socialization starts right from the
time of one’s birth.
 Human child learns to behave because he is basically sociable.
 He learns by imitation, he learns by examples and he learns nu perception.
2|Page
  He is influenced in the first stance by behavioral patterns, customs, traditions, norms,
standards and manners prevalent in the society.
 The social qualities like character, morality, etiquettes, manners, work ethics, friendliness,
good attitude, helpful nature, cooperation, sympathy, kindness, etc., are the qualities or
traits essential for good personality.
4. Emotional Dimension:-
 Emotional Dimension is also an important dimension of personality.
 Emotional dimension is related to emotional stability.
 To have emotional stability is an essential aspect of one’s personality.
 It means that one must have proper control over various emotions such as fear, anger,
disgust, distress, amusement, happiness, etc., in different situations.
 As a matter of fact, many sportspersons feel elated when they win but start crying, abusing
the umpires or referee when they lose.

Q-3. Elucidate the big five personality theory.

Ans.
 It is a well-known fact that persons give different responses to the same situations.
 Indeed, the big five factors of personality are the five main domains which define human
personality and account for individual differences.
 These five domains or dimensions of personality are considered to be the fundamental traits that
make up an individual’s overall personality.
1. Openness:-
 Person who like to learn new things, new concepts and enjoy new experiences usually remain
on the top in openness.
 Openness includes traits like being imaginative, insightful and having variety of interests.
 In the field of sports, athletes or players who score high on the trait of openness are usually
characterized by reflection of demonstrating new ideas and skill execution initiatives along with
wider variety in ideas.
2. Conscientiousness:-
 Persons who have a high degree of conscientiousness are reliable and prompt.
 Such persons remain organized, systematic, laborious and complete in all respects.
 Athletes who score high on conscientiousness trait have been found to perform better in sports
arena wherever planning; organising skills and decision-making abilities are significant to the
task.
3. Extroversion:-
 Extroverts get their energy from interacting with other individuals, whereas introverts get their
energy from within themselves.
 Extroversion includes the traits of being energetic, talkative and assertive.
 Athletes who score high on both extroversion and openness are more likely to participate in
adventure sports due to their curious and excitement-seeking nature.
4. Agreeableness:-
 Such individuals are friendly, cooperative, compatible, king and gentle.
 Person with too agreeableness may be more distant or aloof.
 They are usually king, generous, affectionate and sympathetic.
 Athletes or individuals who score low on agreeableness trait tent to be more competitive in
sports.

3|Page
 5. Neuroticism:-
 Neuroticism is also called emotional stability.
 This domain or dimension relates to one’s emotional stability and the degree of negative
emotions.
 Persons who have high neuroticism usually experience emotional instability and negative
emotions.
 Athlete’s sports performance is highly influenced by neurotic traits and morden finding support
sports as an alternative therapy to manage neurotic behaviors.
 Person who score highly on neuroticism tend to be more competitive in sports.

Traits Description
Openness Curious, original, intellectual, creative and open to
new ideas.
Conscientiousness Organized, systematic, punctual, achievement
oriented and dependable
Extroversion Outgoing, talkative, sociable and enjoy being in
social situations
Agreeableness Affable, tolerant, sensitive, trusting, kind and warm
Neuroticism Anxious, irritable, temperamental and moody

Q-4. Elaborate the traits and types of personality classified by Jung.

Ans.
 C G Jung has classified personality on the basis of sociability character as introverts, extroverts and
ambiverts.
1. Introverts:-
 These are the persons who share characteristics such as shyness, social withdrawal and
tendency to talk less.
 Owing to these characteristics such person seems to be self-centered, unable to adjust easily in
society or social situations.
 They are very sensible, rigid in ideas and future oriented.
 They are more comfortable living alone and they keep their social circle limited.
2. Extroverts:-
 Extroverts have a tendency to be friendly, outgoing, talkative and social in nature.
 They usually prefer social contacts.
 They are generous, supportive and courageous. Also they may be called happy, go, lucky
persons.
 They show interest in present reality than future.
 They express their feelings openly without any hesitation and make quick decisions.
 They are socially more active and more aware of what is going on near/around them.
3. Ambiverts:-
 They are only few persons who are pure introverts or pure extroverts.
 The remaining majority of persons possess both the qualities and traits of introverts and
extroverts such persons are called as ambiverts.
 They are socially comfortable and interactive, yet value alone time.
 They prefer spending time with two or three persons instead of a large group.

