Management of

Lifting Operations

Appointed Person
Course Handout

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 Contents
SECTION 1 CRANE APPLICATIONS PAGE NUMBER
Architecture of Regulations & LOLER 1998 4-6
Employing Organization 7
Beaufort Wind Scale 8
Basic Crane Sizing Charts 9-10
Outrigger Loads Simple Explanation 11
Crane Mat Area Calculation Template 12
Typical Outrigger Mat Sizes & Areas 13
Simple Calculation of Area 14
Soils presumed Bearing Values 15
Determining Ground Conditions 16-17
Determining Permissible Ground Loadings 18-19
Mobile Crane Duty Charts 20-23
Telescopic Crane Range Diagram 24
Duty Chart for Mobile Self Erector Tower Crane 25
Working Range for Mobile Self Erector Tower Crane 26
General Notes for Telescopic Mobile Crane Duty Charts 27
Rated Capacity Indicators (R.C.I.) 28-29

Rated Capacity Indicator with Integral Data Logging Systems 30

Description of Mobile Crane Types 31
Crane Terminology 32-34
Types of Mobile Cranes 35-36
Mobile Crane Main Parts & Configurations 37
Crane Set Up Aide Memoir 38-40
450 Outrigger Load-Simple Explanation 41
Summary of Insurance Requirements for Crane Hire and Contract 42-43
Lifting
Cranes and Planes 44
Appointed Person Safety Guidance For Excavators Used As Cranes 45-46

SECTION 2 LIFTING ACCESSORIES 47

Sling Angles 48
Distance Between Lifting Points Affects the Sling Angles 49
Multi Leg Chain Slings – Grade 8 50

Mode Factors 51

Common Lifting Accessory Weights 52

Simple Formulas 1 53-54

Simple Formulas 2 55-56

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 Contents (cont.)
LIFTING ACCESSORIES PAGE NUMBER
Simple Formulas 3 57-59

Simple Formulas 4 60-62

Instruction for the Safe Use of Chain Slings 63

Instructions for the Safe Use of Wire Rope Slings 64

Instructions for the Safe Use of Shackles 65

Instructions for the Safe Use Lifting and Spreader Beams 66

Instructions for the Safe Use of Endless Round & Flat Web Slings 67
General Purpose Slinging Practice 68-69

Slinger/Signaler Do’s and Don’ts 70

Recommended Hand Signals BS 7121 71

Safe Use of Radios BS 7121 72

SECTION 3 METHOD STATEMENTS AND RISK ASSESSMENTS

Risk Assessment Guidance 73

Method Statements Guidance 74-76

Crane Drawing Information 77

Crane Drawing Aid Telescopic Mobile Cranes 78

Crane Drawing Aid Self Erecting Mobile Tower Cranes 79

SECTION 4 LIFTING ACCESSORY AND MOBILE CRANE CERTIFICATION

6 Monthly Thorough Examination Report for Lifting Accessories 80

Test Certificate for Lifting Chains 81

Statement of Conformity for Web & Endless Round Slings 82
EC Declaration of Conformity for Lifting Accessories 83
EC Declaration of Conformity for Mobile Crane 84
Four Year Testing and Mobile Cranes 85
Technical Information Note 102 86
Declaration of Compliance in Lieu of 4 Year Proof Load Testing 87
Thorough Examination Report for Mobile Cranes 88
Weekly Crane Inspection Report 89

SECTION 5 APPENDIX
Lifting Operations Safety Checklist 90
Proof of Hire Crane Hire Contracts 91

Spare Calculation Sheets 92-99

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 Architecture of Regulations &
Supporting Codes of Practice

The Amended Directive on the Use of Work Equipment

Health & Safety at Work etc. Act 1974

Provision and Use of Work Lifting Operations and Lifting

Equipment Regulations (PUWER) Equipment Regulations (LOLER)

The Management of Health & Appointed

Safety at Work Regulations Person

Approved Code of BS7121 Safe Use BS7121 Mobile Approved Code of

Practice PUWER of Cranes Part 1 Cranes Part 3 Practice LOLER
1998 2016 2017 1998

Code of Practice Lifting

Equipment Engineers
Association (LEEA)

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 Lifting Equipment Lifting Operations
Regulations 1998 (L.O.L.E.R.)
THE LIFTING OPERATIONS AND LIFTING EQUIPMENT REGULATIONS (LOLER) 1998
What is LOLER?

The LOLER regulations replaced the existing legal requirements relating to the use of lifting
equipment including accessories, for example the Construction (Lifting Operations) regulations 1961
and the Docks Regulations 1988.
These regulations aim to reduce risks to people’s health and safety from lifting equipment provided
for use at work.

What does LOLER do?

Generally, the Regulations require that lifting equipment used for work is:
• Strong and stable for the particular use and marked to indicate safe working loads
• Positioned and installed to minimise risks
• Used safely, i.e. the work is planned, organised and performed by competent people
• Subject to ongoing thorough examination and where appropriate, inspection by competent
people

What equipment is covered by the Regulations?

Lifting equipment includes any equipment used at work for the lifting or lowering of loads, including
attachments used for fixing, securing or supporting. The regulations cover a wide range of equipment
including cranes, fork lift trucks, MEWPS etc.. The definition of lifting equipment also includes lifting
accessories such as chain slings, wire rope slings, eyebolts, shackles and many other items which were
previously known as lifting tackle.

What do the Regulations require me to do?

The Regulations require that if we use any lifting equipment whilst at work the requirements of LOLER
are met.
For example, you should ensure that all lifting equipment is:-
• Sufficiently strong, stable and suitable for the proposed use. The load and anything attached
slings and lifting points must be suitable
• Positioned or installed to prevent the risk of injury to persons, e.g. from the equipment failing
or load falling and striking a person
• Visibly marked with any appropriate information such as safe working loads, identity
numbers, conditions of use and mode factors
Additionally the regulations require that:-
• All lifting operations are properly planned, appropriately supervised and carried out safely by
competent people
• Equipment used for lifting people is marked accordingly and is safe for such operations
• Lifting equipment is thoroughly examined when in use at periods specified in the
Regulations, at least six months for accessories and people lifting equipment and at least
annually for all other equipment. All examination work should be carried out by a competent
person
• Following such an examination, that a report is submitted and is available for scrutiny

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 Lifting Equipment Lifting Operations
Regulations 1998 (L.O.L.E.R.) cont...
The following list is the content of the Regulations in its simplest form:
Regulation 2 Interpretation
This contains the key definitions.
Regulation 3 Application
This covers the areas of work and types of equipment that are subject to the
Regulations.
Regulation 4 Strength and Stability
This covers the requirements on all persons to ensure that all lifting equipment,
accessories, loads and mounting and fixing points are strong and stable.

Regulation 5 Lifting equipment for lifting persons

Specific requirements on equipment used for lifting personnel.

Regulation 6 Positioning and installation

Persons who are in control of a lifting operation must ensure that lifting
equipment is positioned and used in such a manner as not to, so far as is
reasonably practicable ensure that persons are not struck by either load or
equipment when in use or by failure.

Regulation 7 Marking of Lifting Equipment

These requirements exist for the marking of lifting equipment and accessories
with their safe working loads for all foreseeable configurations of use and where
necessary additional marking to indicate as to whether or not an item is suitable for
lifting persons.

Regulation 8 Organisation and control of Lifting Operations

LOLER requires that every lifting operation is properly planned, appropriately
supervised and carried out safely.

Regulation 9 Thorough Examination and Inspection

Contains the minimum requirement for thorough examinations and inspections, e.g.
6 monthly for accessories including equipment used for man riding and 12 monthly
for all other lifting equipment.

Regulation 10 Reports and Defects

The employer or owner of the equipment will be required to notification as to the
defects found during an examination or inspection by the competent person; a
duty exists for all persons not to use such equipment until defects are rectified.
There may be a requirement to report defects to the enforcing authority such as the
Health and Safety Executive.

Regulation 11 Keeping of Information

A duty exists for records of thorough examinations to be kept, details as to the
contents of an examination report are contained in schedule 1 of the Regulations.
Examples of information that should be kept are: EC Declarations of Conformity,
manufacturers test certification, thorough examination reports.

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 Contractual Conditions
Employing Organisation
The organisation requiring the load to be moved

HIRED CRANE CONTRACT LIFT

(Hired and Managed) (Fully Contracted)

The User Organisation Must: The Employing Organisation Should

Specify:
Carry out all work in accordance with
BS 7121. That all work is to be undertaken in
accordance with BS 7121.
Supply the Appointed Person.
That the contractor is to supply the
Plan the lift and operate a safe system Appointed Person.
of work.
What information and/or services that
Ensure the crane hired is of a suitable will be provided to the Contractor by
type and capacity. the Employing Organisation will be in
writing.
Check the credentials of the crane hire
company and certification supplied.

The Crane Owner has a duty to: The Contractor is responsible for:

Provide a crane that is properly Supplying the Appointed Person.

maintained, tested and certificated.
Planning the lift and operating a safe
Provide a competent operator. system of work.

Organisation and control of the Lifting

Operation

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 Beaufort Wind Scale
For use on land (Numbers 1 - 9)

Wind Force Description Wind Effect Locally Speed MPH Speed

Number. Of Wind. M/Second

0 Calm Calm, smoke rises vertically 0-1 —

1 Light Air Direction of wind shown by smoke direction, 1-3 1-2

but not by wind or weather vanes.

2 Light Wind felt on face. Leaves rustle. Wind or 4-7 2-3

Breeze weather vane moves.

3 Gentle Leaves and small twigs in constant motion. 8-12 3-5

Breeze Winds extends to light flags.

4 Moderate Wind raises dust and loose paper. Small 13-18 5-8
Breeze branches move.

5 Fresh Small trees in leaf beginning to sway. Little 19-24 8-11

Breeze crested wavelets from inland waters.

6 Strong Large branches in motion. Umbrellas used 25-31 11-14

Breeze with some difficulty.

7 Near Gale Whole trees in motion. Becoming difficult to 32-38 14-17

walk against wind.

8 Gale Twigs break off trees. Progress is generally 39-49 17-21

impeded.

9 Strong Gale Chimney pots, slates and tiles may be blown 47-54 21-24
off. Other slight structural damage may be
caused.

The forecast wind speeds given for use on land are at 10 metres height above ground level.
Wind speed increases with height.
Forecast wind speeds can be up to 30% lower at 3 metres above ground level due to
surface friction.

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 BASIC CRANE SIZING CHART:- GROSS LOADS FROM 0.5 - 19 TONNES
RADIUS IN METRES FROM CENTRE OF ROTATION TO CENTRE OF HOOK

t/m 7m 8m 9m 10m 12m 14m 16m 18m 20m 22m 24m 26m 28m 30m 32m 34m 36m 38m 40m 42m 44m 46m 48m 50m 52m 54m
0.5t 20t 20t 20t 20t 20t 20t 20t 20t 20t 20t 25t 25t 35t 35t 50t 50t 70t 70t 80t 80t 80t 90t 120t 120t 120t 120t
1t 20t 20t 20t 20t 20t 20t 20t 20t 25t 25t 35t 35t 50t 50t 60t 70t 70t 70t 80t 80t 90t 100t 120t 120t 120t 120t
2t 20t 20t 20t 20t 20t 20t 25t 25t 35t 35t 50t 50t 60t 60t 70t 80t 80t 80t 90t 100t 100t 120t 120t 160t 160t 160t
3t 20t 20t 20t 20t 25t 25t 35t 35t 50t 50t 60t 70t 70t 80t 80t 90t 90t 100t 100t 120t 120t 160t 160t 160t 200t 200t
4t 20t 20t 20t 20t 25t 35t 35t 50t 50t 60t 70t 80t 80t 90t 90t 100t 100t 120t 120t 160t 160t 160t 160t 200t 225t 225t
5t 20t 20t 25t 25t 35t 35t 50t 50t 60t 70t 80t 80t 90t 100t 100t 120t 120t 160t 160t 160t 160t 200t 200t 225t 250t 300t
GROSS LOAD TO BE LIFTED IN TONNES

6t 25t 25t 25t 25t 35t 50t 50t 60t 70t 80t 90t 90t 100t 100t 120t 160t 160t 160t 160t 160t 200t 225t 225t 225t 250t 300t
7t 25t 25t 25t 35t 50t 50t 60t 70t 80t 90t 100t 100t 120t 120t 160t 160t 160t 160t 200t 200t 225t 225t 250t 250t 300t 300t
8t 25t 25t 35t 35t 50t 60t 60t 80t 90t 90t 100t 120t 120t 160t 160t 160t 200t 200t 225t 225t 250t 250t 250t 300t 300t 400t
9t 35t 35t 35t 50t 50t 60t 70t 80t 90t 100t 120t 120t 160t 160t 160t 200t 225t 225t 225t 250t 250t 250t 300t 300t 400t 400t
10t 35t 35t 35t 50t 60t 70t 80t 90t 100t 120t 160t 160t 160t 160t 200t 225t 225t 225t 250t 250t 250t 300t 400t 400t 800t 800t
11t 35t 35t 50t 50t 60t 80t 90t 100t 100t 120t 160t 160t 160t 200t 225t 225t 250t 250t 250t 300t 300t 300t 400t 800t 800t 800t

12t 35t 50t 50t 50t 70t 80t 100t 100t 120t 120t 160t 160t 160t 200t 225t 225t 250t 250t 300t 300t 300t 400t 500t 800t 800t 800t
13t 35t 50t 50t 60t 80t 80t 100t 120t 120t 160t 160t 160t 200t 200t 225t 250t 250t 250t 300t 300t 400t 400t 500t 800t 800t 800t
14t 50t 50t 50t 60t 80t 90t 100t 120t 120t 160t 160t 200t 200t 225t 250t 250t 250t 250t 300t 400t 400t 400t 500t 800t 800t 800t
15t 50t 50t 60t 70t 80t 100t 100t 120t 160t 160t 160t 200t 225t 225t 250t 250t 250t 300t 400t 400t 400t 400t 500t 800t 800t 800t
16t 50t 60t 60t 70t 80t 100t 120t 120t 160t 160t 200t 200t 225t 250t 250t 250t 300t 400t 400t 400t 400t 400t 800t 800t 800t 800t
17t 50t 60t 70t 70t 90t 100t 120t 160t 160t 160t 200t 225t 225t 250t 250t 300t 300t 400t 400t 400t 400t 400t 800t 800t 800t 800t
18t 60t 70t 70t 80t 90t 100t 120t 160t 160t 200t 200t 225t 250t 250t 250t 300t 400t 400t 400t 400t 400t 500t 800t 800t 800t 800t
19t 60t 70t 70t 80t 120t 120t 160t 160t 160t 200t 200t 250t 250t 300t 400t 400t 400t 400t 400t 400t 400t 500t 800t 800t 800t 800t
How to use this chart (Example) To lift 8 tonnes at 16m radius: Locate 8 tonnes on the vertical column (left hand side of page) and 16m on the top row. Where the columns
intersect read off the capacity of the crane required (60 tonne crane)
9

This chart is for guidance purposes only.

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 BASIC CRANE SIZING CHART:- GROSS LOADS FROM 20 - 39 TONNES
RADIUS IN METRES FROM CENTRE OF ROTATION TO CENTRE OF HOOK

t/m 7m 8m 9m 10m 12m 14m 16m 18m 20m 22m 24m 26m 28m 30m 32m 34m 36m 38m 40m 42m 44m 46m 48m 50m 52m 54m
20t 60t 70t 80t 80t 100t 120t 160t 160t 200t 200t 225t 225t 250t 250t 300t 400t 400t 400t 400t 400t 400t 500t 800t 800t 800t 800t
21t 70t 70t 80t 80t 100t 120t 160t 160t 200t 200t 225t 250t 250t 300t 400t 400t 400t 400t 400t 400t 500t 800t 800t 800t 800t 800t
22t 70t 70t 80t 90t 100t 120t 160t 160t 200t 225t 225t 250t 250t 300t 400t 400t 400t 400t 400t 400t 500t 800t 800t 800t 800t 800t
23t 80t 80t 80t 90t 100t 120t 160t 160t 200t 225t 225t 250t 300t 300t 400t 400t 400t 400t 400t 500t 500t 800t 800t 800t 800t 800t
24t 80t 80t 80t 90t 120t 160t 160t 200t 200t 225t 250t 250t 300t 400t 400t 400t 400t 400t 400t 500t 500t 800t 800t 800t 800t 800t
25t 80t 80t 90t 100t 120t 160t 160t 200t 225t 225t 250t 300t 300t 400t 400t 400t 400t 400t 500t 500t 500t 800t 800t 800t 800t 800t
26t 80t 80t 90t 100t 120t 160t 160t 200t 225t 250t 250t 300t 300t 400t 400t 400t 400t 400t 500t 500t 500t 800t 800t 800t 800t 800t
GROSS LOAD TO BE LIFTED IN TONNES

27t 80t 80t 90t 100t 120t 160t 160t 200t 225t 250t 300t 300t 400t 400t 400t 400t 400t 500t 500t 500t 800t 800t 800t 800t 800t
28t 80t 80t 90t 100t 120t 160t 200t 200t 225t 250t 300t 300t 400t 400t 400t 400t 400t 500t 500t 500t 800t 800t 800t 800t
29t 80t 90t 100t 100t 160t 160t 200t 225t 250t 250t 300t 300t 400t 400t 400t 400t 400t 500t 500t 500t 800t 800t 800t 800t
30t 80t 90t 100t 100t 160t 160t 200t 225t 250t 300t 300t 300t 400t 400t 400t 400t 500t 500t 500t 800t 800t 800t 800t
31t 80t 90t 100t 120t 160t 160t 225t 225t 250t 300t 400t 400t 400t 400t 400t 400t 500t 500t 500t 800t 800t 800t 800t

32t 80t 90t 100t 120t 160t 160t 225t 225t 250t 300t 400t 400t 400t 400t 400t 400t 500t 500t 500t 800t 800t 800t 800t
33t 90t 100t 100t 120t 160t 160t 225t 225t 300t 300t 400t 400t 400t 400t 400t 500t 500t 500t 500t 800t 800t 800t

34t 90t 100t 100t 120t 160t 200t 225t 250t 300t 300t 400t 400t 400t 400t 400t 500t 500t 500t 800t 800t 800t 800t
35t 90t 100t 100t 120t 160t 200t 225t 250t 300t 300t 400t 400t 400t 400t 400t 500t 500t 500t 800t 800t 800t
36t 100t 100t 120t 160t 160t 200t 225t 250t 300t 300t 400t 400t 400t 400t 400t 500t 500t 800t 800t 800t 800t
37t 100t 100t 120t 160t 160t 200t 225t 300t 300t 400t 400t 400t 400t 400t 400t 500t 500t 800t 800t 800t
38t 100t 100t 120t 160t 160t 200t 225t 300t 300t 400t 400t 400t 400t 400t 500t 500t 500t 800t 800t 800t
39t 100t 100t 120t 160t 160t 225t 250t 300t 300t 400t 400t 400t 400t 400t 500t 500t 500t 800t 800t 800t
Note:
1. This is a load radius chart, no account has been taken for the height of lift. 3. Crane capacities vary from manufacturer to manufacturer.
10

2. This chart is based on using a minimum main boom length of 20.0m 4. Lifting capacities vary with crane type (Truck Mounted or All Terrain)

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 Outrigger Loadings Worst Case
Simple Explanation
It is possible when the crane is lifting a load for up to 75% of the total crane rigged weight
plus all of the lifted load weight to go through any one outrigger jack when the laden boom
is over it. In order to calculate the correct area of structural support for each outrigger jack
the following page illustrates the fail-safe method to be used.

In order for the Appointed Person to calculate the correct area of crane structural supports
for each outrigger jack the Allowable Bearing Pressure of the ground needs to be
determined by the Employing Organisation/Client/Principal Contractor.

A guide to presumed bearing loads can be found on P15 but this is not a substitute for a
proper ground investigation which must be carried out if any doubt exists about the current
ground conditions.

Fig 1 Laden crane: Boom directly over a jack Fig 2 Un laden crane: Counterweight
Very high outrigger load under front left jack. directly over a jack.
High outrigger load under right rear jack.

Fig 3 Un laden crane: Boom in line with chassis.

Relatively low outrigger loads on all jacks.

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 Crane Mat Area Calculation Template
Stage 1. Gross Load Calculation
Net Load = Kg Details of lifting accessory weights:-
+Accessories = kg
+Hook Block = kg
+Stored Fly Jib (If not used) = kg
Gross Load = kg

Change back into tonnes =

Stage 2 Crane Selection template

Crane selected model and capacity

Counter weight used = tonnes
Boom length used = metres
0 Offset
(Length & Angle of Fly Jib if used)= metres @
Max radius used metres SWL at radius used= tonnes
Quick check 90% utilisation minus 10% off SWL= tonnes
Minimum radius at boom length used= metres
Outrigger spread= mm X mm

Crane Utilisation (Optional)

Gross load x 100 Divided by the SWL @ radius worked = %

Stage 3 Mat Calculation template

12te axle plus ballast used minus ballast carried

Rigged weight of crane plus additional ballast= tonnes

X .75= tonnes

Add Gross load from stage 1= tonnes (Maximum point loading)

Divided by Ground Bearing Allowance 25 t/m2 (CPCS Scenarios only)
Minimum area of mat required = m2
Actual area of mat to be used = m2
Mat size= mX m
or m diameter if circular

Stage 4 Actual Bearing Pressure Under Selected Mat

Resulting loading: Maximum point loading = tonnes

Divided by the actual area of mat used = m2

= Resulting loading t/m2

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 Typical Outrigger Mat Sizes & Areas
MAT SIZE (m) MAT MATERIAL THICKNESS (mm) AREA (m2)

0.76m X 0.76m NYLON 50mm 0.58(m2)

0.9m DIAMETER NYLON 50mm 0.64(m2)

1.2m DIAMETER NYLON 50mm 1.13(m2)

1.2m X 1.2m ALUMINIUM 38mm 1.44(m2)

1.5m X 1.5m ALUMINIUM 50mm 2.25 (m2)

2.0m X 1.25m STEEL 200mm 2.5 (m2)

2.4m X 1.2m STEEL 200mm 2.88 (m2)

2.0 X 1.5m STEEL 250mm 3.0 (m2)

2.0m X 2.0m STEEL 250mm 4.0 (m2)

2.5m X 2.5m STEEL 250mm 6.25 (m2)

4.0m X 1.70m STEEL 250mm 6.8 (m2)

3.0m X 2.50m STEEL 250mm 7.5 (m2)

PLEASE NOTE:
This list does NOT cover all available mats; always contact your own crane
supplier as to the availability of various outrigger mats.

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 Simple Calculation of Area
1. Calculation of the area of an outrigger mat.
A crane outrigger mat measures 2.4m in length x 1.2m in width.
Area of mat is (2.4 x 1.2) = 2.88 SQ M

AREA OF MAT
=
LENGTH X WIDTH

2. Calculation of the area of a circular crane outrigger mat is π r2

Find the diameter of the mat and divide by 2 – to determine the radius.
Multiply the radius by itself then multiply the result by 3.142 (Pi)

Calculation Example: Method 1

Pad Diameter is 2m divide this by 2 = 1
1x1=1
This figure of 1 is multiplied by π ( Pi)
1 x 3.142 = 3.142
3. 142 m2 is the area of the circular mat.

Calculation Example: Method 2

Pad Diameter is 2m treat as a square e.g. 2m x 2m = 4m2
4m2 x 0.785 = 3.14 m2
All circles are exactly 78.5% of the area of an equivalent dimension square.

RADIUS

DIAMETER

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 Soils-Presumed Bearing Values
Non-Cohesive Soils
Dense Gravel or Dense Sand and Gravel >61.2 t/m2 >600 kN/m2
Medium Dense Gravel, or Medium Dense Sand 20.4—61.2 t/m2 200—600 kN/m2
and Gravel
Loose Gravel, or Loose Sand and Gravel <20.4 t/m2 <200kN/m2
Compact Sand >30.6 t/m2 >300 kN/m2
Medium Dense Sand 10.2—30.6 t/m2 100—300 kN/m2
Loose Sand * 10.2 t/m2 <100 kN/m2
* (Depends on degree of looseness)

Cohesive Soils
Very Stiff Boulder Clays and Hard Clays >61.2 t/m2 300—600 kN/m2
Stiff Clays 15.3—30.6 t/m2 150—300 kN/m2
Firm Clay 7.6—15.3 t/m2 75—150kN/m2
Soft Clays and Silts <7.6 t/m2 <75 kN/m2
Very Soft Clay Not Applicable Not Applicable
Peat Not Applicable Not Applicable

Note 1: These tables are for preliminary guidance only. Consult an appropriate engineer if
there is any doubt regarding ground conditions.

Note 2: Ground bearing values are usually expressed in kN/m2. The conversion of kN/m2
into t/m2 is achieved by dividing the kN value by 9.81 in order to convert the bearing value
into t/m2 .
E.g. 400 kN/m2 converted into t/m2 = 400 ÷ 9.81 = 40.8 t/m2

15

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 Determining Ground Conditions
In order to determine the support arrangements required for a crane, it will be
Necessary to gather some information about the ground conditions on site.

It will be necessary to know:

• The Character of the ground

• The water conditions
• The engineering properties of the ground relevant to the design of the foundations
• The location of any underground hazards

NOTE:
Where any doubt exists as to the adequacy of the ground you as an
Appointed Person must seek the advice from a specialist Geotechnical engineer.

Site Categories
Sites can be categorised to highlight the most likely potential problems that need
to be considered. More attention is required to establish the strength of the ground
where ground conditions are poor or where there is lack of data on the nature of
the sub - soil.

Greenfield Sites
• No previous construction activities
• Problem areas are: adjacent to rivers, estuaries and high flood plains where soft
alluvial deposits and high ground water tables can be expected.

Beaches
• Low sand density and / or high/variable water table create difficult conditions.

Filled Construction Sites (Brownfield)

• Unknown previous conditions, e.g. basements, poorly filled open pits, storage
tanks, variable and compacted fill.

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 Determining Ground Conditions

Paved Areas
• These can look deceptively strong but may have been laid on weak
ground underneath.
• If a road is used regularly by heavy commercial vehicles and shows no sign
of distress then it will be less of a concern than a lightly trafficked car park
or estate road.
• Footpaths always demand further investigations Edges of paved areas are
usually weak as there may be weaker material or shallow services underneath
thin surfacing.

Town centre areas / sites.

Expect underground hazards e.g.: basements, sewers, tunnels, live
Services, poorly back filled trenches, manholes, inspection chambers etc.

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 Determining Permissible
Ground Loadings
Responsibility:

The Appointed Person is responsible for ensuring the ground conditions are suitable to
set up and operate the crane, and therefore safely carry out the lifting operation.

In most cases the Appointed Person’s role has 3 stages:

1. Ensure that accurate data is obtained in respect of the imposed loadings.

2. Ensure that this data has been assessed by a suitably competent person, such that
suitable support systems have been specified.

3. Ensure that the specified system of support has been correctly installed and
maintained.

Sources of Information:

1. Under the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations, the client and the
designer have a duty to make available to the Planning Supervisor information
relating to the site.

2. If this is not available the ground conditions should be assessed by a suitably

competent engineer, who may have to be a specialist Geotechnical Engineer.

3. In extreme cases physical load tests may have to be carried out in advance of the lifting
operation, to verify the load bearing capability of the ground.

Methods of distributing loads:

The standard outrigger support equipment carried by most crane suppliers has been
proven by experience to provide effective load distribution in the majority of cases.

However, in certain situations additional load distribution is required to achieve

acceptable ground bearing pressures.

18

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 continued...

This can be achieved by various methods:

1. Timber Grillage under individual supports

2. Substituting larger load spreading mats

3. Installing larger load spreading supports with better load bearing materials

4. Forming temporary concrete foundations with possible piled supports

5. Utilising proprietary load spreading systems such as track way aluminium paneling.

Typical Mobile Crane Maximum Support Loads on fully extended

outriggers. Consult crane supplier if intermediate outrigger position is
being used for revised support loads.

12T Wheeled Crane 14 t

20T Truck Mounted Crane 23 t

25T Truck Mounted Crane 20 t

30T Truck Mounted Crane 33 t

40T Truck Mounted Crane 34 t

50T All Terrain Crane 40 t

70T All Terrain Crane 55 t

80T All Terrain Crane 61 t

120T All Terrain Crane 80 t

160T All Terrain Crane 95 t

200T All Terrain Crane 100 t

250T All Terrain Crane 110 t

NOTE:
These are typical maximum theoretical loadings, actual working loadings are generally
considerably lower, always consult your crane supplier.

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 Mobile Crane Duty Charts
EXAMPLE OF A DUTY CHART FOR A 55 TONNE ALL TERRAIN CRANE SHOWING LIFTING CAPACITIES WITH FULL COUNTERWEIGHT AND FULLY
EXTENDED OUTRIGGERS FOR MAIN BOOM DUTIES
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 Mobile Crane Duty Charts
EXAMPLE OF A DUTY CHART FOR A 55 TONNE ALL TERRAIN CRANE SHOWING LIFTING CAPACITIES WITH FULL COUNTERWEIGHT AND FULLY
EXTENDED OUTRIGGERS FOR 9.5 METRE FLY JIB DUTIES
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 Mobile Crane Duty Charts
EXAMPLE OF A DUTY CHART FOR A 55 TONNE ALL TERRAIN CRANE SHOWING LIFTING CAPACITIES WITH FULL COUNTERWEIGHTT AND FULLY
EXTENDED OUTRIGGERS FOR 16 METRE FLY JIB DUTIES
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 Mobile Crane Duty Charts
EXAMPLE OF A DUTY CHART FOR A 55 TONNE ALL TERRAIN CRANE SHOWING LIFTING CAPACITIES WITH VARIABLE BALLAST AND TYRE WIDTHS
23

FOR FREE ON WHEELS (F.O.W.) DUTIES

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 Telescopic Crane Range Diagram

EXAMPLE OF A RANGE DIAGRAM FOR A 55 TONNE ALL TERRAIN CRANE SHOWING THE
HOOK HEIGHTS & FULL COUNTERWEIGHT SWL’s FOR MAIN BOOM & FLY JIB
CONFIGURATIONS

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 Duty Chart for Mobile Self Erector
Tower Crane
EXAMPLE OF A DUTY CHART FOR A MOBILE SELF ERECTING TOWEER CRANE SHOWING LIFTING CAPACITIES WITH FULLY EXTENDED &
INTERMEDIATE OUTRIGGERS WITH THE JIB IN VARIOUS FIXED ANGLE POSITIONS.
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Working Range for Mobile Self Erector
Tower Crane

Maximum radii, hook heights and S.W.L. ’s

Erection Sequence

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 General Notes for Telescopic Mobile
Crane Duty Charts
Load Chart Reductions:-
1. At all times the weight of the hook block and all other load handling accessories is
considered part of the load and suitable allowance for them should be made.