4|Page
Q-5. Define Motivation. Explain types of Motivation in brief.
Ans.
 Motivation is the one of the main psychological factors which affects performance.
 Motivation is to give reason, enthusiasm or interest that causes a specific action or certain
behaviour.
 According to Crooks and Stein, “Any condition that might energize and direct our actions is called
motivation.”
 According to Sage, “The drive to strive is called motivation.”
 According to Alderman, “Motivation is the general level of arousal to action in an individual.”
 “Motivation is the inclination to pursue and persist in activities related to one’s sports.”

 Types of Motivation:-
1. Intrinsic Motivation:-
 Intrinsic motivation is internal.
 It occurs when people are compelled to do something out of pleasure, importance or desire.
 Motivation is always intrinsic when the force comes from within oneself.
 For Example, when a person indulges in any sports to have mastery, to display superiority or to
gain social approval, it is an intrinsic motivation.
2. Extrinsic Motivation:-
 Extrinsic motivation in external.
 It occurs when external compel the person to do something.
 Motivation always extrinsic, when external forces, positive or negative produce a behavioral
change.
 Reward, punishment, praise, blame or cash prize are example of extrinsic motivation.
 It has been found that such devices motivate some person more strongly than others.
 In fact, extrinsic motivation includes factors that motivate the individual in achieving the goals.

Q-6. Discuss about the techniques of motivation in details.

Ans.
 Various techniques of motivation are applied on sportspersons, which can enable them to achieve
the top positions in the field of sports and games.

1. Goal Setting:-
 Goal Setting is one of the most important techniques of the motivation.
 If you do not set a goal, you cannot achieve apex positions in your life.
 So, the sportspersons should be encouraged to set few ambitious but achievable long-term
goals.
 Sportspersons should set goals according to their capabilities and capacities.
 To keep them on the track with their long-term goals, sportspersons should also set the
appropriate medium-term goals as well as short-term goals.

2. Elaborate Arrangement of Competition:-

 Elaborate arrangements of competition play a significant role in motivation.
 Sportspersons perform better in competition when the arrangements of competition are
elaborate.
 Without extensive arrangements of competitions, good sportspersons also cannot perform
well in such competitions.

5|Page
3. Spectators:-
 If there are a huge number of spectators, it will have a positive effect on the players.
 But its effectiveness depends upon the experience and maturity of athletes.
 If an inexperienced athlete participates in competition, which is full of spectators, then he
will not be able to perform better in comparison to an experienced athlete.

4. Verbal Comments:-
 Verbal comment should be applied during competitions.
 It also varies according to the past experience of the players.
 Experienced players are not generally motivated by verbal comments, whereas, beginners
are motivated by this factors.

5. Hypnotism:-
 Motivation through hypnotism can be effective but, generally, it is discarded by the public.
 It has its scientific base. Several studies show its positive effect.
 Simple and direct strength may be improved through hypnotism if it is properly employed
by a trained person.

6. Healthy Sports Environment:-

 Healthy sports environment plays a vital role ion motivating the sportspersons.
 Healthy sports environment consists of good climate, proper weather, humidity and
temperature, smooth and clean sports field, good quality of sports equipment and other
facilities.
 In such healthy sports environment, sportspersons can be sound sports training and can
exhibit good performance in competition.

7. Knowledge of Result:-
 Experimental studies indicate that a person, who has the knowledge of his /her progress,
will learn more rapidly than an equally motivated learner of comparable ability, who is
working in the dark.
 Knowledge of progress or results is must because progress is also a reward in itself.
 The concerned coaches should have separate records of results and these results should be
shown and discussed in a positive manner with sportsmen.
 If any hindrance comes in the way of progress, it should be tackled intelligently.

8. Praise or Blame:-
 Praise or blame is effective factors of motivation if given at a proper time and in appropriate
amount.
 Sometimes, if blame is given at improper time, it can be dangerous.
 Praise is also better but too much praise can destroy the future of the sportsmen.
 Due to individual differences, the effects of these factors vary according to individual’s
nature.
9. Cash prizes, Certificates and Trophies:-
 Indeed, it is a good incentive which motivates to the sportspersons.
 Every government strives hard to achieve better in international competitions.
 Therefore, these government offer cash prizes to sportspersons, who win the laurels for
their countries.
 The rewards should be presented in front of all the recipients.
6|Page
 10. Motivation Music:-
 It is particularly a good way to motivated sportspersons in training and prior to competition
but is should be inspirational one.
 It can be performed during indoor training sessions.
 It is being used particularly in indoor games in western countries.
 Fast music during circuit training and slow music during recovery period are appropriate.

11. Positive Attitude:-

 For proper motivation, the coaches should try to encourage positive attitude among
sportspersons.
 They should lay proper emphasis on the ‘can be’ mindset of players.
 It means that players must think that they can achieve anything.

12. Positive Self-talk:-

 Positive self-talk is a technique that can be used to enhance motivation.
 With proper repetition of self-talk can change a sportsperson’s belief system.
 Mohammed Ali, the world famous boxer of USA used to apply this technique. He used to
repeat, “I am the greatest.”

Q-7. What do you mean by exercise adherence? Elucidate the reasons to exercise.
Ans.
 Exercise Adherence is a combination of two words ‘exercise’ and ‘adherence’.
 In that, Exercise means any movement that makes your muscles work and requires your body to
burn calories, whereas adherence means to stick.
 In fact, exercise adherence refers to maintaining an exercise regimen for a prolonged period of
time following the initial adoption phase.
 It can also be defined as the maintenance of an active involvement in physical exercise.

 Reasons to Exercise:-

1. Enhanced physical Appearance:-

 Not only can exercise help you feel better, but it also helps us to look better as well.
 However, genetics play a major role in our physical or overall appearance.
 Exercise can enhance our physical as well as overall appearance. That is why exercise is
important.
2. Improved psychological/emotional health:-
 Improved psychological/emotional health is also one of the reasons to exercise.
 In fact, exercise has been proven to provide a mood booster as it releases chemicals like
endorphins into our brain that help us to feel happier and can ease the effects of depression,
ADHD and anxiety.
 It can also help in improving self-esteem and self-confidence.
3. Feel more energized:-
 One of the reasons to exercise regularly is that it gives us more energy or we feel more
energized.
 Indeed, a workout can help oxygen flow more freely throughout the body and give us a much
needed burst of energy.
 This burst of energy not only occurs during exercise, but also after exercise.
7|Page
 4. Decreased risk of diseases:-
 Decreased the risk of diseases is also one of the reasons to exercise.
 As a matter of fact, exercise builds up and improves circulation of white blood cells, which we
need to get rid of harmful bacteria that cause us to fall sick.
 It boosts our immune system and makes us more resilient to diseases or illnesses.
5. For controlling body weight:-
 Controlling body weight is another reason to exercise.
 If it is done regularly, it helps to control and manage our body weight.
 Exercise burns calories, which results in shedding our extra body weight.
6. For long-term health:-
 Gaining long-term health is also one of the reasons to exercise.
 Regular exercise can avert various cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, etc., in the long term.
 Working out regularly increases good cholesterol and decreases the risk of serious medical
issues, especially those pertaining to heart.
 Even it has been proved through research studies that exercise adds years to our life.
7. For improved social relations:-
 Improved social relation is also one of the significant reasons to exercise.
 For good social health, social relations are essential.
 By joining an exercise group or a class such as dance, hiking club or volleyball team, our social
relations are improved.
8. For improved physiological health and fitness:-
 To attain improved physiological health and fitness is a reason to exercise.
 In fact, regular exercise improves the physiological health. All the system of our body becomes
efficient.
 The fitness of an individual is also improved by regular exercise.