2. Where a crane has twin hoist facility two hook blocks may be fitted. An allowance
for the combined weight of both hook blocks should be made.

3. Where a crane carries a fly jib stowed on the main boom (under slung or side mounted) the
safe working load should be reduced to allow for the additional weight.
This is not the case however with cranes manufactured by Tadano, Kato, Kobelco and PPM,
where the safe working load has been calculated with the fly jib carried in the stowed
position.

Chart Notes:-
4. DIN/ISO: The structural analysis is based on DIN 15018, part 2 and 3 as well as on FEM 5004
standards.

5. Tipping conditions are governed by DIN 15019, part 2 and ISO 4305 standards. They also
take into account the requirements of EN 13000: 2010 and therefore comply with the
requirements of the EU Machinery Directive & do not exceed 75% of the overturning load
limit.

6. For the DIN/ISO load charts , depending on boom length, crane operation may be
permissible at wind velocities of up to 10 m/s.

7. Lifting capacities are given in metric tonnes. (1,000 kg)

8. The lifting capacities for the telescopic boom only apply if the fly jib is taken off.

9. The working radius is the horizontal distance from the centre of rotation to the centre of
the freely suspended non - oscillating load.

10. For outrigger operation ALL outriggers shall be equally extended with the wheels clear of
the ground before raising the boom or lifting loads.

11. All capacities are for the crane on firm, level surface. It will be necessary to have structural
supports under the jack floats to spread the outrigger loads.

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 Rated Capacity Indicators (R.C.I.)
(Previously known as Automatic Safe Load Indicators A.S.L.I.)

Rated Capacity Indicators

Rated Capacity Indicators (RCI’s) are fitted to the crane to comply with existing legislation.
They have to be properly maintained and working.
The function of the indicator is to monitor the crane under load conditions and to warn
the operator of approach to maximum Safe Working Load at any given working radii
and boom length and to warn the crane operator and persons working in the vicinity
of the crane when the crane is overloaded.
Up until 1990 all indicators had to meet the approval of the Health and Safety
Executive and they would have the responsibility of issuing an approval certificate for
type and purpose.

Warnings
Warning of approach to Safe Working Load are visual and audible and take place at
approximately 90% to 97.5% of maximum Safe Working Load.

Overload
Warning is visual and audible and the audible alarm is sufficiently loud enough to be
heard by those persons working in the vicinity of the crane. The overload warning to
activated at approximately 102.5% to 110% of Safe Working Load at any radii or
boom length.

BS 7262 - 1990
Under this British Standard which has been approved by the Health & Safety
Executive, Automatic Safe Load Indicators manufactured from 1990 onwards automatically
have approval under BS 7262 1990. Audible warning must be given to a stricter standard.

Overload
An audible warning to the crane operator and any person within a distance of 1.5 X the
maximum working radius of the crane.
In September 2000 the term Automatic Safe Load Indicator was discontinued and replaced
by the term Rated Capacity Indicator (R.C.I.).
Rated Capacity Indicators (R.C.I.’s) must be properly adjusted to suit the configuration and
Duty to which the crane is to be used normally carried out by the crane operator.
Adjustments may take the form of a cam, programme block or duty selector switch or
computer keypad entry.

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Rated Capacity Indicators (R.C.I.) cont....
There are many different types of Rated Capacity Indicator in use on cranes. All of
them in some way collect all necessary information from various operations of the
crane. Generally the information that is required is boom length, boom angle, measurement
of these 2 items will result in the computed radius of hook. Other devices such as a
transducer in the derricking ram to measure the load on the hook or a load cell in the
derrick system may be used to measure the load on the hook.
EN13000 2010
The standard EN 13000 is the first international standard to cover all requirements for
calculation and design of the entire mobile crane based on the current “state-of-the-art“.
As such it defines the current level of safety for all mobile cranes put onto the European
market..
R.C.I. Compliance to EN13000:-
The rated capacity limiter will be equipped with:
A set up button located in the operators cab, required for rigging and derigging, to get out of
blockage of the Rated Capacity Limiter (dead lock) situations.
A bypass device located outside the operators cab, a bridging device required for emergency
operation.
A data logger for recording all data if the set up button or the bridging device is activated.

A LIEBHERR R.C.I. DISPLAY SHOWING INFORMATION DISPLAYED

TO THE CRANE OPERATOR

Load moment indicator showing visual approach to

SWL. In this example it is showing 80% of SWL used

SWL Display

Gross load Display

Crane Level Radius Display

Indicator

Boom Length and

Configuration Display

Hook Height Display

Outrigger Position Display Outrigger Load Display

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 Rated Capacity Indicator with Integral
Data Logging Systems
This file copy has been obtained from a Tadano TL 250 Truck Mounted Crane, fitted with a
WYLIE SYSTEMS WW250 RATED CAPACITY INDICATOR it demonstrates the ability of the R.C.I. to
monitor the crane’s operation from the moment the R.C.I. Is operational.

Crane Data: PC000277.01

Falls 8 Crane Model: TADANO TL250E
Indicator: On: 07/01/12 @ 10:38:54
Start Lift: 07/01/12 @ 11:36:41
Duty: 1:- 14.2— 20.1m BOOM

APPROACH ON 11:36:50 SWL = 8.82t Load = 8.49t @ Radius = 6.6m @ Length = 16.1m
OVERLOAD ON 11:36:52 SWL = 8.82t Load = 9.32t @ Radius = 6.6m @ Length = 16.1m
R.C.L. ON 11:36:53 SWL = 8.82t Load = 9.74t @ Radius = 6.6m @ Length = 16.1m
R.C.L. OFF 11:36:56 SWL = 8.82t Load = 9.66t @ Radius = 6.6m @ Length = 16.1m
R.C.L. ON 11:36:57 SWL = 8.82t Load = 9.74t @ Radius = 6.6m @ Length = 16.1m
R.C.L. OFF 11:36:58 SWL = 8.82t Load = 9.66t @ Radius = 6.6m @ Length = 16.1m
R.C.L. ON 11:37:00 SWL = 8.82t Load = 9.74t @ Radius = 6.6m @ Length = 16.1m
R.C.L. OFF 11:37:01 SWL = 8.82t Load = 9.66t @ Radius = 6.6m @ Length = 16.1m
OVERLOAD OFF 11:37:06 SWL = 9.21t Load = 9.63t @ Radius = 6.3m @ Length = 15.4m
APPROACH OFF 11:37:09 SWL = 13.04t Load = 9.63t @ Radius = 5.7m @ Length = 14.3m

The above data shows that the crane operator overloaded the crane 3 times in 10 seconds and
in order to lift the load the operator retracted the boom whilst still trying to lift the load
i.e. trying to use the crane to drag a load into the SWL of the crane.

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 Description of Mobile Crane Types

Truck Mounted Crane

A truck mounted crane can travel on the highway and meet the requirements of the
Road Traffic Act. It is a fast and efficient way for it to be moved from one site to
another. It is compact and the small cranes carry all of their equipment in terms of
boom extension and hook block attachment. The duty of the crane may be 360
degrees or over side and rear only.

Wheeled Crane

The term wheeled crane relates to several types in terms of potential uses. Normally a
wheeled crane will only have one cab for use in travelling the crane around a site and
for operating it as a lifting appliance. The crane may have 2 or 4 wheel drive and
steering to enable it to traverse the rough or uneven ground often associated with
construction sites. Duties can be blocked or free on wheel. Wheeled cranes generally
are more manoeuvrable than truck cranes. They normally have 360 degrees duty.

Crawler Cranes

A crawler crane is fitted with tracks which enables the crane to negotiate soft uneven
ground without the problems associated with cranes that are fitted with wheels i.e.
truck or wheeled. They normally have 360 degree duties. Crawler cranes are normally multi
function i.e. piling, grabbing and bucket duties as well as crane duties.

All Terrain Crane

An all terrain crane is a mixture of part truck crane for fast highway travel and part wheeled
crane for manoeuvrability and the ability to negotiate the conditions found on most
construction sites. It will normally have all wheel drive and steering. It is very manoeuvrable
and they have block duties over 360 degrees and some free on wheel duties.

Mobile Self Erecting Tower Crane

Essentially this type of crane is a high mobility all terrain crane chassis with a self erecting
tower crane mounted on it. It can be used where there is requirement for a tower crane for
very short durations and it can be rigged and de-rigged very quickly. They can only work on
blocked duties through 360 degrees.

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 Crane Terminology

Selection of the Crane

The condition of the site and duration of the length of time that the crane is needed on
site may influence which crane is to be used. Another consideration may be the
amount of room that is available and the position in which the crane is to be used i.e.
on a small site where a crane with a high manoeuvrability is required an all terrain or
wheeled crane may be selected.
Where there is a lot of room and the ground conditions are good a truck mounted crane
may be used .

Chassis
Gives the crane mobility. It can be a truck mounted chassis, wheeled chassis or
Crawler Crane Chassis.

Upper works or Superstructure

The upper works or superstructure is normally mounted on the chassis by using a slew
ring.

Slew Ring
Mounted on the chassis the Slew Ring is also secured to the upper works and it gives
the crane upper works the ability to rotate around and over the chassis of the crane.

Machinery Housing
That part of the upper works which encloses all machinery for the operation of the crane.

Crane Cab
Mounted on the upper works normally the position where the crane operator sits to
operate the crane.

Power Source
The Power Source of the crane can be transmitted in the following way for all crane
operations.
Diesel Electric
Diesel Hydraulic
Diesel Mechanical

Generally
Truck mounted, wheeled ,all terrain and self erecting tower cranes have outriggers which
increase the stability of the crane.

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 Crane Terminology cont....

Outriggers
These are extendible structural members on the crane mounting to increase the effective
base on which the crane stands. They can be set for full or partial extension as required.
They must not be used with partial and full extension simultaneously.

Axle/Suspension Locks
These are devices which lock the axle or suspension movement relative to the carrier to
enable the crane to operate free on wheels.

Jacks and Jack Floats

Are fitted to the outer ends of the outrigger beams and they are used to enable the
crane to be set level against most site conditions.

Wheels off the Ground

To maximise the base weight of the crane and convert it into part of stability - the
wheels of the crane should be clear of the ground. This is achieved by the use of axle/
suspension locks.

Jib/Boom
There are 2 types of jib/boom fitted to mobile cranes – telescopic and lattice.

Telescopic Jib/Boom
Can be extended by hydraulic power to give increased lengths. They consist of
sections inside each other and are driven out as the need for a longer boom is
required. Fitted to the end of a telescopic jib/boom there can be an extension of a
lattice type which is a swing round extension, or a box section A frame configuration
of which is known as an under slung type. Generally fly jibs can be in line with the
main jib/boom or at an offset to the main jib/boom.

Lattice Jib/Boom
Generally fitted to crawler cranes and very heavy lifting cranes which can be of truck
type.
A lattice jib/boom consists of the foot section and the head section with insert sections of
varying lengths to enable the boom to be assembled in many configurations of length.
There are 4 basic functions that all cranes have and the terminology remains the same
for each type of crane. They are derricking, hoisting, lowering and slew or swing.

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 Crane Terminology cont....

Luffing Jib
Detachable auxiliary fly jib normally of lattice construction fitted to the end of the main
jib/boom giving variable radii.

Derricking
The ability to raise or lower the jib/boom to achieve varying radii.

Hoisting and Lowering

The ability to raise or lower the hook or load vertically.

Slew
The ability to rotate the upper works around its axis to enable a load to be lifted and
place at different locations.

Telescoping
The ability to extend or retract the jib/boom by telescoping.

Hook Block
The pulley attached to the crane hook which is suspended in the fall (s) of the load
hoisting rope.

Falls of Rope
The Falls of Rope are the number of falls of hoist rope hanging from the boom head to
support the Hook Block.

Capacity of the Crane

Cranes lifting capacities are based on 2 main factors - jib/boom length and radius of
operation. The greater the radius the less the safe working load of the crane and generally
the longer the jib/boom length the less is the safe working load of the crane.

Radius
Radius is a horizontal measurement from centre of rotation of the crane to vertical line
through centre of the hook block or load.

Outreach
Is a horizontal measurement from the hook to the nearest part of the crane other than the
boom.

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 Types of Mobile Cranes
All Terrain Crane All Terrain Crane with Fly Jib

All Terrain Crane with Mobile Crane with

Luffing Jib Lattice Jib

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 Types of Mobile Cranes
Rough Terrain Crane Crawler Crane

Mobile Self Erecting Tower Crane

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Mobile Crane Main Parts & Configurations

Key

1 Undercarriage/Carrier
1.1 2 Axle Undercarriage
1.2 Wheel
1.3 Diesel Engine
4 1.4 Crane Travelling Cabin
3
1.5 Outrigger Beam
1.6 Outrigger Plate

2 Superstructure
2.1 Control System
2.4 2.1 2.5 2.3 2.2 Crane Operating Cabin
2.3 Counterweight
2.2
2.4 Luffing Cylinder
2.5 Hoist

3 Jib

4 Hook block
1.5 1.6 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

Telescopic Jib Fly Jib (Swing Lattice Fly Jib Lattice Luffing Jib Guyed Main
Away) (Fixed) Boom

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 Crane Set Up Aide Memoir
Outrigger Locking Pins: Outriggers must be pinned (if pins are fitted) to lock them at the
correct extension.

Intermediate Outriggers: Intermediate outriggers may be used where the crane duty chart
allows. Contact your crane supplier for specific outrigger loads.

Outrigger load: (point load) The force the crane will exert down through the jack floats into the
ground.

Rule of thumb – This force through any one outrigger jack can be
as much as 75% of the rigged weight of the crane and whatever
load is being lifted on fully extended outriggers.

Crane level: Crane must be set level for lifting duties. Hoist rope to remain
vertical for all lifting operations. Duty charts allow for safe working
based on crane being level.

Spread: This loading must be spread over as wide an area as possible.

Pressure angle: Generally when force is exerted by the crane it will leave the edge
of the support material at 450

Structural supports: Structural supports must reflect the pressure angle by being
pyramid in shape from the edge of the structural supports.
Failure to achieve this will mean that force is exerted will not be
spread over the whole area of the structural supports.
The supports could fail if the ground is not compacted as well as
was thought, this also applies to steel plates.

Wheels clear of ground: Suspension locks are used to keep the suspension and wheels
compressed against the chassis to act as ballast to help stabilise
the crane.
If the wheels are on the ground the crane is not in a blocked
operating condition and this will significantly affect the stability of
the crane.

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 Crane Set Up Aide Memoir cont..
Fig 1.

Correct. Crane is on fully extended outriggers with the wheels just off the ground. The
crane has correct “blocked duties” for the lifting operation.

Fig 2.

Incorrect. Crane has lost stability because the wheels are touching the ground. The crane
no longer has the safe set up for correct “blocked duties” on outriggers.

Fig 3.

Incorrect. Crane is on unequally extended outriggers. The crane R.C.I. cannot be set for this
condition and there are no duty charts for this outrigger configuration. Full and partial
outriggers must not be used simultaneously.

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 Crane Set Up Aide Memoir cont..
Brownfield: The rule of thumb for support material, will be the minimum that
is required for such a site i.e. the ground would have been com-
pacted by traffic use, compaction machines etc. temporary sites,
bare ground or newly laid hardcore etc.

Greenfield: No obvious compaction will require a much larger support base.

Extreme edge: If operational necessity requires the outrigger base to be

positioned at the edge of a compacted area such as a fence line,
this should be considered as if it where at the edge of an excava-
tion, the crane supports should be to Greenfield site standard.

Rule of thumb: A rule of thumb to check for settlement of support area,

raise the boom to minimum radius and slew 360° and pause
momentarily over each outrigger. Any settlement will require
a larger support base or ground improvement.

Monitoring: Outrigger bases should be monitored regularly throughout the

working period. Several lifts may well have been undertaken be-
fore collapse could occur, even in a no load situation.

NOTE:
Crane Operators are not, nor are they meant to be Geotechnical Engineers. On many
sites an Operators experience and expertise will determine a safe crane set up.
However if doubt exists the Appointed Person must be contacted or a suitable
Engineer to determine the continuing suitability of any ground.

Appointed Person:
In accordance with Regulation 8 of The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment
Regulations and BS 7121 Part 1 General, every lifting operation must be properly
planned, supervised and carried out safely, this is the responsibility of the Appointed
Person – EVERY LIFT MUST HAVE ONE.

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 450 Outrigger Load - Simple Explanation
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Summary of Insurance Requirements for
Crane Hire and Contract Lifting
Most Crane Hirers can offer insurance cover at competitive rates to customers when required.
Hiring Construction Plant is inevitably accompanied by risk and with the cost of a modern
mobile crane ranging from £100,000 to, and in excess of £2 Million, the financial consequences
for customers could be immense should an accident occur.
The following two options summarise the requirements responsibilities and liabilities for CPA
Crane Hire and Contract Lifting.
The information is general in its content and you are advised to consult your own crane
supplier if you have any queries regarding such information.

OPTION 1 CRANE HIRE

The Construction Plant Association (CPA) requires the hirer to arrange insurance cover for the
following risks:

1. Loss of or damage to the plant whilst on hire to you.

2. Continuing hire charges whilst the plant is off the road for repairs following damage.
3. Injury to machine operators if they are supplied with the machine.
4. Injury to other parties, including damage to their property, arising from plant operations.
5. Loss or damage to the goods being lifted (Crane Hire).

Most Crane Hire Companies can arrange cover on your behalf usually at an additional cost of
15% of the hire charges (or a minimum charge of £30 whichever the greater.)

– Should the customer require cover for Lifted Goods this is available at £5.00 per £1000 of the
value of the goods lifted.

– If your crane hire company does provide insurance cover under the terms and conditions
of CPA HIRE generally there will be the following CONDITIONS:

– Loss or damage to their own plant and equipment will be fully covered.

– There will be no recovery of costs due to machines being "off the road" for repairs.

– In respect of injury to an operator a limit of £10,000,000 in any one accident.

– In respect of injury to other parties/property a limit of £5,000,000 in any one accident.

– In respect to damage to goods lifted a limit of £ 25,000 in any one accident.

NOTE:
The hirer will be responsible in full for wilful or deliberate acts of negligence
or vandalism.
Crane hire companies will not accept liability for damage to goods due to the structural
integrity of the goods not being able to withstand the stresses of being lifted.

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Summary of Insurance Requirements
for Crane Hire and Contract Lifting

OPTION 2 CONTRACT LIFT

Many Crane Hire companies will supply the crane, operator, along with an
Appointed Person and will take responsibility for the lift.

The following additional insurance cover will be provided.

– Loss or damage to the contractor’s plant caused solely by the negligence of the
contractor in the performance of the lifting contract.

– Loss or damage to other property caused solely by the contractor’s negligence in

the performance of the lifting contract.

– A maximum liability of £25,000 in respect of goods lifted,

(additional goods lifted cover is available at £5.00 per £1,000.)

– A maximum liability of £5,000,000 in respect of loss or damage to other

property and injury to other persons.

NOTE:
The contractor will not be held responsible or liable for:

• Any defect in the goods including any design defect and any defect relating to
lifting points.
• Loss of use of the contract goods or any other property or consequential
loss of any kind.
• Any loss, damage or injury arising in whole or in any part from the
negligence of the client.

For the purpose of this information the "contractor" is the crane hire
company under which the terms and conditions of The Construction
Plant Association (CPA) Insurance for Contract Lift Operations Apply.

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 CRANES AND PLANES
A guide to the safe operation of cranes in the
vicinity of Aerodromes
• Aviation Law, in particular The Air Navigation Order, makes it an offence to act recklessly or negligently
in a manner likely to endanger aircraft. BS 7121 Safe Use of Cranes places a duty on all operators of
cranes and other lifting equipment to comply with procedures when intending to work in the vicinity of
aerodromes.

• The Appointed Person should consult the Aerodrome Manager for permission to work if a crane is to be
used within 6 Km of the Aerodrome measured from its perimeter, and if its height exceeds 10 m above
ground level or that of the surrounding structures, trees etc.

• The term "Aerodrome" includes Airports, Airfields and Heliports where aircraft and
helicopters land and take off. The unauthorised operation of cranes and other high lifting equipment in
the vicinity of such places could present a serious hazard to aircraft and helicopters either as a physical
obstruction or by interfering with electronic precision guidance equipment.

• The risk to pilots and aircrew who are unaware of such equipment when flying could result in an aircraft
or helicopter colliding with such equipment resulting in an accident.

• The developer or crane operator should approach the Aerodrome concerned at least one month in
advance of requiring the use a crane or other tall construction equipment to find out if there are any
limitations and regulatory procedures that must be agreed upon before work commences.

• At least three days prior to delivery of the crane the operator must report to the Aerodrome with precise
details of the crane or lifting equipment to be used on site and applies for the permit to set up and use
the specified equipment. Information must be provided on the type of crane that is to be used Tower or
Mobile, the length and radius of operation of the boom, the area of operation along with intended
times and dates of operations, applicants name and contact details and contact details for the crane
when operating.

• The permit will set out the criteria and any specific restrictions. A copy of the permit must
remain with the crane operator for the duration of the lifting operation and must be produced if
requested by an Aerodrome, CAA official or a Police Officer.

• Once these details have been considered it will be determined as to whether the operation can proceed,
any of the following conditions may be imposed.

The fitting of red obstacle lights normally they will be steady red lights of either 200 or 2000
candelas depending on height and visible throughout 360 degrees.

• Restrictions on crane operating times.

• Crane operations dependant on the runways in use.

• Restrictions on crane operating height

• Restrictions during periods of poor visibility, this may require the boom to be lowered or positioned in a
particular direction.

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 APPOINTED PERSON SAFETY
GUIDANCE FOR
EXCAVATORS USED AS CRANES
Two new European Standards that became effective in 1996 and the new Lifting Equipment
and Lifting Operations Regulations (LOLER) have changed the requirements to fit controlled
lowering devices (check valves) and Automatic Safe Load Indicators (ASLI’s) on excavators
used as cranes. The two standards are:
• BSEN 474-4:1996 "Requirements for Backhoe Loaders."
• BSEN 474-5:1996 "Requirements for Hydraulic Excavators."
All excavator owners throughout Europe must be guided by the Regulations and Standards
and Machines fitted in accordance with the Standards can be used in all EU Countries.
Older UK requirements to fit check valves and ASLI’s to excavators are now null and void,
although machines fitted with these devices can still be used. It should be noted that these
previous requirements were the interpretation by the HSE of previous construction lifting
Regulations, which were replaced by LOLER.

BSEN 474-4 Backhoe Loaders

The Backhoe portion used in object handling operations with a maximum rated object han-
dling
capacity of ≥ 1000kgs or an overturning moment of ≥ 40,000Nm (Newton Meters)
shall be fitted with :
• An acoustic or visual warning device which indicates to the operator when rated object
handling capacity / corresponding load moment is reached and continues as long as the
load or load moment is exceeded.
• A boom lowering control device on the raising boom cylinder (s) which meets the
requirements of ISO 8643.
These devices may be deactivated while the backhoe is performing operations other than
object handling, the activation shall be clearly indicated and be within the comfort zone of
the operator.

BSEN 474-5 Hydraulic Excavators

• A table of the rated object handling capacities established by the manufacturer shall be
provided. The table( s) shall be within the operator’s station.
• Excavators used in object handling operations and with a maximum rated lift capacity of ≥
1000 kg, as defined by ISO 10567, or an overturning moment of ≥40,000 Nm shall be
equipped with :
• An acoustic or visual warning device which indicated to the operator when the object
handling capacity or corresponding load moment is reached and continues as long as the
load or load moment is exceeded. The rated load is defined in the rated object handling
capacity tables. This device may be deactivated while the excavator equipment is
performing operations other than object handling. The activation shall be within the
operators comfort zone and be clearly indicated.
• A boom lowering control device on the raising boom cylinder (s) and which meets the
requirements of ISO 8643.

45

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Implications of the Changes
• The acoustic or visual warning device is a much cheaper alternative to an ASLI. Most
manufacturers seem to be offering the two alternatives because despite of the low cost of the
new warning devices, they do have a disadvantage in that they reduce the Safe Working Load of
the machine. This reduction is greatest at the shorter reaches and can be critical. The larger the
machine the more exaggerated the reductions become.
• The old HSE rules allowed excavators to operate as cranes with an exemption certificate in-
stead of a 4 yearly Test and Thorough Examination. The European Standards change all this, and
all machines must now be tested and be fitted with check valves on the boom (only).
• Those machines with SWLs of 1 tonne or less still do not need to be fitted with check
valves or acoustic or visual warning devices.
• The HSE advise that all excavators used as cranes should continue with 4 yearly testing, 12
monthly examination and weekly inspections.
• Similarly, excavators that are used for digging alone should be thoroughly examined every
12 months and inspected weekly.
• The HSE have withdrawn their standard report forms for inspection, thorough examination and
certificates of test. LOLER permits companies to record the results in any way that is convenient
to them; however the information that such a report of examination must contain is listed in
Schedule 1 of the LOLER Regulations.
Guidance for excavators and backhoe loaders used as cranes according to the Lifting Operations
and Lifting Equipment Regulations and European Standards BSEN 474-4 AND BSEN 474-5

Excavators used as cranes Excavators used as Excava-

with a rated lift capacity cranes without any tors not
greater than 1 tonne or an restrictions and with a used as
overturning moment rated lift capacity of 1 cranes
greater than 40,000 Nm tonne or less or an
overturning moment
of 40,000 Nm or less
Lowering control devices to conform to ISO YES NO NO
8643 fitted to raising boom cylinders.

Rated object handling capacity table fitted YES YES NO

in the cab

Acoustic or visual warning device YES NO NO

Crane safety hook or lifting shackle with YES YES NO

SWL marked and with accompanying test
certificate

Six monthly thorough examination of lifting YES YES NO

accessories

Four yearly test and thorough examination YES YES NO

report

Twelve monthly thorough examination YES YES NO

report
YES YES NO
Weekly inspection of excavator

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 Lifting Accessories
The following pages contain examples of certificates for accessories, in addition to an
example of a 6 month thorough examination report. Also included are simple formulas to
enable an appointed person to calculate the correct minimum SWL for various types of
lifting accessories in general use, which, together with various charts will form a useful reference
for an appointed person.
Chain Slings

Wire Rope Slings

Polyester Slings

Dee and Bow Shackles

Lifting Beams & Spreader Beams

Pallet Forks (Brickforks) with

Debris Net

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 Sling Angles
When lifting with multi- leg slings, they are rated at a certain tonnage from 0°α to 90°α (0°β to 45°β)
and this WLL should NOT be exceeded even if the angle is less than 90°
When using single slings in pairs however, you must always be aware of the increased loadings in
the slings when lifting at an angle.

All angles shown are included (α ) angles.

Leg Tension
Values:-

300 0.5 tonne tension

0
0 0
0 each sling.

0.53 tonne tension

each sling.

600 0.58 tonne tension

each sling.

0.7 tonne tension

900
each sling.

1.0 tonne tension

1200
each sling.

1710 6.0 tonne tension

each sling.

1 tonne load

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Distance Between Lifting Points Affects
the Sling Angles

30° 60°
0.5 X leg length = 30° 1 X leg length = 60°
Eg. 6 metre long sling X 0.5 = Eg. 6 metre long sling X 1.0
3 metres distance between = 6 metres distance between
lifting points lifting points

90°
1.4 X leg length = 90°
Maximum recommended included angle
Eg. 6 metre long sling X 1.4 = 8.4 metres distance
between lifting points

120°
1.75 X leg length = 120°
For special application only

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 Multi Leg Chain Slings – Grade 8
Working limits (metric tonnes) at varying angles.
Uniform Rating User instructions.

1 Leg 2 Leg 3 Leg & 4 Leg Only Choked

4 Leg Endless

For β 0-45° β 45-60° β 0-45° β 45-60° Factor 1.6

chain Straight lifting δ 0-90° δ 90-120° δ 0-90° δ 90-120° WLL (tonnes)
size mm WLL (tonnes) Factor 1.4 Factor 1.0 Factor 2.1 Factor 1.5

Important. 4 leg chains are rated the same as 3 leg chains for the angles of 00 - 900 α or 00- 450ß.
This is because it is recognised that it is impossible to load all 4 legs with equal leg tension with a
rigid load.