Q-8. Discuss the benefits of exercise in detail.

Ans.
1. Reduced risk of heart diseases:-
 Regular exercise gradually reduces the stress related hormones from circulating in the blood.
 This increases the blood vessel path, which in turn lowers the risk for developing plaque that
can lead to various heart diseases such as coronary heart diseases.

2. Helps in keeping correct body posture:-

 By doing exercise, the strength of muscles increases, which in turn, keeps the body posture in
correct position.
 Also, postural deformities so not occur.
 If there is any postural deformity, it is removed by engaging in exercise.

3. Reduces depression:-
 Research studies indicate that regular physical exercise can greatly reduce depression and in
some cases prevent the symptoms of depression.
 As a matter of fact, aerobic and anaerobic exercise seems to be equally effective in producing
antidepressant effects.
 Exercise is considered the most important element in comprehensive treatment programmes
for depression.

8|Page
 4. Lowers Anxiety:-
 Regular exercise also reduces or lowers anxiety.
 As the level of endorphins increase due to regular exercise, the feeling of worry also begins to
diminish.
 During the exercise, we usually forget our daily problems. We concentrate on our workout.

5. Strengthens bones and muscles:-

 Regular exercise helps in strengthening bones and muscles.
 It van also slow down the loss of bone density that comes with age.
 Doing muscle strengthening exercise can help in increasing and maintaining muscle mass and
strength. It also stimulates bone growth.

6. Reduce stress:-
 Regular exercises help individuals to manage stress more effectively.
 In fact, it is one of the best methods to reduce stress.
 Exercises are helpful in relieving stress by releasing endorphins.
 Aerobic exercises are good for reducing stress.

7. Enhance Self-Esteem:-
 Regular exercise has positive connection in enhancing self-esteem.
 This connection or relationship appears to be stronger with those who have lower self-esteem.
 Some studies related to self-esteem and exercise show that strenuous tend to enhance self-
esteem.

8. Helps in early recovery from injury:-

 Exercise helps repair body from damage bones by injury.
 When we increase muscular tissues and white blood cells by exercising, our body is better able
to reduce inflammation that occurs from injury.

9. Improves Flexibility:-
 Exercise improves the elasticity of tendons, ligaments and joint capsules.
 Exercise also decreases the stiffness of joints.
 In this way, there is an improvement in flexibility.

10. Provides health benefits:-

 Regular exercise gives a healthy, glowing look and is a natural anti-aging technique.
 It improves digestion, and helps us to get good sleep.
 Sue to exercise, we look fresh and energetic, when we wake up next day.

Q-9. Discuss the strategies for enhancing adherence to exercise.