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 Mode Factors
Maximum load to be lifted = mode factor x SWL marked on the sling
KEY: N/P = Non Preferred • N/A = Not Applicable

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 0.8 1.4 1 N/P N/P 1 N/P

1 0.8 1.4 1 2 N/P 1 1.4
1 0.8 1.4 N/A N/P 1 0.8 1.4
1 0.8 1.4 1 1.6 1 0.8 1.4
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 0.8 1.4

1.0 0.8 2.0 1.4 1.4 2.1

1.0 VIOLET 1.0 0.8 2.0 1.4 1.4 2.0

1.5 WHITE 1.5 1.2 3.0 2.1 2.1 3.0
2.0 GREEN 2.0 1.6 4.0 2.8 2.8 4.0
3.0 YELLOW 3.0 2.4 6.0 4.2 4.2 6.0
4.0 GREY 4.0 3.2 8.0 5.6 5.6 8.0
5.0 RED 5.0 4.0 10.0 7.0 7.0 10.0
6.0 BROWN 6.0 4.8 12.0 8.4 8.4 12.0
8.0 BLUE 8.0 6.4 16.0 11.2 11.2 16.0
10.0 ORANGE 10.0 8.0 20.0 14.0 14.0 20.0
12.0 ORANGE 12.0 9.6 24.0 16.8 16.8 24.0

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 Common Lifting Accessory Weights
Description WLL Weight Kg
Alloy Bow Shackle 3.25 tonne 1 kg
Alloy Bow Shackle 4.75 tonne 1 kg
Alloy Bow Shackle 6.5 tonne 2 kg
Alloy Bow Shackle 7.5 tonne 3 kg
Alloy Bow Shackle 9.5 tonne 4 kg
Alloy Bow Shackle 12 tonne 6 kg
Alloy Bow Shackle 17 tonne 10 kg
Alloy Bow Shackle 25 tonne 15 kg
Alloy Bow Shackle 35 tonne 20 kg
Alloy Bow Shackle 55 tonne 40 kg
Alloy Bow Shackle 75 tonne 70 kg
Four Leg Chain Multi Leg 6 Metres 6.7 tonne 60 kg
Four Leg Chain Multi Leg 6 Metres 11.2 tonne 100 kg
Two Leg Chain Multi Leg 6 Metres 4.25 tonne 28 kg
Two Leg Chain Multi Leg 6 Metres 7.5 tonne 52 kg
Two Leg Chain Multi Leg 6 Metres 11.2 tonne 73 kg
Two Leg Chain Multi Leg 6 Metres 16 tonne 126kg
Web Sling 6 Metres 3 tonne 3 kg
Web Sling 6 Metres 4 tonne 4 kg
Web Sling 28 Metres 5 tonne 30 kg
Wire Rope Sling 6 Metres 7.6 tonne 20kg
Wire Rope Sling 6 Metres 10 tonne 25 kg
Wire Rope Sling 15 Metres 10 tonne 54 kg
Wire Rope Sling 6 Metres 20 tonne 52 kg
Wire Rope Sling 15 Metres 20 tonne 111 kg
Wire Rope Sling 6 Metres 30 tonne 75 kg
Wire Rope Sling 15 Metres 30 tonne 159 kg
Pallet Forks 2 Metres Height 2 tonne 100kg

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SIMPLE FORMULAS 1
Calculation of Safe Working Loads (Single
Accessories) Uniform Method
Single chain slings, wire ropes, web slings and shackles have all been given a S.W.L. for use
in a vertical application.

When using single accessories inclined to each other, the maximum included angle of 90
degrees (alpha angle) or 45 degrees (beta angle) should not be exceeded.

To allow for the increasing leg tension (stress/force) we as users are required to obtain a
revised W.L.L..

For inclined lifting using single, vertically rated lifting accessories – the following Uniform
load method should be used.

The various mode factors are applied by multiplying the W.L.L. of the lifting accessory by
the appropriate mode factor.

The W.L.L. for 2 vertically rated accessories to be used for inclined loading can be calcu-
lated by using the following simple formula on suspended loads.

THE FACTOR OF 1.4 x THE S.W.L. OF 1 ACCESSORY WILL GIVE THE TOTAL LOAD THAT MAY
BE LIFTED BY THE 2 ACCESSORIES TOGETHER, AS A PAIR.

EG. 2 X 8t Single chains 1.4 X 8t =

11.2t combined W.L.L.

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SIMPLE FORMULAS 1 cont...
The W.L.L. for 2 vertically rated accessories to be used for inclined loading can be
calculated by using the following simple formula on supported loads using choke hitch.

THE FACTOR OF 1.4 x THE W.L.L. OF 1 ACCESSORY X 0.8 WILL GIVE THE TOTAL LOAD THAT
MAY BE LIFTED BY THE 2 ACCESSORIES TOGETHER, AS A PAIR.

EG. 2 X 8t Single chains 1.4 X 8t = 11.2t X 0.8 =

8.96t combined W.L.L.

The S.W.L. for 3 or 4 vertically rated single accessories to be used at inclined loadings, will
be calculated using the same method except for using a factor of 2.1

THE FACTOR OF 2.1 x THE W.L.L. OF 1 ACCESSORY WILL GIVE THE TOTAL LOAD THAT MAY
BE LIFTED BY THE 3 or 4 ACCESSORIES TOGETHER, AS A SET.

EG: 3 No 6.5 W.L.L. Tonne shackles used at a 90°

included angle have a combined lifting
capacity of :- 2.1 x 6.5 = 13.65 Tonnes.

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 SIMPLE FORMULAS 2
Calculation of the WLL of Vertically Rated Single
Accessories Where the Weight of the Load is Known
Using the following straightforward calculations it is easy to determine the minimum W.L.L. of
the vertically rated accessories when used at angles of up to 90 degrees included (45 degrees to
the vertical)
Where the load has 2 lifting points using single accessories. The load weight divided by the factor
of 1.4 will give the minimum W.L.L. requirement of each accessory required to safely lift the
load.
EG. Load weight 14 tonnes therefore :- 14 tonnes
divided by 1.4 = 10t minimum W.L.L. requirement for
each accessory to lift a 14 tonne load.
Using the chain chart (P50) the actual WLL for each
single leg chain will be 11.2t W.L.L.

14 t

Where the load has no lifting points using 2 single accessories. The load weight divided by the
factor of 1.4 and then by the factor of .8 for the choke hitch will give the minimum W.L.L.
requirement of each accessory required to safely lift the load.

EG. Load weight 2.24 tonnes therefore :- 2.24 tonnes

divided by 1.4 = 1.6t Then dived by 0.8 for choke
hitch= minimum of 2t W.L.L. requirement for each
accessory to lift a 2.24 tonne load.
Using the chain chart (P50) the actual WLL for each
single leg chain will be 2t W.L.L.

2.24 t

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 SIMPLE FORMULAS 2 cont...
Calculation of the WLL of Vertically Rated Single
Accessories Where the Weight of the Load is Known

Where the load has 3 or 4 lifting points using single accessories. The load weight divided by the
factor of 2.1 by the will give the minimum W.L.L. requirement of each accessory to safely lift the
load.

EG. Load weight 12 tonnes with 4 lift-

ing points using shackles :- 12 tonnes
divided by 2.1 = 5.71t minimum
W.L.L. requirement for each shackle
to lift a 12 tonne load.
Using the chart on page 52 use 6.5 t
shackles.

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 SIMPLE FORMULAS 3
Calculation of Safe Working Loads Multi Leg
Accessories (Brothers)
2 Leg Assemblies

The W.L.L. of a multi leg Accessory has been determined (usually by the manufacturer) to allow
for the leg tension (stress/ force) that is being generated by the sling angle. The latest method
of marking incorporates "Working Load Limit."

The markings of 0° – 45° are Uniform and refer to the angle of each sling leg from the vertical.
Therefore a multi leg sling marked in this way is identical to a sling marked in the older 0°– 90°
but is expressed in a different way, however care must be taken to ensure that each leg remains
within the angle of 0°– 45° from the vertical when lifting out of level loads.

However the marked W.L.L. on the multi leg accessory only applies to their use on suspended
loads. i.e. those with lifting points.

If they are being used to support a load using choke hitch then the user must down rate the
W.L.L. of the multi leg accessory to compensate for the additional loading on the bight.

Suspended load. Supported load.

EG. A 4.25t multi leg accessory can EG. A 4.25t multi leg accessory in
suspend 4.25t i.e. No choke hitch = 4.25t W.L.L. X 0.8 =
reduction in W.L.L. 3.4t S.W.L.

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SIMPLE FORMULAS 3 cont...
3 & 4 Leg Assemblies

The W.L.L. Of 3 and 4 leg multi leg accessories are rated identically due to the potential for
redundancy in one leg of a 4 leg accessory.

However as with 2 leg assemblies the marked W.L.L. on the multi leg accessory only applies
to their use on suspended loads i.e. with lifting points.

If they are being used to support a load using choke hitch then the user must down rate the
W.L.L. of the multi leg accessory to compensate for the additional loading on the bight.

Suspended load. Supported load.

EG. A 6.7t WLL multi leg accessory EG. A 6.7t WLL multi leg accessory
can suspend 6.7t i.e. No in choke hitch = 6.7t W.L.L. X 0.8 =
reduction in W.L.L. 5.36t S.W.L.

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SIMPLE FORMULAS 3 cont...
2 x 2 Leg Assemblies

The W.L.L. of 3 and 4 leg multi leg accessories are rated identically due to the potential for
redundancy in one leg of a 4 leg accessory.

When using 2 x 2 leg assemblies for a temporary 4 point lift then the combined W.L.L. can
be calculated by using the mode factor of 1.5 X W.L.L. of one set to give the combined
W.L.L.

EG. 2 x 30 t W.L.L. chain assemblies

1.5 x 30t = 45 t Combined W.L.L.

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 SIMPLE FORMULAS 4
Calculating the WLL of Multi Leg Accessories
(Brothers) Where the Weight of the Load is Known
2 Leg Assemblies
Using the following straightforward calculations it is easy to determine the minimum W.L.L. of
the multi leg accessories when used at angles of up to 900 included (450 to the vertical)
Where the load has 2 lifting points using multi leg accessories. The load weight divided by the
factor of 1 will give the minimum W.L.L. of the 2 leg chains required to safely lift the load.
EG. Load weight 14 tonnes therefore :- 14 tonnes divided by 1 =
14t minimum W.L.L. requirement for the 2 leg chains to lift a 14
tonne load.

Using the chain chart (P50) the actual WLL for the 2 leg chain
will be 16t W.L.L.

14t

Where the load has no lifting points and is lifted using choke hitch (double wrap shown). The
load weight divided by the factor of 0.8 will give the minimum S.W.L. Of the 2 leg chains re-
quired to safely lift the load.
EG. Load weight 5.6 tonnes therefore :- 5.6 tonnes di-
vided by 0.8 for choke hitch = minimum of 7t W.L.L.
requirement for the two leg chains to lift a 5.6 tonne
load.

Using the chain chart (P50) the actual WLL for the 2 leg
chains will be 7.5t W.L.L.

5.6t

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 SIMPLE FORMULAS 4 cont...
4 Leg Assemblies

Where the load has 4 lifting points using multi leg accessories. The load weight divided by the
factor of 1 will give the minimum W.L.L. of the leg chains required to safely lift the load.

EG. Load weight 10.6 tonnes therefore :- 10.6 tonnes divided by

1 = 10.6t minimum W.L.L. requirement for the 4 leg chains to lift
a 10.6 tonne load.

Using the chain chart (P50) the actual WLL for the 4 leg chains
will be 11.2t W.L.L.

10.6t

Where the load has no lifting points and is lifted using choke hitch (single wrap shown). The load
weight divided by the factor of 0.8 will give the minimum S.W.L. Of the 4 leg chains required to
safely lift the load.

EG. Load weight 8.6 tonnes therefore :- 8.6 tonnes divided by

0.8 for choke hitch = minimum of 10.75t W.L.L. requirement for
the 4 leg chains to lift a 8.6 tonne load.

Using the chain chart (P50) the actual WLL for the 4 leg chains
will be 11.2t W.L.L.

8.6t

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SIMPLE FORMULAS 4 cont...
2 x 2 Leg Assemblies
When using 2 x 2 leg assemblies for a temporary 4 point lift then the minimum W.L.L. of
each 2 leg chain assembly can be calculated by taking the load weight and dividing it by the
mode factor of 1.5

EG. Load weight 13.7 tonnes

therefore :- 13.7 tonnes divided by
1.5 = 9.13t minimum W.L.L. required
for the 2 x 2 leg chains to lift a 13.7
tonne load.

Using the chain chart (P50) the actual

WLL for the 2 x 2 leg chains will be
11.2t W.L.L.

13.7t

Summary of Mode Factor Application

1. Where the WLL or length of lifting accessories used are known apply the appropriate
mode factor by multiplying by the WLL/length of the accessory by the correct mode
factor in order to determine the maximum combined WLL’s/sling angle.

2. Where the weight or dimensions of the load are known apply the appropriate mode
factor by dividing the load weight/dimension by the correct mode factor in order to
determine the minimum required WLL of the accessories and correct sling angle.

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 INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE SAFE USE OF:
CHAIN SLINGS
ALWAYS: SELECTING THE CORRECT SLING:
• Store and handle chain slings correctly. • Chain slings are available in a range of sizes and
• Inspect chain slings and accessories before use assemblies.
and before placing into storage. • Select the slings to be used and plan the lift
• Follow safe slinging practices. taking the following into account.
• Fit slings carefully, protect them from sharp • Type of sling to be used – endless, single, two,
edges with suitable packing such as timber or three or four leg, is there a requirement for
rubber and position hooks to face outwards from lockable catches and shortening clutches.
the load. • The sling to be used must be both long enough
• Apply the correct mode factor for the slinging and strong enough for the load to be lifted.
arrangement. • Apply the mode factor to be used for the
• Back hook free legs to the master link to avoid slinging method.
lashing legs, which might accidentally become • If adjustment of the sling is necessary choose a
engaged or otherwise become a hazard. sling with a shortening device.
• Store chain slings on a rack and not lying on the • In cases of multi leg slings the angle between the
ground. sling legs should not be less than 30° or exceed
• Take the load steadily to avoid shock loads the maximum marked.
• Check the correct engagement of fittings • Multi leg slings exert a gripping force on the
and appliances. load, which increases as the angle between the
• Ensure that the chain is not twisted. sling leg increases, this must be taken into

NEVER: IN SERVICE INSPECTION AND

• Attempt to shorten a sling leg other than by the MAINTENANCE:
integral shortening clutch. • Maintenance requirements are minimal.
• Use defective slings or accessories. • Keep two, three or four leg slings on a rack and
• Force, hammer, and wedge chain slings or their do not allow them to lie on the floor where thy
fittings into position they must fit freely. can become damaged and go rusty.
• Alter or modify or repair a chain sling. • Keep Chain Slings clean and protect from
• Never galvanize or subject a chain sling to any corrosion, by lightly oiling.
other plating process without the express • Regularly inspect chain slings and in the event of
approval of the manufacturer. the following defects, refer the sling to a
• Never Lift on the point of a hook. competent person for a thorough examination.
• Never expose chain slings to chemicals, and • Illegible markings, distortion of fittings, worn
particularly acidic conditions, without contacting stretched, bent or twisted links, ineffective safety
the manufacturer. catches, cuts, nicks, gouges, corrosion, heat
• Never join the chain together by inserting nuts discoloration and welding spatter, or any other
and bolts in the links. defect apparent to the user.
• Never tie a knot in the leg of a sling • The storage area should be dry, clean and free of
• Never hammer down the bight of the sling when any contaminates which may harm the sling.
this is in choke hitch. • Remember do not attempt the lifting operation
• Never use chain slings at temperatures above unless you understand the use of the equipment,
2000C or below minus 400 C without consulting the slinging procedures and mode factors to be
the supplier. applied.
• Never shock load slings.

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 INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE SAFE USE OF:
WIRE ROPE SLINGS
ALWAYS • Take the load steadily to avoid shock loads.
• Store and handle wire rope slings correctly, when • Ensure that the wire rope is not twisted or
handling always protect your hands with gloves. knotted.
• Inspect wire rope slings and accessories of any • Ensure that the effective diameter of pins, hooks
contaminate which may harm the sling. etc which soft eyes of the sling fit over is at least
• Store wire rope slings on a rack and not lying on 2 x the wire rope diameter.
the ground, where they can go rusty and damage • In the cases of multi – leg slings the angle
the inner core where it is difficult to see damage. between the legs should not be less than 30°
• Ensure that the storage area is dry, clean and free • Place the splices of endless slings in the standing
from moisture and contaminants. part of the sling away from hooks and fittings.
• Carry out a pre use inspections and before • Back hook free legs to the master link to avoid
placing into storage. lashing legs, which might accidentally become
• Back hook the free legs to the master ring. engaged or otherwise become a hazard.
• Apply the correct mode factor for the slinging • For use at temperatures exceeding 1000C or
arrangement. below minus 400C refer to the supplier’s
• Fit slings carefully, protect them from sharp instructions.
edges with suitable packing such as timber or • Where slings come into contact with chemicals,
rubber and position hooks to face outwards from or acids consult the supplier.
the load. • Due to the possibility of sparking, the use of
aluminium is restricted in certain classified
NEVER: atmospheres, so ensure the ferrule is made of
• Attempt to shorten knot or tie a wire rope sling. material, which is suitable for such conditions.
• Alter, modify or repair a wire rope sling.
• Force, hammer, or wedge wire rope slings or SELECTING THE CORRECT SLING
fittings they must fit freely. • Wire rope slings are available in a range of sizes
• Position hooks of multi-leg slings facing and assemblies.
outwards from the load. Do not lift on the point • Select the slings to be used and plan the lift
of the hook. taking the following into account.
• Never use wire rope slings in acidic conditions, • Type of sling to be used – endless, single, two,
without consulting the supplier. three or four leg.
• Shock load wire rope slings. • The sling to be used must be both long enough
• Never join wire rope slings made from different and strong enough for the load and the slinging.
lays of rope together as this will cause them to
unlay thus seriously affecting their capacity. INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE
• Leave suspended loads unattended, in an • Maintenance requirements are minimal.
emergency cordon off the area. • Keep wire rope slings clean and protect from
corrosion, by placing on a rack.
SELECTING THE CORRECT SLING • Regularly inspect wire rope slings and in the
• Do not attempt the lifting operation unless you event of the following defects, refer the sling to
understand the use of the equipment and the competent person for a thorough examination:
slinging procedures and the mode factors to be • Illegible markings, distortion of fittings, broken or
that is to be applied. cut wires, kinks, protrusion of the core, ineffective
• Apply the mode factor for the slinging method, if safety catches, signs of movement at the splices
single slings are to be used in pairs there is and thimbles, cuts, nicks, gouges, corrosion, heat
additional stress in the legs due to the angle damage and discoloration weld spatter and any
between the slings, if you have doubt about the other visible defect to the wire rope, thimbles or
safe working load of a sling, stop and ask. fittings.

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 INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE SAFE USE OF:
SHACKLES
ALWAYS USING SHACKLES SAFELY
• Store and handle shackles correctly • Do not attempt the lifting operation unless you
• Inspect shackles before use and before placing understand the use of the equipment, the
into storage. slinging procedures and mode factors to be
• Select the correct pattern of shackle and pin for applied.
the application. • Do not use defective shackles or
• Fully tighten the pin using a tommy bar. unidentified pins.
• Ensure the load acts through the centre line of • Shackles should be fitted so that the body takes
the shackle using spacers if necessary to meet the load along its centre line and is not subjected
this requirement. to side bending loads. When connecting a
• Allow for the full resultant imposed load. number of sling legs and similar applications,
position them so that they do not impose a side
NEVER: load on the shackle jaws. Use spacers to position
• Use shackles with bent pins or deformed bodies. them if necessary.
• Force, hammer or wedge shackles into position. • With a nut and bolt ensure that the nut jams on
• Replace the pin with a bolt. the thread and not on the eye of the shackle. The
• Eccentrically load shackles. pin should be free to rotate with a minimum of
• Fit pins in contact with moving parts, which may side float. The cotter pin must be fitted before
loosen or unscrew them. making the lift.
• Shock load shackles. • When using shackles with slings in choke hitch or
• Never return damaged or contaminated shackles in other applications where there may be
to the storage rack, they must be clean dry and movement, place the pin through the eye or link
protected from corrosion. of the sling and never in contact with the bight
• Never alter, repair or modify the shackle. of the choke or moving part, which may cause
• Never galvanize or subject a shackle to other the pin to unscrew.
plating processes.
Loosen the pin of a shackle to make it easier to
undo.

SELECTING THE CORRECT SHACKLE IN SERVICE INSPECTION AND

Shackles come in a range of material grades, sizes MAINTENANCE:
and designs. Select the shackle to be used based • Maintenance requirements are minimal.
upon the following: • Keep shackles clean and protect from corrosion,
• The load weight use non-acidic lubricants.
• The type of shackle, bow or dee British standard • Regularly inspect shackles and in the event of the
or other design. following defects, refer the shackle to a
• The type of pin, screwed with collar and eye is competent person for a thorough examination
suitable for general purpose lifting; countersunk • Illegible markings, distorted, worn, stretched or
head for clearance is limited, bolt and nut for bent body, bent pin, damaged or incomplete
where the pin is out of sight or subject to thread forms, nicks, gouges, cracks or corrosion,
movement. incorrect pin and any other defects.
• Other tackle being used, eye bolts, spreader
beams slings etc.
• Full resultant imposed load – when using
shackles with multi-leg slings remember that as
the included angle increases and so does the
load in the leg and any attachment to the leg.

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 INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE SAFE USE OF:
LIFTING & SPREADER BEAMS
ALWAYS • Lifting beams should be stored in a manner that
• Store and handle lifting beams correctly. will provide protection from damage whilst in
• Refer to the safe use instructions for slings and store.
attachments used with the beam. • Stands or packing should be provided where this
• Include the self-weight of the beam and is not built into the beam.
attachments when calculating the load imposed • Ensure the beam is stable and cannot topple
on the crane hook. over.
• Ensure that the load will remain stable when
lifted.
USING LIFT BEAMS SAFELY
• Lifting beams may incorporate various loose and
• Ensure that no one lifting point becomes
detachable lifting gear, refer to the separate
overloaded by the slinging methods.
requirements for the safe use of those items.
NEVER • Do not use defective or distorted beams or
• Use lifting beams to handle loads other than attachments.
those for which they are designed. • Lifting beams are generally designed for a
• Fit lifting beams to a hook other than those for specific purpose and should not be used for
which they are designed. other purposes without consulting the supplier.
• Unevenly load a lifting beam. On no account should beams be suspended from
• Allow lifting beams to alter attitude during use. unsuitable size hooks.
• Allow lifting beams to foul the underside of the • The weight of the beam together with its
crane or any other obstruction. attachments must be added to the total load that
will be imposed on the crane hook.
SELECTING THE CORRECT • Ensure that the load is stable and the beam
LIFTING BEAM remains in its intended attitude when lifting and
• Lifting beams, frames and spreaders are usually setting down.
designed and built for specific purposes. The • Do not allow the beam to foul the underside of
range of designs and capabilities is therefore the crane or any other obstructions when raising
only limited by practicality. Select the beam to or transporting loads.
be used and plan the lift by taking the following • Refer to the requirements of BS 7121 Part 1 2006
into account. when using beams with cranes in tandem.
• Application requirements: to reduce headroom,
provide multiple lifting points, to provide
adjustable lifting centres, to remove or control IN SERVICE INSPECTION AND
inward or crushing forces, to allow for special MAINTENANCE
load attachments. • Maintenance requirements are minimal for lifting
• Capacity, both of the overall beam and of beams.
individual lift points. • Ensure that bolted joints are sound and that
• Accessories and attachments – slings, grabs, corrosion damage is prevented.
shackles hooks etc. • Refer to individual maintenance requirements for
associated loose gear and attachments.
STORING AND HANDLING OF • Regularly inspect lifting beams and in the event
LIFTING BEAMS of the following defects refer the beam to a
• Never return damaged or contaminated lifting competent person for a thorough examination.
beams to storage. They should be clean and • Distorted, damaged or corroded, worn, loose or
where necessary protected from corrosion. missing bolts, cracked welds, attachment points,
worn, damaged or distorted holes and eyes or
worn and elongated or any other defect.

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 INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE SAFE USE OF:
ENDLESS ROUND & FLAT WEB SLINGS
ALWAYS NOTE
• Always store and handle slings correctly. • The material from which round and flat belt slings
• Slings should be inspected before use and before are manufactured may be identified by the colour
placing into storage Inspect slings and of the label or the printing on the label
accessories for any contaminates which may • BLUE – POLYESTER
harm the sling. • GREEN – NYLON POLYAMIDE
• Fit slings carefully, use protection such as rubber • BROWN – POLYPROPYLENE
and timber or even old slings to avoid cutting, • The outer cover of a round sling will also be
friction etc. colour coded to indicate the SWL of the sling in a
• Position the slings so that the load is uniformly straight-line pull.
spread over its width.
• Apply the correct mode factor for the slinging USING ROUND/FLAT SLINGS SAFELY
arrangement. • Material – polyester is resistant to moderate acids
• Always position the bight of a choke lift at a 120° but is damaged by alkalis.
(natural angle). • Polyamide (Nylon) is virtually immune to alkalis
Store all manmade slings by hanging from non- but is damaged by acids.
rusting pegs, which allow free circulation of air. • Polypropylene is little affected by acids or alkalis
• The storage area should be dry, clean and but is damaged by some solvents, tars and paints.
shaded • Do not attempt the lifting operation unless you
from direct sunlight, and slings should be understand the use of the equipment, the
protected from vermin such as rats and mice. slinging procedures and the mode factor to be
• Always follow safe slinging practices. applied.
• Always take the load steadily and avoid shock • Do not use defective slings or accessories.
• Check for correct engagement with the fittings
NEVER and appliances ensuring smooth radii are formed
• Alter or modify or repair a web /round sling. which allow the sling to assume its naturally
• Cross or twist a sling. flattened form under load, do not overcrowd
• Throw a sling from height. hooks.
• Drag a sling from height. • Position the bight for choke lift at 120° (natural
• Allow a load to rest on a sling. angle) to prevent friction being generated.
• Attempt to drag a sling from beneath a • Keep labels away from hooks and fittings.
load this will damage a sling and could pull • Take the load steadily to avoid shock loading.
a load over. • Do not leave suspended loads unattended in an
• Attempt to shorten or knot a web/round sling emergency cordon off the area.
• Expose slings to direct heat or flame.
• Use slings at temperatures above 80° or INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE
below 0°C without consulting the supplier. • Maintenance requirements are minimal.
• Shock load web / round slings. • Slings may be cleaned with clear water, weak
• Use slings with a cut or damaged outer edge chemical solutions (soap or detergent) will
• Return wet damaged or contaminated slings, to become increasingly stronger by evaporation.
the storeroom they should be cleaned with clear • Regularly inspect slings and in the event of the
water and allowed to dry naturally, and they following defects, refer the sling to a competent
should never be force dried. person for a thorough examination:
• Alter modify or repair slings. • Heat generated by friction, illegible markings
damaged or cuts to the surface, edges and outer
cover, damaged stitching, exposed inner core,
heat damage, hard spots, burns, and chemical
damage, such as softening of the fibres.

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 GENERAL PURPOSE SLINGING PRACTICE
ALWAYS 1. For a straight lift never exceed the marked SWL
• Plan the lift, establish the weight of the load and
and prepare the landing area ensuring that it in cases of multi-leg slings the specified angle or
will take the weight. range of angles.
• Check slings and equipment are free of damage, 2. When using slings in a choke hitch, multiply the
use slings/slinging method suitable for the load maximum SWL by 0.8 to obtain the reduced
and protect slings from sharp edges and corners. maximum SWL the sling may lift.
• Attach the slings securely to the load and appliance 3. With multi leg slings when using less than the full
and position hook to face outwards. number of legs, reduce the maximum load in
• Keep fingers and toes etc clear when tensioning proportion to the number of legs in use. Simply
slings and when landing loads. multiply the marked SWL by the number of legs in
• Ensure the load to be lifted is free. use
• Make a trial lift and trial lower. expressed as a fraction of the total, thus
• 1 leg of a two leg sling in used
NEVER = 1/2 marked SWL.
• Use damaged slings or accessories. • 3 legs of a four leg sling being used
• Twist or knot a sling. = 3/4 marked SWL and so on.
• Hammer slings into position.
• Overload slings due to the weight of the load or
mode of use. OPERATIVE TRAINING
• Trap slings when landing the load. Trained operatives who understand the methods of
• Drag slings over floors etc, or attempt to pull rating and application of mode factors should only
trapped slings from under loads. use slings.

SLING CONFIGURATION SAFE USE OF SLINGS

AND RATING Good slinging practice must ensure that the load is
Slings are available in single, two, three and four leg as safe and secure in the air as it was on the ground,
or endless form. In practice it will be found that chain, and that no harm is done to the load, lifting equip-
wire rope and fibre rope slings are available in any of ment, other property or persons.
these configurations but the flat woven sling is limited
to single leg and endless, whilst the roundsling is Establish the weight of the load and ensure the
supplied in endless form. Lifting method is suitable and inspect the sling and
The maximum load that the sling may lift in use is attachments for obvious defects.
governed by the slinging arrangement (mode of use)
and may vary from the marked SWL. In the case of Prepare the landing area making sure the floor is
textile slings the SWL for the various modes of use is strong enough to take the load, follow any specific
usually given on the information label. In other cases instructions from the supplier.
it will be necessary to multiply the marked SWL by a
mode factor. Ensure the lifting point is over the centre of gravity
The following three simple rules will of the load, any loose part of the load should be
ensure that the sling is not overloaded. In some cases removed or secured.
this will mean that the sling is under utilized although
this is unlikely to hinder the user unduly. Secure the sling firmly to the load by hooks onto
Where the maximum utilization is required reference lifting points or shackles etc. The sling must not be
should be made to a competent person who twisted, knotted or kinked in any way. Use packing
understands the factors involved and who can to prevent damage to the sling from corners or
perform the necessary calculations. edges and to protect the load.

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 GENERAL PURPOSE SLINGING PRACTICE
Do not exceed the SWL or rated angle, any choke Never drag slings over floors etc, or attempt to
angle must not exceed 120° and any basket angle drag a trapped sling from under a load.
must not exceed 90°.
Never use a sling to drag a load.
Do not force, hammer or wedge slings or accessories Place the hooks of free legs onto the master link
into position, they must fit freely. and take care to ensure that empty hooks do not
become accidentally engaged.
When attaching more than one sling to a hook of an
appliance use a shackle to join the slings and avoid Never use slings, which may become in contact
overcrowding of the hook. with chemicals or heat without the manufacturers
approval. Never use damaged or contaminated
Make a trial lift by raising the load a little to ensure it slings.
is balanced, stable and secure and if not lower and
adjust the slinging arrangement. On completion of the lift return all equipment to
proper storage.
Use an established code of signals to instruct the
crane operator, ensure that the load is free to be Always ensure that there is no surface adhesion
lifted and not for example bolted down. Check that between the load and make sure if necessary that
there are no overhead obstacles such as power lines. the load is freed by using jacks, wedges etc.
Where appropriate use a tag line to control the load.