Ans.
1. Simple Exercise in the beginning:-
 Simple exercises such as walking, jogging, yoga, etc., should be done in the beginning.
 These exercises require no equipment and no excuses, but only track suit and a pair of shoes
required.
 Planks, pushups, squats, lunges, jumping on the spot and brisk walking are simple exercises that
can be added in the beginning.
 So, for enhancing adherence to exercise, follow simple exercises in the beginning.
9|Page
2. Exercise in the morning:-
 For enhancing adherence to exercise, you should start your exercise regimen in the morning
because you feel more fresh and energetic in the morning instead of evening.
 Also, due to fatigue and remaining busy in other jobs in the evening, do not allow you to adhere
to your exercise regimen.
 You may have more chances to skip your workout in the evening. So, you should do exercises in
the morning session.
3. Concentrate only on yourself:-
 It is a fact that, there will always be someone fitter, faster and more flexible than you. So, don’t
compare yourself to them.
 Don’t let them deter you from your goal.
 Your workout or exercise time is for you and about you.
 Just think about yourself and don’t interfere with others.
4. Set Appropriate Goal:-
 You should set your appropriate goal, i.e., what is your clear cut purpose for exercise?
 While setting the goal, you should know about your capacities and capabilities.
 Your goal should be achievable and set your goal for one month.
 In fact, the goals should be specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and time-bound.
5. Thank Yourself:-
 If you are exercising regularly, you are doing it for yourself not for others.
 Really, it is a very significant strategy to remember for adherence of exercises.
 If you are exercising for others it will only bring you down in the long run.
 Make an unbreakable vow with yourself that the only person you have to answer to is yourself.
 Thank yourself, if you are able to stick to your exercise programme effectively.
6. Select interesting exercises:-
 For enhancing appropriate adherence to exercise, you should select such exercises in your
exercise programme which are interesting to you.
 If you don’t do interesting exercise you cannot stick to your exercise regimen for a longer term.
7. Be Punctual:-
 Whenever you start exercising, you should be punctual.
 If you do not start your regular exercise programme at an exact time, you cannot adhere to
exercise.
8. Make a Schedule:-
 For enhancing the adherence to exercise, you should make an appropriate schedule.
 As a matter of fact, it is harder to ignore something when it is already on your schedule.
 It should be well-planned so that you can resist effectively the urge to skip it.
 If you have a good schedule, you cannot get excuses.
9. Be aware about your progress:-
 For adherence to exercise, you should be aware about your progress.
 If you do not know your progress, it will be difficult to stick your workout for a long term.
 The knowledge of your progress will further motivate you to remain engaged to your exercise
programme.

10 | P a g e
Q-10. What do you mean by Aggression in sports? Discuss the types of aggression in details.
Ans.
 According to Baron and Richardson, “Aggression is behaviour with a goal of harming or injuring
another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment.”
 “Aggression is noun that is generally defined as an act of aggression behaviour.”
 According to Webster’s Dictionary, “Aggression is hostile, injurious or destructive behaviour or
outlook especially when caused by frustration.”
 Connelly states that, “competition usually requires some sort of behaviour that is intense and
requires a forceful effort to participate, however when this forcefulness goes too far, it becomes
aggression.”

 Types of Aggression:-

1. Hostile Aggression:-
 Hostile aggression is inflicting or causing harm whether it is physical or psychological on
someone else.
 It is sometimes referred as reactive aggression and can be accompanied by anger.
 In hostile aggression, the main aim is to cause injury to other sportsperson.
 In simple words, hostile aggression is when the primary aim is to cause physical harm or injury
to your opponent.
 A good example of hostile aggression is a bowler throwing bouncer deliberately to shake up the
concentration of the batsman.
2. Instrumental Aggression:-
 Instrumental aggression is displaying aggressive behaviour in the pursuit of a non-aggressive
goal.
 It is also known as channeled aggression and is not accompanied by anger.
 This type of aggression comes in contact sports.
 In other words, instrumental aggression is behaviour that has the intent to hurt in order to
achieve money, praise or victory.
 In case of instrumental aggression, an athlete may intent to injure the opponent, but the most
important goal to be achieved by the aggressive act is to win the competition.
 For example, a rugby player using aggression to tackle his opponent to win the ball.
3. Assertive Aggression:-
 Assertive behaviour is different type of aggressive behaviour.
 This is defined as behaviour that involves the use of legitimate physical or verbal force to
achieve one’s purpose.
 In assertive aggression, the intension is to establish dominance rather than to harm the
opponent.
 Any physical injury that may occur through assertive aggression is accidental and unintentional.
 In fact, assertive behaviour is related to four main criteria i.e., it is goal oriented, not intended
to harm, uses only legitimate force and does not break any rule of the game or sports.
 For example, sledging in cricket to cause psychological discomfort for the batsman.

__________________________ THE END __________________________

11 | P a g e