Except where special provision is made, do not allow

anyone to pass under or ride on the load, the area
should always be kept clear.

Keep fingers and toes etc clear ensuring they do not

become trapped when lifting or lowering or
controlling loads.

Make a trial lift and set down, ensuring the sling will This Information is of a general nature and
not become trapped. Use supports, which are strong should always be read in conjunction with
enough to sustain the load. manufacturers instructions.

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SLINGER/SIGNALLER DO’S AND DON’TS
DO DON’T
– DO Stand back and size up the job. – DON’T drag accessories along
the ground.
– DO determine the lifting points
and that they are man enough. – DON’T use unauthorised accessories ensure
that they are certified.
– DO allow for deflection in the boom.
– DON’T guess the weight of the load.
– DO use the correct gear, ie, (length,
construction, strength, and – DON’T drag slings from under a
suitability). load it could pull the load over –
use bearers.
– DO determine the weight of the
load and the SWL of the slinging – DON’T shorten any slings by
accessories. knotting.

– DO check the centre of gravity of – DON’T ride on the load or in the

the load. slings.

– DO check the condition of the – DON’T leave accessories lying

accessories. around the ground, pick it up.

– DO check the loads are slung – DON’T leave damaged or

under plumb. condemned accessories where it can be
used by others.
– DO stand clear of the load being
lifted. – DON’T place hands or feet near
the bite of any sling.
– DO protect accessories against
sharp edges by using packing. REMEMBER
– DO take the strain before lifting
the load. THE SWL OF A SLING DECREASES AS THE
ANGLE BETWEEN THE LEGS OF THE SLING
– DO check slings and lifting point INCREASES. MAKE SURE THAT SLINGERS
attachments. ARE CLEARLY VISIBLE TO EVERYONE
INVOLVED.
– DO give clear signals/ instructions
to the crane operator. AVOID SNATCH OR SHOCK LOADINGS.

– DO stand where you can be clearly THE CRANE OPERATOR WILL TAKE SIGNALS
seen by the crane operator if and
FROM ONE PERSON ONLY, UNLESS IT IS THE
when giving signals.
SIGNAL FOR STOP AND EMERGENCY STOP
WHICH ANY OTHER PERSON INVOLVED
CAN GIVE.

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RECOMMENDED HAND SIGNALS B.S. 7121

OPERATIONS START STOP EMERGENCY STOP

(Follow my instructions)

HOIST LOWER SLOWLY LOWER SLEW IN DIRECTION

Clench and unclench INDICATED
fingers to ‘inch’ the load

JIB UP JIB DOWN EXTEND JIB RETACT JIB TRAVEL TO ME TRAVEL FROM ME

DERRICKING JIB TELESCOPING JIB CRANE MOVEMENT

Use both hands

TRAVEL IN DIRECTION INDICATED CEASE OPERATIONS

These are the recommended hand signals. Other hand signals are used in practice - this is
allowable as long as the signals are agreed & used by all the personnel involved before the
lifting operation starts.

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 Safe Use of Radios BS 7121
In situations where hand signals alone are inadequate, other forms of communication
should be used, by means of either radio or telephone, to supplement the hand signal
code.

When radio is used as a means of signalling, the channel selected should be kept clear of all
other communications. All personnel involved in the signalling should be given a clear and
unique call sign and all communications should be preceded by this call sign. The crane
operator should not respond to any command that is not preceded by the given call sign.
During the carrying out of the lifting operation, hand signals and any voice instruction to
the crane operator (s) should only be given by one person at a time.

A slinger/signaller using a radio should continuously instruct the operator to lower a load,
e.g. by saying “Lower-lower-lower...”, and failure of this continuous instruction from the
slinger/signaller indicates that the operator should halt all crane movements.

If, during the lifting operation, responsibility for directing the crane and load is to be
transferred to another nominated person, the slinger/signaller should clearly indicate to
the crane operator that this responsibility is being transferred and to whom, and the
slinger/signaller should clearly indicate to the new nominated person that this transfer is
taking place.
Furthermore, the operator and the new nominated person should clearly indicate that they
accept the transfer of responsibility.

Pre-Use Checklist for Radios:-

1. Check batteries are fully charged. Spare batteries required?

2. Perform a function test. (Do they work?)
3. Check the working transmission range i.e. Can they be used at the heights and
distances they are to be used at? Are there any areas of radio shadow?
4. Call signs agreed.
5. Everybody trained in their safe use.
6. Correct frequency used by all involved.
7. Everyone using the radios uses the same language.
8. Everyone using the radio is familiar with the model they are using.

It is vital for safety that all voice signals given to the crane operator by the slinger/signaller
are from the crane operators viewpoint in the cab especially when slewing.

It is an offence to use foul language on the air when using radios.

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 RISK ASSESSMENT GUIDANCE
Hazard Risk Control Measures

Working at Height Falls from height (injury) Only trained and compe-
Falling Materials tent persons to be used.
Fall/Edge Protection. Res-
cue Plan with suitable har-
nesses/ hook on points.
Environmental (Weather) Crane collapse load insta- Weather conditions to be
bility monitored at all times and
lifting not to take place if
conditions outside of
manufacturers recommen-
dations. Ground conditions
to be monitored.
Moving Plant Injury to persons coming Tested, inspected & main-
into contact with plant and tained plant. Trained &
or damage to property comp operator. Traffic only
routes. Vehicle banksmen
and pedestrian only routes.
Signage.
Moving loads Falling materials, injury to Only trained & competent
persons. Collision with slinger signallers. Correct
proximity hazards and certificated lifting ac-
cessories. Trial lifts with
and without loads.
Crushing Zones Injury (persons). Damage to Ensure sufficient clearance
property / Plant or physical barriers.
Ensure hook block central
& allow for deflection. Only
trained & competent
personnel.
Working “Blind” Injury or damage due to Suitable radios with agreed
operator not being able to signals and / or second
see load, lifting or landing signaller. No signal no
places lifting or lowering
Where other hazards exist as identified in the “proximity” or “load hazards” sections then
indicate these together with all risks & control measures. Like working near water, the airport or
live plant. Look at all the things that could go wrong e.g. pedestrians, access/ egress & implement

Remember 1. A hazard has the potential to cause harm.

2. Risk is the likelihood of the hazard being realised and the severity of the accident.
3. Control measure is what you need to do to minimise the risk (likelihood) of
accidents happening.

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 Method Statements
METHOD STATEMENT APPOINTED PERSON GUIDANCE
Before you actually start to list your method of work it is good practice to make notes about
how you expect to do the job.
1. Who do I need to carry out the task?
2. What equipment will they need in order to carry out the task?
3. How are they going to be able to carry out their tasks?
4. What order do I need things to happen?

By making these few notes it is easier to follow the system of work through.
It is no use bringing the load in before the crane if it will interfere with the crane set up.
If additional ballast is needed with a crane then the transport for that needs to be taken into
account.

If a fly jib extension is needed to be fitted for use on the crane then that needs to be added
into your plan. (Note the fly jib is fitted to the minimum boom & then the boom extended to
working height)

Will you require slew restrictions?

When will the transport be brought to site and where will it need to be positioned?
What will the customer need to provide, safe access/egress, briefing & welfare facilities, ad-
ditional personnel, access platforms, step ups, footed ladders, permits to work, exclusion
zones, road closures/ notifications etc.

Don’t forget that you will need to identify exactly how the slingers are going to access the
load to attach the slings and when it has been landed how are they going to remove the
slings. If you do not tell them and an accident occurs then it is your fault for not identifying a
safe system of work.

Think about the slings being used. If they are heavy then the crane needs to be used to move
them around but they will still need attaching and detaching to the load and that can be a
problem with heavier slings. Do you need a cherry picker and if so who will be operating it.
Do you need other personnel to secure the load into position and if so they need to be part
of the plan and briefed accordingly.

When your outline is in place then you can start with the order of events. Don’t forget to
number each individual action and if you do make a mistake and miss something out you can
always add it later and identify where it should go e.g. 4a or 7a if it needs to go in after that
point.

You can use the following as a template but make sure that you make your plan specific to
the lift being done.
1. Crane supervisor on site to check the lifting and landing areas are prepared and that the
crane can access and egress safely.

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 Method Statements
METHOD STATEMENT APPOINTED PERSON GUIDANCE (cont)
2. All lift team members to attend a site induction and method statement briefing where all
certification for plant, personnel, lifting accessories and other ancillary paperwork such
as engineer’s reports or permits can be checked and copied as required. All Slinger
signallers to agree hand / voice commands with the crane operator and carry out radio
checks if they are to be used.

3. The crane can now be banked into position by the crane supervisor and rigged in
accordance with the manufacturers operating procedures and the planned safe system of
work with additional ballast if required. The crane operator will check all limits and carry
out a 360 degree slew of the crane to check for level (where possible). Any issues MUST
be reported to the crane supervisor. The crane operator will then set the boom / Fly jib (if
used) as per the plan and set the RCI for the planned duties.

4. The trailer for transporting the load can now be brought into position and any road
closures or exclusion zones put into place. (Note if the load needs to be released from the
transport it is good practice to secure it to the crane before removing any load restraints).

5. A Slinger / signaller (identify as No 1 or 2 etc.) will check the route of the load for hazards
or obstructions not already identified and prepare the lift / landing area to receive the
load. Report any issues to Crane supervisor.

6. A Slinger / signaller (identify) will check the load lifting attachment points for suitability. .
Report any issues to Crane supervisor.

7. A Slinger / signaller (identify) will select the lifting accessories as per the plan and ensure
that they have the required certification. . Report any issues to Crane supervisor.

8. A Slinger / signaller (identify) will attach the lifting accessories to the crane hook block and
inspect them for damage. Report any issues to Crane supervisor.

9. With all personnel in place and all checks carried out a Slinger / signaller (identify) will
signal the crane operator to hoist, derrick and slew to a position where the hook block is
above the centre of the load. (Note: The Slinger / signaller may have to access the load for
this purpose and therefore you need to identify how?)

10. Slinger / signaller (identify) will now attach the lifting accessories to the load using
(describe method. E.g. footed ladder / step up/ cherry picker).

11. Crane Supervisor will stop the lift at this point and check the wind speed with the crane
operator to ensure that it is limits for the crane configuration being used, if the wind speed
is within safe limits the lift can proceed.

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 Method Statements
METHOD STATEMENT APPOINTED PERSON GUIDANCE (cont)
12. Slinger / signaller (identify) to signal crane operator to take the weight of the load (trial
lift) ensuring that the hook block remains central to the load and taking into account any
deflection that may cause the load to move uncontrollably. Check the load for stability,
security, balance and that nothing can fall from it. Repeat if any of the checks reveal
problems.

13. Slinger / signaller (identify) to signal the crane operator to hoist, derrick and slew to a
position where (if required) a second Slinger / signaller (identify) can see the load. Hand
over the signalling to the second Slinger / signaller (if required).

14. Slinger / signaller to signal the crane operator to hoist, derrick and slew to the landing
position. Lower the load into position (Note using assistance if required and where stated
make sure that the load is secured into position).

15. When the load has been secured into position. The Slinger / signaller can access the load
(Note remember to identify how?) and remove the accessories from the load.

16. Signal the crane operator to return the accessories back to the ground where they can be
checked for work related damage before being returned to safe storage.

17. IF the load is to be removed from site then now is the time to identify that the load has
been secured on the transport and the transport vehicle has been escorted from site.

18. The Crane supervisor will instruct the crane operator to derig the crane in accordance
with the manufacturers operating procedures. (Note including any fly jib / ballast removal
where required).

19. The Crane supervisor will debrief the lift team and note any issues arising from the lift.
Sign off all permits / paperwork and ensure that the crane is safely escorted from site.

20. The Crane supervisor will ensure that the site is clear and hand back to the client for
removal of any restrictions.
Contingency Statement:
Probably the most important part of the method statement in that it will afford the Ap-
pointed person some protection in the event of any accidents, incidents, damage or injury
arising out of the planned lift. It should read something like this.

“If there are any changes to any part of this lift plan then all operations will be halted and
the appointed person consulted. No further lifting is to take place until any changes made
by the appointed person in writing have been agreed AND attached to this plan. All of the
persons involved in this plan have the necessary authority to stop the lift if they consider it
unsafe in any way”

Don’t forget to sign and date the method statement / risk assessment as without a signature
it is worthless and it gives you as the Appointed Person ownership of the document.

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 Crane Drawing Information
Drawing your Crane to Plan

Everything starts from the centre of rotation (C./R). So firstly mark the centre of rotation
on your drawing.

You will notice that the measurements shown are in millimetres so please round up or
down to make your drawing easier to scale using your scale ruler e.g. 3330 round up to
3.4m or 6275 round down to 6.2m.

1. Show the Tail Swing Radius (This is the counterweight swing radius) and will be shown either
on the top drawing from the C./R to the back of the counterweights or on the bottom drawing
from the C./R to the rear.

2. Now find the distance from the C./R to the rear of the crane (A) and mark that in from the
C./R to the centre of the rear of the crane.

3. Now find the width of the crane (B) (sometimes this is shown as a letter B, C etc. If so use the
legend at the bottom and pick the measurements from the size 16.00 tyres). Draw in the rear of
the crane (it should just fit inside the tail swing radius circle).

4. Now the length of the crane chassis NOT the full crane length including boom. Shown at (C).
Draw in the length and the width again making an oblong shape of a crane.

5. You now need to draw the outrigger positions. Start at the rear left hand side (nearside). You
will see the measurement from the C./R to the centre of the Jack (D) mark that position from the
C./R

6. The spread of the riggers across the back of the crane is shown at (E) remember this is from
the centre of the crane so measure from the centre half width either way.

7. The front left hand side (nearside) jack is shown at (F) Draw this in then slightly offset the
offside.

8. Draw the mats to scale (mat sizes are shown on your mat sheet e.g. 2.5m2 is a 2m x 1.25m
oblong.

9. Show the true dimension of the outrigger spread on your drawing (in this example 6000mm x
6275mm on the nearside)

10. Show your working radius on the drawing to prove that the load can be lifted / landed within
that radius.

11. Show the load pick up or final position remembering to stay within your minimum radius.

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 Fly Jib Length & Offset

Crane Drawing Aid Telescopic Mobile

(If Required)

Overhoist Limit Device (Chandelier) 1 Metre

Boom Deflection – Allow 2

Metres Vertical & Horizontal
Distance from Obstructions

Cranes
Hook Allow 1 Metre

Gross Load Weight =

Lifting Gear 6 Metres
Hook + Load + Gear
Length (Typical)
+ Stored Fly Jib

Load
Boom Pivot 2 Metres Behind
Centre of Rotation & 3
Metres From Ground Level Obstacles + Set
Down Point
Radius
Centre of Centre of Gravity
Rotation (C/G) of Load
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 Crane Drawing Aid Self Erecting Mobile
Alternative Jib
Positions

Hook 2 Metres

Tower Cranes
Below Jib

Mast Pivot 1 Metre Lifting Gear 6 Metres

Forward of Centre of Length (Typical)
Rotation 1.5 Metres from
Ground Level

Gross Load = Load

Weight + Accessories

Radius
Centre of
Rotation Centre of Gravity
79

(C/G) of Load

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 6 Monthly Thorough Examination
Ainscough Training Services Ltd, Unit V, Leyland Business Park, Centurion Way, Leyland, PR35 3GR
Tel: 0844 225 0240 Fax: 0844 225 0241

Report for Lifting Accessories

LIFTING TACKLE REGISTER AND REPORT OF THOROUGH EXAMINATION OF CHAINS, ROPES AND LIFTING GEAR AT INTERVALS NOT EXCEEDING 6 MONTHS
I certify that on 13/01/2012 at ATSL LEYLAND I thoroughly examined these chains, ropes and lifting gear and that the following is a correct report of the
result.
Fleet Number ATS01 Crane Tackle Store Print Name Steve Turner Signed S Turner Lifting Accessory Examiner
Description of SWL of Lifting Equipment Identity Number Date of Previous Result of Examination
Examination Test
2 Leg Chain Sling 4.25Ton WLL O°-45° 2 of ATSC 1A+1B 29/07/11 09/05/02 Good working order

2 Leg Chain Sling 4.25Ton SWL 0°-90° TSO3AGL 70B 29/07/11 18/06/99 Good working order

2 Leg Chain Sling 4.4Ton SWL 0°-90° C301 ACH 6A 29/07/11 04/03/98 Good working order

2 Leg Chain Sling 4.25Ton SWL 0°-45° ATSC 2A 29/07/11 14/06/04 Good working order

Single leg wire rope sling 2Ton SWL 4Mtr EWL 4of ATSWR 2A-2D 29/07/11 01/12/04 Good working order
Single leg wire rope sling 2 Ton SWL 4Mtr EWL 4 of ATSWR 1A-1D 29/07/11 22/06/04 Good working order
Master Link 13.1Ton SWL 0° GWSD 8383 29/07/11 06/11/00 Good working order

Master Link 8.8Ton SWL 0° ATSM 1A 29/07/11 09/05/02 Good working order

This document conforms to S.I. No° 2307 Lifting Operation Lifting Equipment Regulations Next Inspection Required by 13/07/2012
1998 Regulation 9 Schedule 1
80

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 Test Certificate for Lifting Chains

81

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Statement of Conformity for Web &
Endless Round Slings

82

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EC Declaration of Conformity for Lifting
Accessories

83

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 EC Declaration of Conformity for
Mobile Crane

84

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 Four Year Testing and Mobile Cranes

Mobile cranes in the UK were often subjected to overload testing and thorough
examination at four yearly intervals, in addition to the periodic through examinations
required by the Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 (LOLER).

This is a legacy from the requirements of the old Construction (Lifting Operations)
Regulations, which were replaced by the introduction of LOLER in 1998. The Approved
Code of Practice (ACOP) to LOLER states that testing is at the discretion of the competent
person carrying out a thorough examination and that the competent person will decide on
the nature of the test and the method of carrying it out.

The Construction Plant-hire Association (CPA) have been working with the HSE and other
organisations on best practice guidance for the maintenance, inspection and
thorough examination of mobile cranes. They have concluded that four yearly proof
load testing is not required where periodic through examinations are carried out to a
defined scope of thorough examination, identifying those parts of the mobile crane
that should be thoroughly examined, together with any required supplementary
supporting reports and tests.

A "Declaration of Compliance" for use by members who wish to show that they have
embraced the "defined written scope" approach to thorough examination and will no
longer be undertaking four yearly overload tests. This document could take the place of a
four year test certificate in the file of documents accompanying the crane.

As more crane owners adopt the “defined written scope” approach to thorough
examinations the 4 yearly proof load test will gradually be phased out during the transition
period of adopting the “defined written scope”.

This approach, although endorsed by HSE, appears to have met some resistance from
customers, who still want to see a four year test certificate when a crane arrives on site. To
overcome this resistance to change the Crane Interest Group have published the attached
Technical Information Note TIN 102 on "Four Yearly Testing of Mobile Cranes (Wheeled and
Crawler)", which has again been endorsed by the HSE.

85

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 Technical Information Note 102

86

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Declaration of Compliance in Lieu of 4
Year Proof Load Testing

87

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 Thorough Examination Report for
Mobile Cranes

88

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 Weekly Crane Inspection Report

89

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 Lifting Operations Safety Checklist

90

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 Proof of Hire Crane Hire Contracts

91

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 Crane Mat Area Calculation Template
Stage 1. Gross Load Calculation
Net Load = Kg Details of lifting accessory weights:-
+Accessories = kg
+Hook Block = kg

Gross Load = kg

Change back into tonnes =

Stage 2 Crane Selection template

Crane selected model and capacity

Counter weight used = tonnes
Boom length used = metres
0 Offset
(Length & Angle of Fly Jib if used)= metres @
Max radius used metres SWL at radius used= tonnes
Quick check 80% utilisation minus 20% off tonnes
SWL= Minimum radius at boom length used= metres
Outrigger spread= mm X mm

Crane Utilisation (Optional)

Gross load x 100 Divided by the SWL @ radius worked = %

Stage 3 Mat Calculation template

12te axle plus ballast used minus ballast carried

Rigged weight of crane plus additional ballast= tonnes

X .75= tonnes

Add Gross load from stage 1= tonnes (Maximum point loading)

Divided by Ground Bearing Allowance 25 t/m2 (CPCS Scenarios only)
Minimum area of mat required = m2
Actual area of mat to be used = m2
Mat size= mX m
or m diameter if circular

Stage 4 Actual Bearing Pressure Under Selected Mat

Resulting loading: Maximum point loading = tonnes

Divided by the actual area of mat used = m2

= Resulting loading t/m2

92

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 Crane Mat Area Calculation Template
Stage 1. Gross Load Calculation
Net Load = Kg Details of lifting accessory weights:-
+Accessories = kg
+Hook Block = kg

Gross Load = kg

Change back into tonnes =

Stage 2 Crane Selection template

Crane selected model and capacity

Counter weight used = tonnes
Boom length used = metres
0 Offset
(Length & Angle of Fly Jib if used)= metres @
Max radius used metres SWL at radius used= tonnes
Quick check 80% utilisation minus 20% off tonnes
SWL= Minimum radius at boom length used= metres
Outrigger spread= mm X mm

Crane Utilisation (Optional)

Gross load x 100 Divided by the SWL @ radius worked = %

Stage 3 Mat Calculation template

12te axle plus ballast used minus ballast carried

Rigged weight of crane plus additional ballast= tonnes

X .75= tonnes

Add Gross load from stage 1= tonnes (Maximum point loading)

Divided by Ground Bearing Allowance 25 t/m2 (CPCS Scenarios only)
Minimum area of mat required = m2
Actual area of mat to be used = m2
Mat size= mX m
or m diameter if circular

Stage 4 Actual Bearing Pressure Under Selected Mat

Resulting loading: Maximum point loading = tonnes

Divided by the actual area of mat used = m2

= Resulting loading t/m2

93

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 Crane Mat Area Calculation Template
Stage 1. Gross Load Calculation
Net Load = Kg Details of lifting accessory weights:-
+Accessories = kg
+Hook Block = kg

Gross Load = kg

Change back into tonnes =

Stage 2 Crane Selection template

Crane selected model and capacity

Counter weight used = tonnes
Boom length used = metres
0 Offset
(Length & Angle of Fly Jib if used)= metres @
Max radius used metres SWL at radius used= tonnes
Quick check 80% utilisation minus 20% off tonnes
SWL= Minimum radius at boom length used= metres
Outrigger spread= mm X mm

Crane Utilisation (Optional)

Gross load x 100 Divided by the SWL @ radius worked = %

Stage 3 Mat Calculation template

12te axle plus ballast used minus ballast carried

Rigged weight of crane plus additional ballast= tonnes

X .75= tonnes

Add Gross load from stage 1= tonnes (Maximum point loading)

Divided by Ground Bearing Allowance 25 t/m2 (CPCS Scenarios only)
Minimum area of mat required = m2
Actual area of mat to be used = m2
Mat size= mX m
or m diameter if circular

Stage 4 Actual Bearing Pressure Under Selected Mat

Resulting loading: Maximum point loading = tonnes

Divided by the actual area of mat used = m2

= Resulting loading t/m2

94

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 Crane Mat Area Calculation Template
Stage 1. Gross Load Calculation
Net Load = Kg Details of lifting accessory weights:-
+Accessories = kg
+Hook Block = kg

Gross Load = kg

Change back into tonnes =

Stage 2 Crane Selection template

Crane selected model and capacity

Counter weight used = tonnes
Boom length used = metres
0 Offset
(Length & Angle of Fly Jib if used)= metres @
Max radius used metres SWL at radius used= tonnes
Quick check 80% utilisation minus 20% off tonnes
SWL= Minimum radius at boom length used= metres
Outrigger spread= mm X mm

Crane Utilisation (Optional)

Gross load x 100 Divided by the SWL @ radius worked = %

Stage 3 Mat Calculation template

12te axle plus ballast used minus ballast carried

Rigged weight of crane plus additional ballast= tonnes

X .75= tonnes

Add Gross load from stage 1= tonnes (Maximum point loading)

Divided by Ground Bearing Allowance 25 t/m2 (CPCS Scenarios only)
Minimum area of mat required = m2
Actual area of mat to be used = m2
Mat size= mX m
or m diameter if circular

Stage 4 Actual Bearing Pressure Under Selected Mat

Resulting loading: Maximum point loading = tonnes

Divided by the actual area of mat used = m2

= Resulting loading t/m2

95

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 Crane Mat Area Calculation Template
Stage 1. Gross Load Calculation
Net Load = Kg Details of lifting accessory weights:-
+Accessories = kg
+Hook Block = kg

Gross Load = kg

Change back into tonnes =

Stage 2 Crane Selection template

Crane selected model and capacity

Counter weight used = tonnes
Boom length used = metres
0 Offset
(Length & Angle of Fly Jib if used)= metres @
Max radius used metres SWL at radius used= tonnes
Quick check 80% utilisation minus 20% off tonnes
SWL= Minimum radius at boom length used= metres
Outrigger spread= mm X mm

Crane Utilisation (Optional)

Gross load x 100 Divided by the SWL @ radius worked = %

Stage 3 Mat Calculation template

12te axle plus ballast used minus ballast carried

Rigged weight of crane plus additional ballast= tonnes

X .75= tonnes

Add Gross load from stage 1= tonnes (Maximum point loading)

Divided by Ground Bearing Allowance 25 t/m2 (CPCS Scenarios only)
Minimum area of mat required = m2
Actual area of mat to be used = m2
Mat size= mX m
or m diameter if circular

Stage 4 Actual Bearing Pressure Under Selected Mat

Resulting loading: Maximum point loading = tonnes

Divided by the actual area of mat used = m2

= Resulting loading t/m2

96

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 Crane Mat Area Calculation Template
Stage 1. Gross Load Calculation
Net Load = Kg Details of lifting accessory weights:-
+Accessories = kg
+Hook Block = kg

Gross Load = kg

Change back into tonnes =

Stage 2 Crane Selection template

Crane selected model and capacity

Counter weight used = tonnes
Boom length used = metres
0 Offset
(Length & Angle of Fly Jib if used)= metres @
Max radius used metres SWL at radius used= tonnes
Quick check 80% utilisation minus 20% off tonnes
SWL= Minimum radius at boom length used= metres
Outrigger spread= mm X mm

Crane Utilisation (Optional)

Gross load x 100 Divided by the SWL @ radius worked = %

Stage 3 Mat Calculation template

12te axle plus ballast used minus ballast carried

Rigged weight of crane plus additional ballast= tonnes

X .75= tonnes

Add Gross load from stage 1= tonnes (Maximum point loading)

Divided by Ground Bearing Allowance 25 t/m2 (CPCS Scenarios only)
Minimum area of mat required = m2
Actual area of mat to be used = m2
Mat size= mX m
or m diameter if circular

Stage 4 Actual Bearing Pressure Under Selected Mat

Resulting loading: Maximum point loading = tonnes

Divided by the actual area of mat used = m2

= Resulting loading t/m2

97

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 Crane Mat Area Calculation Template
Stage 1. Gross Load Calculation
Net Load = Kg Details of lifting accessory weights:-
+Accessories = kg
+Hook Block = kg

Gross Load = kg

Change back into tonnes =

Stage 2 Crane Selection template

Crane selected model and capacity

Counter weight used = tonnes
Boom length used = metres
0 Offset
(Length & Angle of Fly Jib if used)= metres @
Max radius used metres SWL at radius used= tonnes
Quick check 80% utilisation minus 20% off tonnes
SWL= Minimum radius at boom length used= metres
Outrigger spread= mm X mm

Crane Utilisation (Optional)

Gross load x 100 Divided by the SWL @ radius worked = %

Stage 3 Mat Calculation template

12te axle plus ballast used minus ballast carried

Rigged weight of crane plus additional ballast= tonnes

X .75= tonnes

Add Gross load from stage 1= tonnes (Maximum point loading)

Divided by Ground Bearing Allowance 25 t/m2 (CPCS Scenarios only)
Minimum area of mat required = m2
Actual area of mat to be used = m2
Mat size= mX m
or m diameter if circular

Stage 4 Actual Bearing Pressure Under Selected Mat

Resulting loading: Maximum point loading = tonnes

Divided by the actual area of mat used = m2

= Resulting loading t/m2

98

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 Crane Mat Area Calculation Template
Stage 1. Gross Load Calculation
Net Load = Kg Details of lifting accessory weights:-
+Accessories = kg
+Hook Block = kg

Gross Load = kg

Change back into tonnes =

Stage 2 Crane Selection template

Crane selected model and capacity

Counter weight used = tonnes
Boom length used = metres
0 Offset
(Length & Angle of Fly Jib if used)= metres @
Max radius used metres SWL at radius used= tonnes
Quick check 80% utilisation minus 20% off tonnes
SWL= Minimum radius at boom length used= metres
Outrigger spread= mm X mm

Crane Utilisation (Optional)

Gross load x 100 Divided by the SWL @ radius worked = %

Stage 3 Mat Calculation template

12te axle plus ballast used minus ballast carried

Rigged weight of crane plus additional ballast= tonnes

X .75= tonnes

Add Gross load from stage 1= tonnes (Maximum point loading)

Divided by Ground Bearing Allowance 25 t/m2 (CPCS Scenarios only)
Minimum area of mat required = m2
Actual area of mat to be used = m2
Mat size= mX m
or m diameter if circular

Stage 4 Actual Bearing Pressure Under Selected Mat

Resulting loading: Maximum point loading = tonnes

Divided by the actual area of mat used = m2

= Resulting loading t/m2

99

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 100

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